메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn , Issue , 2009, Pages 1-352

Rethinking Arab Democratization: Elections without Democracy

Author keywords

Anti foundationalism; Arab middle east; Fixity; Indeterminate democratization; Islamists; Orientalism; Silenced voices; Specificity; Stalled democratization; US democracy promotion

Indexed keywords


EID: 67650183599     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199562985.001.0001     Document Type: Book
Times cited : (100)

References (246)
  • 33
    • 17644362371 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Cambridge: Cambridge University Press
    • Halper, S., and Clarke, J., America Alone (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2004).
    • (2004) America Alone
    • Halper, S.1    Clarke, J.2
  • 34
    • 0011311079 scopus 로고
    • Beirut: Markaz Dirasat Al-Wihdah Al-Arabiyah
    • Haseeb, K. E., et al., The Future of the Arab Nation (Beirut: Markaz Dirasat Al-Wihdah Al-Arabiyah, 1991).
    • (1991) The Future of the Arab Nation
    • Haseeb, K.E.1
  • 45
    • 0013394269 scopus 로고
    • Washington, DC: The Washington Institute for Near East Policy
    • Kedourie, E., Democracy and Arab Political Culture (Washington, DC: The Washington Institute for Near East Policy, 1992).
    • (1992) Democracy and Arab Political Culture
    • Kedourie, E.1
  • 52
    • 0011547173 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Los Angeles and London: University of California Press
    • Makiya, K. (Al-Khalil, S.), The Republic of Fear (Los Angeles and London: University of California Press, 1998).
    • (1998) The Republic of Fear
    • Makiya, K.1    Al-Khalil, S.2
  • 57
    • 0003867938 scopus 로고
    • Berkeley: California University Press
    • Mitchell, T., Colonizing Egypt (Berkeley: California University Press, 1991).
    • (1991) Colonizing Egypt
    • Mitchell, T.1
  • 76
    • 0004012982 scopus 로고
    • London: Penguin Books
    • Said, E. W., Orientalism (London: Penguin Books, 1991).
    • (1991) Orientalism
    • Said, E.W.1
  • 89
    • 0003517326 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • New York & Oxford: Oxford University Press
    • United Nations, United Nations Development Report, Human Development Report 2000 (New York & Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2000).
    • (2000) Human Development Report 2000
  • 99
    • 84933492752 scopus 로고
    • Algeria's Democracy Between the Islamists and the Elite
    • March/April
    • Addi, L., 'Algeria's Democracy Between the Islamists and the Elite', Middle East Report, 22/175 (March/April 1992).
    • (1992) Middle East Report , vol.22 , Issue.175
    • Addi, L.1
  • 100
    • 84860213721 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • International Task Force Report (New York: Council on Foreign Relations
    • Albright, M., In Support of Arab Democracy: Why and How, International Task Force Report No. 54 (New York: Council on Foreign Relations, 2005).
    • (2005) In Support of Arab Democracy: Why and How
    • Albright, M.1
  • 101
    • 84928438240 scopus 로고
    • Slow Thaw in the Arab World
    • Fall
    • Al-Sayyid, M. K., 'Slow Thaw in the Arab World', World Policy Journal, 8/4 (Fall 1991).
    • (1991) World Policy Journal , vol.8 , Issue.4
    • Al-Sayyid, M.K.1
  • 103
    • 0035642058 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Arab Democracy: Dismal Prospects
    • Fall
    • Anderson, L., 'Arab Democracy: Dismal Prospects', World Policy Journal, XVIII/3 (Fall 2001).
    • (2001) World Policy Journal , vol.18 , Issue.3
    • Anderson, L.1
  • 104
    • 84928441127 scopus 로고
    • Political Pacts, Liberalism, and Democracy: The Tunisian National Pact of 1988
    • Spring
    • Anderson, L., 'Political Pacts, Liberalism, and Democracy: The Tunisian National Pact of 1988', Government and Opposition, 26/2 (Spring 1991).
    • (1991) Government and Opposition , vol.26 , Issue.2
    • Anderson, L.1
  • 105
    • 0035631960 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The New Arab Media Phenomenon: Qatar's Al-Jazeera
    • June
    • Bahry, L. Y., 'The New Arab Media Phenomenon: Qatar's Al-Jazeera', Middle East Policy, 8/2 (June 2001).
    • (2001) Middle East Policy , vol.8 , Issue.2
    • Bahry, L.Y.1
  • 107
    • 84922106915 scopus 로고
    • Chadli était la Malchance de l'Algérie
    • 16-23 January
    • Ben Yahmed, B., 'Chadli était la Malchance de l'Algérie' [Chadli was Algeria's Bad Luck], Jeune Afrique (16-23 January 1992).
    • (1992) Jeune Afrique
    • Ben Yahmed, B.1
  • 108
    • 84928847596 scopus 로고
    • Islam and Democracy in Egypt
    • February
    • Bianchi, R., 'Islam and Democracy in Egypt', Current History, 88/535 (February 1989).
    • (1989) Current History , vol.88 , Issue.535
    • Bianchi, R.1
  • 109
    • 84973963026 scopus 로고
    • Comparative Middle East Politics: Still in Search of Theory
    • September
    • Bill, J. A., 'Comparative Middle East Politics: Still in Search of Theory', PS: Political Science and Politics, 27/3 (September 1994).
    • (1994) PS: Political Science and Politics , vol.27 , Issue.3
    • Bill, J.A.1
  • 111
    • 84922182502 scopus 로고
    • Ce Regime n'etait plus qu'une Coquille Vide
    • 16-23 January
    • Bourgi, A., 'Ce Regime n'etait plus qu'une Coquille Vide' [This Regime was no more than an empty Shell], Jeune Afrique (16-23 January 1992).
    • (1992) Jeune Afrique
    • Bourgi, A.1
  • 113
    • 0036803607 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The Trap of Liberalized Autocracy
    • October
    • Brumberg, D., 'The Trap of Liberalized Autocracy', Journal of Democracy, 13/4 (October 2002).
    • (2002) Journal of Democracy , vol.13 , Issue.4
    • Brumberg, D.1
  • 114
    • 0011319913 scopus 로고
    • Understanding Arab Protest Movements
    • Fall
    • Burke III, E., 'Understanding Arab Protest Movements', Arab Studies Quarterly, 8/4 (Fall 1986).
    • (1986) Arab Studies Quarterly , vol.8 , Issue.4
    • Burke, E.1
  • 115
    • 84922145931 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Political and Economic Goals of a New Generation in the Middle East
    • Testimony before the Senate foreign Relations Committee, Washington D.C. (19 March
    • Burns, W. J., 'Political and Economic Goals of a New Generation in the Middle East', Testimony before the Senate foreign Relations Committee, Washington D.C. (19 March 2003).
    • (2003)
    • Burns, W.J.1
  • 116
    • 84922171040 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Priorities in the Middle East and North Africa
    • Testimony before the Senate foreign Relations Committee, Washington, DC (26 March
    • Burns, W. J., 'Priorities in the Middle East and North Africa', Testimony before the Senate foreign Relations Committee, Washington, DC (26 March 2003).
    • (2003)
    • Burns, W.J.1
  • 117
    • 1542632505 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Remarks by the President at the 20th Anniversary of the National Endowment for Democracy
    • United States Chamber of Commerce (6 November
    • Bush, G. W., 'Remarks by the President at the 20th Anniversary of the National Endowment for Democracy', United States Chamber of Commerce (6 November 2003).
    • (2003)
    • Bush, G.W.1
  • 118
    • 84922125739 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The New Way Forward in Iraq
    • President's Address to the Nation (10 January
    • Bush, G. W., 'The New Way Forward in Iraq', President's Address to the Nation (10 January 2007).
    • (2007)
    • Bush, G.W.1
  • 119
    • 84922126824 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Jordan, Fearing Islamists, Tightens Grip on Elections
    • 11 November
    • Cambanis, T., 'Jordan, Fearing Islamists, Tightens Grip on Elections', The New York Times (11 November 2007).
    • (2007) The New York Times
    • Cambanis, T.1
  • 120
    • 84973950173 scopus 로고
    • The Old Orthodoxy and the New Orthodoxy in the Study of Middle Eastern Politics
    • September
    • Cantori, L. J., 'The Old Orthodoxy and the New Orthodoxy in the Study of Middle Eastern Politics', PS: Political Science and Politics, 27/3 (September 1994).
    • (1994) PS: Political Science and Politics , vol.27 , Issue.3
    • Cantori, L.J.1
  • 121
    • 0027797226 scopus 로고
    • Elections and Mass Politics in Yemen
    • November/December
    • Carapico, S., 'Elections and Mass Politics in Yemen', Middle East Report, 23/185 (November/December 1993).
    • (1993) Middle East Report , vol.23 , Issue.185
    • Carapico, S.1
  • 122
    • 0036001769 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The End of the Transition Paradigm
    • Carothers, T., 'The End of the Transition Paradigm', Journal of Democracy, 13/1 (2002).
    • (2002) Journal of Democracy , vol.13 , Issue.1
    • Carothers, T.1
  • 123
    • 84900131945 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The New US Proposal for a Greater Middle East Initiative
    • Memo No. 2 (10 May
    • Cofman Wittes, T., 'The New US Proposal for a Greater Middle East Initiative', Saban Centre for Middle East Policy, Memo No. 2 (10 May 2004).
    • (2004) Saban Centre for Middle East Policy
    • Cofman Wittes, T.1
  • 124
    • 84972375627 scopus 로고
    • Democracy from Above: The Political Origins of Military Dictatorship in Brazil
    • October
    • Cohen, Y., 'Democracy from Above: The Political Origins of Military Dictatorship in Brazil', World Politics, 40/1 (October 1987).
    • (1987) World Politics , vol.40 , Issue.1
    • Cohen, Y.1
  • 125
    • 84922152551 scopus 로고
    • The Colonel Does it His Way
    • October
    • Dawisha, A., 'The Colonel Does it His Way', The Middle East, 168 (October 1988).
    • (1988) The Middle East , vol.168
    • Dawisha, A.1
  • 126
    • 84930557122 scopus 로고
    • New Thinking in Libya
    • April
    • Deeb, M. J., 'New Thinking in Libya', Current History, 89 (April 1990).
    • (1990) Current History , vol.89
    • Deeb, M.J.1
  • 127
    • 85050711164 scopus 로고
    • The Yemeni Elections Up Close
    • November/December
    • Detalle, R., 'The Yemeni Elections Up Close', Middle East Report, 23/185 (November/December 1993).
    • (1993) Middle East Report , vol.23 , Issue.185
    • Detalle, R.1
  • 128
    • 0347718705 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Elections without Democracy: Thinking about Hybrid Regimes
    • April
    • Diamond, L., 'Elections without Democracy: Thinking about Hybrid Regimes', Journal of Democracy, 13/2 (April 2002).
    • (2002) Journal of Democracy , vol.13 , Issue.2
    • Diamond, L.1
  • 129
    • 84965736389 scopus 로고
    • Domestic Political Conflict and Basic Outcomes: An Empirical Assessment
    • Dixon, W. J., and Moon, B. E., 'Domestic Political Conflict and Basic Outcomes: An Empirical Assessment', Comparative Political Studies, 22/2 (1989).
    • (1989) Comparative Political Studies , vol.22 , Issue.2
    • Dixon, W.J.1    Moon, B.E.2
  • 130
    • 84929066942 scopus 로고
    • The Second Battle of Algiers
    • Summer
    • Duran, K., 'The Second Battle of Algiers', Orbis, 33 (Summer 1989).
    • (1989) Orbis , vol.33
    • Duran, K.1
  • 131
    • 0037614594 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Bin Laden, the Arab "Street", and the Middle East's Democracy Deficit
    • January
    • Eickelman, D. F., 'Bin Laden, the Arab "Street", and the Middle East's Democracy Deficit', Current History, 101 (January 2002).
    • (2002) Current History , vol.101
    • Eickelman, D.F.1
  • 132
    • 84922152349 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Egypt: Point/Counterpoint to the Constitutional Amendments-Part II
    • April
    • Eissa, I., 'Egypt: Point/Counterpoint to the Constitutional Amendments-Part II', Arab Reform Bulletin, 5/3 (April 2007).
    • (2007) Arab Reform Bulletin , vol.5 , Issue.3
    • Eissa, I.1
  • 133
    • 26844440389 scopus 로고
    • Algeria Under Chadli: Liberalization without Democratization Or, Perestroika, Yes; Glasnost, No!
    • Fall
    • Entelis, J. P., 'Algeria Under Chadli: Liberalization without Democratization Or, Perestroika, Yes; Glasnost, No!' Middle East Insight, 6/3 (Fall 1988).
    • (1988) Middle East Insight , vol.6 , Issue.3
    • Entelis, J.P.1
  • 135
    • 0343963418 scopus 로고
    • Oil, State, and Social Structure
    • Spring
    • Farsoun, S. K., 'Oil, State, and Social Structure', Arab Studies Quarterly, 10/2 (Spring 1988).
    • (1988) Arab Studies Quarterly , vol.10 , Issue.2
    • Farsoun, S.K.1
  • 136
    • 84917119839 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Agreeing to Disagree in Iraq
    • 30 August
    • Feldman, N., 'Agreeing to Disagree in Iraq', The New York Times (30 August 2005).
    • (2005) The New York Times
    • Feldman, N.1
  • 137
    • 24944457227 scopus 로고
    • Civil Society in Historical Context
    • August
    • Gellner, E., 'Civil Society in Historical Context', International Social Science Journal, 43/129 (August 1991).
    • (1991) International Social Science Journal , vol.43 , Issue.129
    • Gellner, E.1
  • 138
    • 84922202578 scopus 로고
    • The National Endowment for Democracy in 1990: Hearing before the Subcommittee on International Operation of the Committee on Foreign Affairs
    • US House of Representatives (28 September
    • Gershman, C., 'The National Endowment for Democracy in 1990: Hearing before the Subcommittee on International Operation of the Committee on Foreign Affairs', US House of Representatives (28 September, 1989).
    • (1989)
    • Gershman, C.1
  • 139
    • 84973837207 scopus 로고
    • "Democracy by Undemocratic Means"? Elites, Political Pacts, and Regime Transition in Brazil
    • July
    • Hagopian, F., ' "Democracy by Undemocratic Means"? Elites, Political Pacts, and Regime Transition in Brazil', Comparative Political Studies, 23/2 (July 1990).
    • (1990) Comparative Political Studies , vol.23 , Issue.2
    • Hagopian, F.1
  • 140
    • 84922115011 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Mauritania: Beyond the Presidential Election
    • April
    • Hashim, A. G., 'Mauritania: Beyond the Presidential Election', Arab Reform Bulletin, 5/3 (April 2007).
    • (2007) Arab Reform Bulletin , vol.5 , Issue.3
    • Hashim, A.G.1
  • 141
    • 0036804637 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Emirs and Parliaments in the Gulf
    • October
    • Herb, M., 'Emirs and Parliaments in the Gulf', Journal of Democracy, 13/4 (October 2002).
    • (2002) Journal of Democracy , vol.13 , Issue.4
    • Herb, M.1
  • 142
    • 84937278144 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Is the Middle East Different?
    • April
    • Heydemann, S., 'Is the Middle East Different?' Journal of Democracy, 7/2 (April 1996).
    • (1996) Journal of Democracy , vol.7 , Issue.2
    • Heydemann, S.1
  • 143
    • 55749103476 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Upgrading Authoritarianism in the Arab World
    • Analysis Paper, No. 13 (October, The Saban Centre for Middle East Policy. Washington, DC: the Brookings Institution
    • Heydemann, S., 'Upgrading Authoritarianism in the Arab World', Analysis Paper, No. 13 (October 2007), The Saban Centre for Middle East Policy. Washington, DC: the Brookings Institution.
    • (2007)
    • Heydemann, S.1
  • 144
    • 84970246462 scopus 로고
    • Restructuring, Reconstruction, Reinscription, Rearticulation: Four Voices in Critical Internal Theory
    • Hoffman, M., 'Restructuring, Reconstruction, Reinscription, Rearticulation: Four Voices in Critical Internal Theory', Millennium, 20/2 (1991).
    • (1991) Millennium , vol.20 , Issue.2
    • Hoffman, M.1
  • 145
    • 84935494253 scopus 로고
    • After the Gulf War: Prospects for Democratization in the Middle East
    • Summer
    • Hudson, M. C., 'After the Gulf War: Prospects for Democratization in the Middle East', Middle East Journal, 45/3 (Summer 1991).
    • (1991) Middle East Journal , vol.45 , Issue.3
    • Hudson, M.C.1
  • 146
    • 0011843132 scopus 로고
    • Democratization and the Problem of Legitimacy in Middle East Politics
    • December
    • Hudson, M. C., 'Democratization and the Problem of Legitimacy in Middle East Politics', Middle East Studies Association Bulletin, 22/2 (December 1988).
    • (1988) Middle East Studies Association Bulletin , vol.22 , Issue.2
    • Hudson, M.C.1
  • 147
    • 0000521871 scopus 로고
    • Democracy and Social Mobilization in Lebanese Politics
    • January
    • Hudson, M. C., 'Democracy and Social Mobilization in Lebanese Politics', Comparative Politics, 1/2 (January 1969).
    • (1969) Comparative Politics , vol.1 , Issue.2
    • Hudson, M.C.1
  • 148
    • 84908988861 scopus 로고
    • The Possibilities for Pluralism
    • Spring
    • Hudson, M. C., 'The Possibilities for Pluralism', American-Arab Affairs, 36 (Spring 1991).
    • (1991) American-Arab Affairs , vol.36
    • Hudson, M.C.1
  • 149
    • 0004482093 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • After Twenty Years: The Future of the Third Wave
    • October
    • Huntington, S. P., 'After Twenty Years: The Future of the Third Wave', Journal of Democracy, 8/4 (October 1997).
    • (1997) Journal of Democracy , vol.8 , Issue.4
    • Huntington, S.P.1
  • 150
    • 84922111930 scopus 로고
    • On Democracy in Saudi Arabia
    • March
    • Ibrahim, S. E., 'On Democracy in Saudi Arabia', Civil Society, 3 (March 1992).
    • (1992) Civil Society , vol.3
    • Ibrahim, S.E.1
  • 151
    • 84922120937 scopus 로고
    • The Betrayal of Democracy by Egypt's Intellectuals
    • Civil Society, February
    • Ibrahim, S. E., 'The Betrayal of Democracy by Egypt's Intellectuals', Civil Society, 2 (February 1992).
    • (1992) , vol.2
    • Ibrahim, S.E.1
  • 152
    • 84922200233 scopus 로고
    • Algerians, Angry with the Past, Divided over their Future
    • 19 January
    • Ibrahim, Y. M., 'Algerians, Angry with the Past, Divided over their Future', New York Times (19 January 1992).
    • (1992) New York Times
    • Ibrahim, Y.M.1
  • 153
    • 84922207503 scopus 로고
    • Interim leaders in Algeria Stop Elections for Seats in Parliament
    • 13 January
    • Ibrahim, Y. M., 'Interim leaders in Algeria Stop Elections for Seats in Parliament', New York Times (13 January 1992).
    • (1992) New York Times
    • Ibrahim, Y.M.1
  • 154
    • 34247832220 scopus 로고
    • Transitions To Democracy
    • May/June
    • Inkeles, A., 'Transitions To Democracy', Society, 28/4 (May/June 1991).
    • (1991) Society , vol.28 , Issue.4
    • Inkeles, A.1
  • 155
    • 84922167369 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Iraq: Don't Rush the Constitution
    • (Crisis Group), 8 June
    • International Crisis Group, 'Iraq: Don't Rush the Constitution' (Crisis Group) Middle East Report, No. 42 (8 June 2005).
    • (2005) Middle East Report , Issue.42
  • 156
    • 0011272702 scopus 로고
    • Economic and Social Foundations of Democracy in the Middle East
    • Issawi, C., 'Economic and Social Foundations of Democracy in the Middle East', International Affairs, 32/1 (1956).
    • (1956) International Affairs , vol.32 , Issue.1
    • Issawi, C.1
  • 157
    • 84936527047 scopus 로고
    • Dilemmas of Democratization in Latin America
    • October
    • Karl, T. L., 'Dilemmas of Democratization in Latin America', Comparative Politics 23/1 (October 1990).
    • (1990) Comparative Politics , vol.23 , Issue.1
    • Karl, T.L.1
  • 158
    • 0343528008 scopus 로고
    • Arab Radical Notions of Democracy
    • St. Anthony's Papers
    • Kerr, M., 'Arab Radical Notions of Democracy', Middle Eastern Affairs, 3 (St. Anthony's Papers, 1963).
    • (1963) Middle Eastern Affairs , vol.3
    • Kerr, M.1
  • 159
    • 0032419041 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Destabilization through Partnership? Euro-Mediterranean Relations after the Barcelona Declaration
    • Kienle, E., 'Destabilization through Partnership? Euro-Mediterranean Relations after the Barcelona Declaration', Mediterranean Politics, 3/2 (1998).
    • (1998) Mediterranean Politics , vol.3 , Issue.2
    • Kienle, E.1
  • 160
    • 0000794279 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • More than a Response to Islamism: The Political De-liberalization of Egypt in the 1990s
    • Spring
    • Kienle, E., 'More than a Response to Islamism: The Political De-liberalization of Egypt in the 1990s', Middle East Journal, 52/2 (Spring 1998).
    • (1998) Middle East Journal , vol.52 , Issue.2
    • Kienle, E.1
  • 161
    • 0011311081 scopus 로고
    • Algeria: The New Political Map
    • 6 July
    • King, J., 'Algeria: The New Political Map', Middle East International, 379 (6 July 1990).
    • (1990) Middle East International , vol.379
    • King, J.1
  • 162
    • 84973989565 scopus 로고
    • Arab Democratization: A Poor Cousin
    • September
    • Korany, B., 'Arab Democratization: A Poor Cousin', PS: Political Science and Politics, 27/3 (September 1994).
    • (1994) PS: Political Science and Politics , vol.27 , Issue.3
    • Korany, B.1
  • 163
    • 84890751211 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Constitution-Making Process: Lessons for Iraq
    • Briefings and Congressional Testimony, United States Institute of Peace (25 June
    • Kritz, N., 'Constitution-Making Process: Lessons for Iraq', Briefings and Congressional Testimony, United States Institute of Peace (25 June 2003).
    • (2003)
    • Kritz, N.1
  • 164
    • 84924531063 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Syria: Elections without Politics
    • April
    • Latif, O. A., 'Syria: Elections without Politics', Arab Reform Bulletin, 5/3 (April 2007).
    • (2007) Arab Reform Bulletin , vol.5 , Issue.3
    • Latif, O.A.1
  • 165
    • 84922196458 scopus 로고
    • Liberalisation économique en Syrie et en Iraq
    • April-June
    • Lawson, F. H., 'Liberalisation économique en Syrie et en Iraq' [Economic liberalization in Syria and Iraq], Maghreb-Machrek, 128 (April-June 1990).
    • (1990) Maghreb-Machrek , vol.128
    • Lawson, F.H.1
  • 166
    • 80052957874 scopus 로고
    • Democracy in Doses: Mubarak Launches his Second Term as President
    • Fall
    • Lesch, A. M., 'Democracy in Doses: Mubarak Launches his Second Term as President', Arab Studies Quarterly, 11/4 (Fall 1989).
    • (1989) Arab Studies Quarterly , vol.11 , Issue.4
    • Lesch, A.M.1
  • 167
    • 84922203825 scopus 로고
    • La Tunisie du Président ben Ali: equilibre interne et environnemt Arabe
    • April-June
    • Leveau, R., 'La Tunisie du Président ben Ali: equilibre interne et environnemt Arabe' [President Ben Ali's Tunisia: Internal Equilibrium and Arab Context], Maghreb-Machrek, 124 (April-June 1989).
    • (1989) Maghreb-Machrek , vol.124
    • Leveau, R.1
  • 168
    • 0036012124 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The Rise of Competitive Authoritarianism
    • April
    • Levitsky, S., and Way, L. A., 'The Rise of Competitive Authoritarianism', Journal of Democracy, 13/2 (April 2002).
    • (2002) Journal of Democracy , vol.13 , Issue.2
    • Levitsky, S.1    Way, L.A.2
  • 169
    • 0010350611 scopus 로고
    • Turkey is the Only Muslim Democracy
    • March
    • Lewis, B., 'Turkey is the Only Muslim Democracy', Middle East Quarterly, 1/1 (March 1994).
    • (1994) Middle East Quarterly , vol.1 , Issue.1
    • Lewis, B.1
  • 170
    • 84970723092 scopus 로고
    • Typologies of Democratic Systems
    • April
    • Lijphart, A., 'Typologies of Democratic Systems', Comparative Political Studies, 1/1 (April 1968).
    • (1968) Comparative Political Studies , vol.1 , Issue.1
    • Lijphart, A.1
  • 171
    • 33846801082 scopus 로고
    • Consociational Democracy
    • January
    • Lijphart, A., 'Consociational Democracy', World Politics, 21/2 (January 1969).
    • (1969) World Politics , vol.21 , Issue.2
    • Lijphart, A.1
  • 172
    • 0042412988 scopus 로고
    • Some Social Requisites of Democracy: Economic Development and Political Legitimacy
    • March
    • Lipset, S. M., 'Some Social Requisites of Democracy: Economic Development and Political Legitimacy', The American Political Science Review, 53/1 (March 1957).
    • (1957) The American Political Science Review , vol.53 , Issue.1
    • Lipset, S.M.1
  • 173
    • 0000009087 scopus 로고
    • Economic Foundations of Democracy and Authoritarianism: The Arab World in Comparative Perspective
    • Fall
    • Luciani, G., 'Economic Foundations of Democracy and Authoritarianism: The Arab World in Comparative Perspective', Arab Studies Quarterly, 10/4 (Fall 1988).
    • (1988) Arab Studies Quarterly , vol.10 , Issue.4
    • Luciani, G.1
  • 174
    • 84922202317 scopus 로고
    • L'improbable démocratie en Iraq: le piège de l'etat-nation
    • Luizard, P. J., 'L'improbable démocratie en Iraq: le piège de l'etat-nation', [The Improbability of democracy in Iraq: The Nation-State Trap] Egypt/Monde Arabe, 4/4e (1990).
    • (1990) Egypt/Monde Arabe , vol.4 , Issue.4 E
    • Luizard, P.J.1
  • 175
    • 0037230127 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Beyond the Arab Street: Iraq and the Arab Public Sphere
    • March
    • Lynch, M., 'Beyond the Arab Street: Iraq and the Arab Public Sphere', Politics and Society, 31/1 (March 2003).
    • (2003) Politics and Society , vol.31 , Issue.1
    • Lynch, M.1
  • 176
    • 84933495253 scopus 로고
    • Problems of Transition to Democracy: Algeria's Short-lived Experiment with Electoral Politics
    • Winter
    • Maghraoui, A., 'Problems of Transition to Democracy: Algeria's Short-lived Experiment with Electoral Politics', Middle East Insight, 8 (Winter 1992).
    • (1992) Middle East Insight , vol.8
    • Maghraoui, A.1
  • 177
    • 84929062728 scopus 로고
    • Political Opposition in Egypt: Democratic Myth or Reality?
    • Summer
    • Makram-Ebeid, M., 'Political Opposition in Egypt: Democratic Myth or Reality?', Middle East Journal, 43/3 (Summer 1989).
    • (1989) Middle East Journal , vol.43 , Issue.3
    • Makram-Ebeid, M.1
  • 178
    • 84922109362 scopus 로고
    • Morocco: Reform Shakes up a Sleepy System
    • 26 February
    • Marks, J., 'Morocco: Reform Shakes up a Sleepy System', Middle East Economic Digest, 37/8 (26 February 1993).
    • (1993) Middle East Economic Digest , vol.37 , Issue.8
    • Marks, J.1
  • 181
    • 84922136913 scopus 로고
    • Egypt Under Mubarak
    • January
    • Merriam, J. G., 'Egypt Under Mubarak', Current History, 82 (January 1983).
    • (1983) Current History , vol.82
    • Merriam, J.G.1
  • 182
    • 84922120305 scopus 로고
    • La Tunisie après Vingt Ans de Crise de Succession
    • April-June
    • Moore, C. H., 'La Tunisie après Vingt Ans de Crise de Succession' [Tunisia after Twenty Years of Succession Crisis], Maghreb-Machrek, 120 (April-June 1988).
    • (1988) Maghreb-Machrek , vol.120
    • Moore, C.H.1
  • 184
    • 1242263761 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Illusions about Consolidation
    • April
    • O'Donnell, G., 'Illusions about Consolidation', Journal of Democracy, 7/2 (April 1996).
    • (1996) Journal of Democracy , vol.7 , Issue.2
    • O'Donnell, G.1
  • 185
    • 33846870351 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The Perpetual Crises of Democracy
    • January
    • O'Donnell, G., 'The Perpetual Crises of Democracy', Journal of Democracy, 18/1 (January 2007).
    • (2007) Journal of Democracy , vol.18 , Issue.1
    • O'Donnell, G.1
  • 186
    • 84922188388 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Hosni Mubarak: What the Pharaoh is like
    • 16 January
    • Osman, T., 'Hosni Mubarak: What the Pharaoh is like', Open Democracy (16 January 2006).
    • (2006) Open Democracy
    • Osman, T.1
  • 187
    • 2342445557 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Promoting Democracy in the Middle East: The Problem of U.S. Credibility
    • Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, no. 35 (March
    • Ottaway, M., 'Promoting Democracy in the Middle East: The Problem of U.S. Credibility', Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, Working Paper, no. 35 (March 2003).
    • (2003) Working Paper
    • Ottaway, M.1
  • 188
    • 30444456791 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The Greater Middle East Initiative: Off to a False Start', Carnegie Endowment for International Peace
    • no. 29 (March
    • Ottaway, M., and Carothers, T., 'The Greater Middle East Initiative: Off to a False Start', Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, Policy Brief, no. 29 (March 2004).
    • (2004) Policy Brief
    • Ottaway, M.1    Carothers, T.2
  • 189
    • 84937316260 scopus 로고
    • Whose Liberalism? Which Islam?
    • September
    • Parens, J., 'Whose Liberalism? Which Islam?', PS: Political Science and Politics, 27/3 (September 1994).
    • (1994) PS: Political Science and Politics , vol.27 , Issue.3
    • Parens, J.1
  • 190
    • 8644273182 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • America's Greater Middle East and Europe: Key Issues for Dialogue
    • Perthes, V., 'America's Greater Middle East and Europe: Key Issues for Dialogue', Middle East Policy, 11/3 (2004).
    • (2004) Middle East Policy , vol.11 , Issue.3
    • Perthes, V.1
  • 191
    • 0036805379 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Algeria's Uneasy Peace
    • October
    • Quandt, W. B., 'Algeria's Uneasy Peace', Journal of Democracy, 13/4 (October 2002).
    • (2002) Journal of Democracy , vol.13 , Issue.4
    • Quandt, W.B.1
  • 192
    • 70449648071 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Transforming the Middle East
    • 17 August
    • Rice, C., 'Transforming the Middle East', The Washington Post (17 August 2003).
    • (2003) The Washington Post
    • Rice, C.1
  • 193
    • 84922196678 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • U.S. Will Build Democracy in Iraq
    • 23 September
    • Rice, C., 'U.S. Will Build Democracy in Iraq', The Financial Times (23 September 2002).
    • (2002) The Financial Times
    • Rice, C.1
  • 194
    • 84922156768 scopus 로고
    • The Algerian State and the Challenge of Democracy
    • Winter
    • Roberts, H., 'The Algerian State and the Challenge of Democracy', Government and Opposition, 28/1 (Winter 1993).
    • (1993) Government and Opposition , vol.28 , Issue.1
    • Roberts, H.1
  • 195
    • 0000071925 scopus 로고
    • Transitions to Democracy: Toward a Dynamic Model
    • April
    • Rustow, D. A., 'Transitions to Democracy: Toward a Dynamic Model', Comparative Politics, 2/3 (April 1970).
    • (1970) Comparative Politics , vol.2 , Issue.3
    • Rustow, D.A.1
  • 197
    • 0036702721 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The Search for Citizenship in Bin Ali's Tunisia: Democracy versus Unity
    • August
    • Sadiki, L., 'The Search for Citizenship in Bin Ali's Tunisia: Democracy versus Unity', Political Studies, 50/3 (August 2002).
    • (2002) Political Studies , vol.50 , Issue.3
    • Sadiki, L.1
  • 198
    • 0027834050 scopus 로고
    • The New Orientalism and the Democracy Debate
    • July-August
    • Sadowski, Y., 'The New Orientalism and the Democracy Debate', Middle East Report, 183 (July-August 1993).
    • (1993) Middle East Report , vol.183
    • Sadowski, Y.1
  • 199
    • 32944466012 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Lebanon Springs Forward
    • January
    • Safa, O., 'Lebanon Springs Forward', Journal of Democracy, 17/1 (January 2006).
    • (2006) Journal of Democracy , vol.17 , Issue.1
    • Safa, O.1
  • 201
    • 84922161722 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • What Hope for Arab Democracy?
    • 21 April
    • Seale, P., 'What Hope for Arab Democracy?', Open Democracy (21 April 2005).
    • (2005) Open Democracy
    • Seale, P.1
  • 202
    • 84857903980 scopus 로고
    • Les élections législatives au Maroc
    • Sehimi, M., 'Les élections législatives au Maroc' [Legislative elections in Morocco], Maghreb/Machrek, 107 (1985).
    • (1985) Maghreb/Machrek , vol.107
    • Sehimi, M.1
  • 203
    • 84922201925 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The New Protest Movement in Egypt: Has the Country Lost Patience
    • 17 November, Arab Reform Initiative, Cairo)
    • Shaaban, A. B., 'The New Protest Movement in Egypt: Has the Country Lost Patience', Arab Reform Brief (17 November 2007), Arab Reform Initiative, Cairo).
    • (2007) Arab Reform Brief
    • Shaaban, A.B.1
  • 204
    • 0343091705 scopus 로고
    • The Intifadah and the Non-Violent Struggle
    • Autumn
    • Sharpe, G., 'The Intifadah and the Non-Violent Struggle', Journal of Palestinian Studies, 19/1: 73 (Autumn 1989).
    • (1989) Journal of Palestinian Studies , vol.19 , Issue.1 , pp. 73
    • Sharpe, G.1
  • 205
    • 34247943652 scopus 로고
    • The Moral Economy of the English Crowd in the Eighteenth Century
    • February
    • Thompson, E. P., 'The Moral Economy of the English Crowd in the Eighteenth Century', Past and Present, 50 (February 1971).
    • (1971) Past and Present , vol.50
    • Thompson, E.P.1
  • 206
    • 80051825391 scopus 로고
    • Qadhafi's "Perestroika": Economic and Political Liberalization in Libya
    • Spring
    • Vandewalle, D., 'Qadhafi's "Perestroika": Economic and Political Liberalization in Libya', Middle East Journal, 45/2 (Spring 1991).
    • (1991) Middle East Journal , vol.45 , Issue.2
    • Vandewalle, D.1
  • 207
    • 84928506101 scopus 로고
    • Ben Ali's Constitutional Coup in Tunisia
    • Autumn
    • Ware, L. B., 'Ben Ali's Constitutional Coup in Tunisia', Middle East Journal, 42/4 (Autumn 1988).
    • (1988) Middle East Journal , vol.42 , Issue.4
    • Ware, L.B.1
  • 208
    • 84922160437 scopus 로고
    • Let's be Capitalists
    • August
    • Wedman, B. C., 'Let's be Capitalists', The Middle East, 214 (August 1992).
    • (1992) The Middle East , vol.214
    • Wedman, B.C.1
  • 209
    • 84972442822 scopus 로고
    • Anarchy is what States Make of it: The Social Construction of Power Politics
    • Spring
    • Wendt, A., 'Anarchy is what States Make of it: The Social Construction of Power Politics', International Organization, 46 (Spring 1992).
    • (1992) International Organization , vol.46
    • Wendt, A.1
  • 210
    • 84974200325 scopus 로고
    • Collective Identity Formation and the International State
    • Wendt, A., 'Collective Identity Formation and the International State', American Political Science Review, 88 (1994).
    • (1994) American Political Science Review , vol.88
    • Wendt, A.1
  • 211
    • 72449147233 scopus 로고
    • Constructing International Politics
    • Summer
    • Wendt, A., 'Constructing International Politics', International Security, 20 (Summer 1995).
    • (1995) International Security , vol.20
    • Wendt, A.1
  • 212
    • 84937308616 scopus 로고
    • Beyond Democratization: Political Change in the Arab World
    • September
    • Wickham, C. R., 'Beyond Democratization: Political Change in the Arab World', Political Science and Politics, 27/3 (September 1994).
    • (1994) Political Science and Politics , vol.27 , Issue.3
    • Wickham, C.R.1
  • 213
    • 84858936501 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The Problem with Coercive Democratization: The Islamist Response to the US Democracy Reform Initiative
    • Wickham, C. R., 'The Problem with Coercive Democratization: The Islamist Response to the US Democracy Reform Initiative', Muslim World Journal of Human Rights, 1/1 (2004).
    • (2004) Muslim World Journal of Human Rights , vol.1 , Issue.1
    • Wickham, C.R.1
  • 214
    • 84922114074 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Europe's Uncertain Pursuit of Middle East Reform', Carnegie Endowment for International Peace
    • No. 45 (June
    • Youngs, R., 'Europe's Uncertain Pursuit of Middle East Reform', Carnegie Endowment for International Peace', Working Paper, No. 45 (June 2004).
    • (2004) Working Paper
    • Youngs, R.1
  • 215
    • 84922191408 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • [The Mechanisms of Democratic Transformation in the Arab Homeland] (Beirut: Markaz Dirasat Al-Wihdah Al-Arabiyyah
    • Arabic Abdullah, T. F., Aliyyat Al-Taghyeer Al-Dimuqrati fiAl-Watan Al-'Arabi [The Mechanisms of Democratic Transformation in the Arab Homeland] (Beirut: Markaz Dirasat Al-Wihdah Al-Arabiyyah, 2004).
    • (2004) Aliyyat Al-Taghyeer Al-Dimuqrati fiAl-Watan Al-'Arabi
    • Arabic Abdullah, T.F.1
  • 216
    • 84922154683 scopus 로고
    • [The Arab Strategic Report 1989] (Cairo: Markaz Al-Dirasat Al-Siyasiyyah wa Al-Istratijiyyah bi Al-Ahram
    • Al-Ahram Centre for Political and Strategic Studies, Al-Taqrir Al-'Arabi Al-Istratiji 1989 [The Arab Strategic Report 1989] (Cairo: Markaz Al-Dirasat Al-Siyasiyyah wa Al-Istratijiyyah bi Al-Ahram, 1990).
    • (1990) Al-Taqrir Al-'Arabi Al-Istratiji 1989
  • 218
    • 84922186210 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Nuwwab Jabhat Al-'Amalu Al-Islami Yutalibuna bi-'Adami Raf'i As'ar Al-Khubz...
    • 7 July
    • Al-Ghayshan, N. , 'Nuwwab Jabhat Al-'Amalu Al-Islami Yutalibuna bi-'Adami Raf'i As'ar Al-Khubz...', Al-Aswaq (7 July, 1996).
    • (1996) Al-Aswaq
    • Al-Ghayshan, N.1
  • 219
    • 84922187337 scopus 로고
    • Tawazunat Siyasiyyah Jadidah Tafruduha Nata'ij Al-Intikhabat Al-Yamaniyyah
    • 7 May
    • Al-Haj, S. , 'Tawazunat Siyasiyyah Jadidah Tafruduha Nata'ij Al-Intikhabat Al-Yamaniyyah' [New Power Configurations Imposed by the Yemeni Elections], Al-Hawadith (7 May, 1993).
    • (1993) Al-Hawadith
    • Al-Haj, S.1
  • 220
    • 84922175830 scopus 로고
    • Al-Dimuqratiyyah Al-yamaniyyah bayna Al-Najah wa Al-fashal
    • March/April
    • Al-Hakim, I. A., 'Al-Dimuqratiyyah Al-yamaniyyah bayna Al-Najah wa Al-fashal' [Yemeni Democracy Between Success and Failure], Qadaya Duwaliyyah, 4 (March/April 1993).
    • (1993) Qadaya Duwaliyyah , vol.4
    • Al-Hakim, I.A.1
  • 221
    • 84922150808 scopus 로고
    • Intikhabat 1993 Al-Urduniyyah: Qira'ah fiKhalfiyyatiha, Zurufiha wa Nata'ijuha
    • Spring
    • Al-Hurani, H., 'Intikhabat 1993 Al-Urduniyyah: Qira'ah fiKhalfiyyatiha, Zurufiha wa Nata'ijuha' [Jordan's 1993 Elections: A Reading of its Background, its Circumstances and its Results], Qira 'at 4Siyasiyyah 4 (Spring 1994).
    • (1994) Qira 'at 4Siyasiyyah , vol.4
    • Al-Hurani, H.1
  • 222
    • 84922132919 scopus 로고
    • [The Joint Arab Information [System]] (Beirut: Marakz Dirasat Al-Wihdah Al-Arabiyyah
    • Al-Jammal, R. M., Al-I 'lam Al-'Arabi Al-Mushtarak [The Joint Arab Information [System]] (Beirut: Marakz Dirasat Al-Wihdah Al-Arabiyyah, 1986).
    • (1986) Al-I 'lam Al-'Arabi Al-Mushtarak
    • Al-Jammal, R.M.1
  • 223
  • 225
    • 84922175254 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Al-Nuwwab Al-Islamiyyun Haddadu bi Al-Istiqalah
    • 6 August
    • Al-Kilani, I. Z., 'Al-Nuwwab Al-Islamiyyun Haddadu bi Al-Istiqalah' [The Islamist Deputies Threatened Resignation], Al-Sabil (6 August, 1996).
    • (1996) Al-Sabil
    • Al-Kilani, I.Z.1
  • 226
    • 84922128952 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Al-ifraju 'an Al-Mu'taqalin min Mantaqati Al-Tufaylah
    • 7 September
    • Al-Ma'Ani, N., 'Al-ifraju 'an Al-Mu'taqalin min Mantaqati Al-Tufaylah' [The Release of 10 Detainees from Al-Tufaylah Region], Al-Aswaq (7 September, 1996).
    • (1996) Al-Aswaq
    • Al-Ma'Ani, N.1
  • 227
    • 84922200580 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Al-Kabariti: Ihalatu Al-Mutawarritin bi Al-Ahdath Al-Akhirahila Al-Qada' wa Al-Al-Ifraju 'an Baqi Al-Ashkhas Khilal 24 Sa'ah
    • 2 September
    • Al-Mumini, T., 'Al-Kabariti: Ihalatu Al-Mutawarritin bi Al-Ahdath Al-Akhirahila Al-Qada' wa Al-Al-Ifraju 'an Baqi Al-Ashkhas Khilal 24 Sa'ah' [Al-Kabariti: Referral of those Guilty [of Wrongdoing] in the Recent Incidents to the Judiciary and the Release of the Rest in 24 Hours], Al-Ra'y (2 September, 1996).
    • (1996) Al-Ra'y
    • Al-Mumini, T.1
  • 228
    • 84922158044 scopus 로고
    • Mashru li Ta'ziz Al-Masa'i Al-Dimuqratiyyah fiAl-Buldan Al-'Arabiyyah
    • July
    • Al-Solh, R., and Al-Kawari, A. K., 'Mashru li Ta'ziz Al-Masa'i Al-Dimuqratiyyah fiAl-Buldan Al-'Arabiyyah' [The Project of Consolidating Democracy Orientations in the Arab Homeland], Al-Mustaqbal Al-'Arabi, 15/161 (July 1992).
    • (1992) Al-Mustaqbal Al-'Arabi , vol.15 , Issue.161
    • Al-Solh, R.1    Al-Kawari, A.K.2
  • 229
    • 84922127836 scopus 로고
    • [Public Opinion and Psychological Warfare] (Cairo: Dar Al-Ma'arif
    • Al-Tuhami, M., Al-Ra'y Al-Amm wa Al-Harb Al-Nafsiyyah [Public Opinion and Psychological Warfare] (Cairo: Dar Al-Ma'arif, 1974).
    • (1974) Al-Ra'y Al-Amm wa Al-Harb Al-Nafsiyyah
    • Al-Tuhami, M.1
  • 230
    • 84922198932 scopus 로고
    • Al-Ta'dilat ala Qanuni Al-Ahzabi Al-Siyasiyyah, Khutwah fiAl-Ittijah Al-Mu'akis
    • February-March
    • Arab Human Rights Organisation, 'Al-Ta'dilat ala Qanuni Al-Ahzabi Al-Siyasiyyah, Khutwah fiAl-Ittijah Al-Mu'akis' [Political Parties Law Amendments: A Step in the Wrong Direction], AHRO Background Briefing, nos. 60-61 (February-March 1993).
    • (1993) AHRO Background Briefing , Issue.60-61
  • 233
    • 84922168327 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Al-Hiwar wa Al-Bahth 'an Asbabi Al-Azmah
    • 29 August
    • Dhiyab, S., 'Al-Hiwar wa Al-Bahth 'an Asbabi Al-Azmah' [Dialogue and the Search for the Causes of the Crisis], Al-Dustur (29 August, 1996).
    • (1996) Al-Dustur
    • Dhiyab, S.1
  • 234
    • 84922146758 scopus 로고
    • [On the Democratic Option: A Critique] (Beirut: Markaz dirasat Al-wihda Al-Arabiyya
    • Ghalyun, B., et al. (eds.), Hawla Al-Khiyar Al-Dimuqrati: Dirasat Naqdiyyah [On the Democratic Option: A Critique] (Beirut: Markaz dirasat Al-wihda Al-Arabiyya, 1994).
    • (1994) Hawla Al-Khiyar Al-Dimuqrati: Dirasat Naqdiyyah
    • Ghalyun, B.1
  • 235
    • 84922118945 scopus 로고
    • [The Shock of Democracy] (Cairo: Sina" Li-Nashr
    • Hafiz, S. A.-D., Sadmatu Al-Dimuqratiyyah [The Shock of Democracy] (Cairo: Sina" Li-Nashr, 1993).
    • (1993) Sadmatu Al-Dimuqratiyyah
    • Hafiz, S.A.-D.1
  • 236
    • 84922117197 scopus 로고
    • [Democracy and Human Rights in the Arab Homeland] (Beirut: Markaz Dirasat Al-Wihdah Al-Arabiyyah
    • Hilal, A. A.-D., et al., Al-Dimuqratiyyah wa Huququ Al-Insan fiAl-Watani Al-'Arabi [Democracy and Human Rights in the Arab Homeland] (Beirut: Markaz Dirasat Al-Wihdah Al-Arabiyyah, 1986).
    • (1986) Al-Dimuqratiyyah wa Huququ Al-Insan fiAl-Watani Al-'Arabi
    • Hilal, A.A.-D.1
  • 238
    • 84922130930 scopus 로고
    • [The Ruling of Islam] (Medina: The Islamic University Publications
    • Ibn Baz, A. A.-A., Hukm Al-Islam [The Ruling of Islam] (Medina: The Islamic University Publications, 1980).
    • (1980) Hukm Al-Islam
    • Ibn Baz, A.A.-A.1
  • 240
    • 84922177059 scopus 로고
    • [The Crisis of Democracy in the Arab World] (Beirut: Markaz Dirasat Al-Wihdah Al-Arabiyyah
    • Ibrahim, S. E. (ed.), Azmatu Al-Dimuqratiyyah fiAl-Alam Al-'Arabi [The Crisis of Democracy in the Arab World] (Beirut: Markaz Dirasat Al-Wihdah Al-Arabiyyah, 1984/1987).
    • (1984) Azmatu Al-Dimuqratiyyah fiAl-Alam Al-'Arabi
    • Ibrahim, S.E.1
  • 241
    • 84922153411 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Al-Thawrah Khamadat... wa Lakin Matalibu Al-Jiya' baqiyah
    • 2 February
    • Marmal, I., 'Al-Thawrah Khamadat... wa Lakin Matalibu Al-Jiya' baqiyah' [The Uprising Died out, but the Demands of the Hungry Linger], Al-Safir (2 February, 1998).
    • (1998) Al-Safir
    • Marmal, I.1
  • 242
    • 84922184778 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • [Parliamentary Performance of the Arab Woman: Case Studies of Egypt, Syria and Tunisia] (Beirut: Markaz Dirasat Al-Wihdah Al-Arabiyyah
    • Mis'ad, N. (ed.), Al-Ada' Al-Barlamani Lil-Mar'ah Al-'Arabiyyah: Dirasat Halat Misr was Suriya wa Tunis [Parliamentary Performance of the Arab Woman: Case Studies of Egypt, Syria and Tunisia] (Beirut: Markaz Dirasat Al-Wihdah Al-Arabiyyah, 2005).
    • (2005) Al-Ada' Al-Barlamani Lil-Mar'ah Al-'Arabiyyah: Dirasat Halat Misr was Suriya wa Tunis
    • Mis'ad, N.1
  • 244
    • 84922109675 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Fashalu Al-Ittisalat... Yukarrisu Al-Talaq
    • 26 January
    • Shalhah, A. A.-R., 'Fashalu Al-Ittisalat... Yukarrisu Al-Talaq' [Failure of Mediation... Marks the Divorce [Between Hizbullah and Tufaili]], Al-Safir (26 January, 1998).
    • (1998) Al-Safir
    • Shalhah, A.A.-R.1
  • 245
    • 84922168214 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Manzumatu Al-Ta'limi Al-'Arabi wa Tahiddiyat 'Asru Al-Ma'lumat
    • May
    • Talabah, M., Manzumatu Al-Ta'limi Al-'Arabi wa Tahiddiyat 'Asru Al-Ma'lumat [The Arab Education System and the Challenges of the Age of Information], Al-Iqtisad wa Al-A'mal, 197 (May 1996).
    • (1996) Al-Iqtisad wa Al-A'mal , vol.197
    • Talabah, M.1
  • 246
    • 84922108013 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • [The Electoral Program for the Islamic Action Front's Candidates, 1993-1997] (Amman, Jordan: The Islamic Action Front, n/d)
    • The Islamic Action Front, Al-Barnamaju Al-Intikhabi li-Murashshihi Hizb Jabhatu Al-'Amal Al-Islami 1993-1997 [The Electoral Program for the Islamic Action Front's Candidates, 1993-1997] (Amman, Jordan: The Islamic Action Front, n/d).
    • Al-Barnamaju Al-Intikhabi li-Murashshihi Hizb Jabhatu Al-'Amal Al-Islami 1993-1997


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.