Preparing Mare liberum for the press: Hugo Grotius' rewriting of chapter 12 of De iure praedae in November-December 1608

Grotiana

Volumn 26, Issue 1, 2007, Pages 246-280

  Van Ittersum, Martine Julia ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF DUNDEE   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

De iure praedae; Dutch East India Company; Dutch imperialism; Hugo Grotius; Mare liberum; Twelve Years' Truce

Indexed keywords

EID: 67650138470     PISSN: 01673831     EISSN: 18760759     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1163/187607508X366445     Document Type: Article

References (150)

1. Richard Tuck, The Rights of War and Peace: Political Thought and the International Order from Grotius to Kant (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1999);
2. Edward Keene, Beyond the Anarchical Society: Grotius, Colonialism and Order in World Politics (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2002);
3. Monica Brito Vieira, 'Mare Liberum versus Mare Clausum: Grotius, Freitas, and Selden's Debate on Dominion over the Seas', Journal of the History of Ideas, 63 (2003), 361-77;
4. Hugo Grotius, The Free Sea, tr. by Richard Hakluyt, ed. by David Armitage (Indianapolis: Liberty Fund, 2004);
5. Helen Thornton, 'Hugo Grotius and the Freedom of the Seas', International Journal of Maritime History, 16 (2004), 17-38;
6. Peter Borschberg, 'Hugo Grotius' Theory of Trans-Oceanic Trade Regulation: Revisiting Mare Liberum (1609)', Itinerario, 29 (2005), 31-53;
7. Hugo Grotius, The Rights of War and Peace, ed. Richard Tuck, 3 vols. (Indianapolis: Liberty Fund, 2005);
8. Eric Wilson, 'Erasing the Corporate Sovereign: Inter-Textuality and an Alternative Explanation for the Publication of Hugo Grotius' Mare Liberum (1609)', Itinerario, 30 (2006), 78-103;
9. Martine J. van Ittersum, 'Mare Liberum versus The Propriety of the Seas? The Debate between Hugo Grotius (1583-1645) and William Welwood (1552-1624) and Its Impact on Anglo-Scotto-Dutch Fishery Disputes in the Second Decade of the Seventeenth Century', Edinburgh Law Review, 10, no. 2 (May 2006), 239-76;
10. Helen Thornton, 'John Selden's Response to Hugo Grotius: The Argument for Closed Seas', International Journal of Maritime History, 18 (2006), 105-27;
11. Martine Julia van Ittersum, Profit and Principle: Hugo Grotius, Natural Rights Theories and the Rise of Dutch Power in the East Indies, 1595-1615 (Leiden: Brill, 2006);
12. Grotius, Commentary on the Law of Prize and Booty, tr. Gwladys L. Williams and ed. by Martine Julia van Ittersum (Indianapolis: Liberty Fund, 2006);
13. Benjamin Straumann, Hugo Grotius und die Antike: Römischen Rech und römische Ethik im frühneuzeitlichen Naturrecht, Studien zur Geschichte des Völkerrechts 14 (Baden-Baden: Nomos, 2007).
14. Henk Nellen, Hugo de Groot: Een leven in strijd om vrede, 1583-1645 (Amsterdam: Balans Publishers, 2007), pp. 25-64;
15. C.M. Ridderikhoff, 'De Universitaire Studies van Hugo de Groot', Florike Egmond, 'Hugo de Groot en de Hoge Raad: Over Connecties Tussen Geleerden, Kunstenaars, Juristen en Politici' and Harm-Jan van Dam, 'Filoloog en dichter in Leiden', in De Hollandse jaren van Hugo de Groot (1583-1621), ed. H.J.M. Nellen and J. Trapman (Hilversum: Verloren Publishers, 1996), pp. 13-44, resp. pp. 67-86.
16. Nellen, Hugo de Groot, pp. 82-262;
17. J.G. Smit, 'De Rotterdamse jaren van Hugo de Groot', A. Th. van Deursen, 'Oldenbarnevelt en Maurits', and H.J.M. Nellen, 'Een tweespan voor de arminiaanse wagen: Grotius and Wtenbogaert', in De Hollandse jaren van Hugo de Groot, ed. Nellen and Trapman, pp. 125-43, resp. pp. 155-77.
18. Grotius, De Jure Praedae Commentarius, ed. H.G. Hamaker (The Hague: Martinus Nijhoff, 1868) [= IPC];
19. Grotius, Commentary on the Law of Prize and Booty, 2 volumes, The Classics of International Law, no. 22 (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1950) Vol. I: A Translation of the Original Manuscript of 1604 by Gwladys L. Williams and vol. II: The Collotype Reproduction,
20. Grotius, Briefwisseling van Hugo Grotius, ed. P.C. Molhuysen, B.L. Meulenbroek and H.J.M. Nellen, 17 vols. (The Hague, 1928-2001) [= BW], 1.72 and 7.583.
21. The construction 'indicas mea' is grammatically incorrect. It should be 'indica mea' or 'indicas meas [historias]'. However, the words 'indicas mea' are to be found on p. 864 of Hugo Grotius, Epistolae quotquot reperiri potuerunt ed. Hugo and Jan de Groot (Amsterdam, P & I Blaeu, 1687). Grotius's letter to Willem de Groot of 14 December 1636 is no longer extant. The modern edition of Grotius's correspondence reproduces this letter on the basis of the text of Epistolae quotquot.
22. Peter Borschberg, Grotius' "Commentarius in Theses XI": An Early Treatise on Sovereignty, the Just War, and the Legitimacy of the Dutch Revolt (Berne: Peter Lang, 1994);
23. idem, 'De Pace: Ein unveröffentlichtes Fragment von Hugo Grotius über Krieg und Frieden', Zeitschrift der Savigny-Stiftung für Rechtsgeschichte, Romanistische Abteilung, 115 (1996), 268-92;
24. idem, 'De Societate Publica cum Infidelibus: Ein Frühwerk von Hugo Grotius', Zeitschrift der Savigny-Stiftung für Rechtsgeschichte, Romanistische Abteilung, 115 (1998), 355-93;
25. idem, 'Grotius, the Social Contract and Political Resistance: A Study of the Unpublished Theses LVI', IILJ Working Paper 2006/7, History and Theory of International Law Series (www.iilj.org);
26. Catalogue de Manuscrits Autographes de Hugo Grotius, 2nd ed., annot. by W.J.M van Eysinga and L.J. Noordhoff (The Hague: Martinus Nijhoff, 1952), p. 25;
27. L.J. Noordhoff, Beschrijving van het zieh in Nederland bevindende en nog onbeschreven gedeelte der papieren afkomstig van Huig de Groot welke in 1864 te 's-Gravenhage zijn geveild (Groningen: Noordhoff Publishers, 1953), pp. 7-19.
28. Robert Fruin, 'Een onuitgegeven werk van Hugo de Groot', in Robert Fruin's Verspreide Geschriften, ed. by P.J. Blok, P.L. Muller, and S. Muller, 8 vols. (The Hague: Martinus Nijhoff, 1901), III, pp. 367-445,
29. translated into English as 'An Unpublished Work of Hugo Grotius', Bibliotheca Visseriana, 5 (1925), 3-71;
30. BW, 1.44-45, 72, and 17.37, 63-66;
31. P.C. Molhuysen, 'Over Grotius' 'De Jure Praedae Commentarius', Bijdragen voor Vaderlandsche Geschiedenis en Oudheidkunde, 6th ser., 4 (1926), 275-82;
32. W.J.M. van Eysinga, 'Quelques observations au sujet du Mare Liberum et du De Iure Praedae de Grotius', Grotiana 1st ser., 9 (1941-42), 61-75, especially 72-75;
33. Van Ittersum, 'Hugo Grotius in Context: Van Heemskerck's Capture of the Santa Catarina and Its Justification in De Jure Praedae (1604-1606)', Asian Journal of Social Science 31 (2003), 511-48,
34. Van Ittersum, Profit and Principle, 1-104, 217-45, and 359-96.
35. W. Ph. Coolhaas, 'Een bron van het historische gedeelte van Hugo de Groot's De Jure Praedae', Bijdragen en Mededelingen van het Historisch Genootschap, 79 (1965), 415-540;
36. Commentary, pp. xiii-xxi, 497-556.
37. Leiden University Library, Ms. BPL 917, fol. 5r, 72r, 96r; Commentary, pp. 18, 243, 300, 499-500
38. Van Ittersum, 'Hugo Grotius in Context', p. 512.
39. Tuck, The Rights of War and Peace, 78-94;
40. Borschberg, Grotius' "Commentarius in Theses XI", pp. 268-283;
41. Victor Enthoven, Zeeland en de opkomst van de Republiek: Handel en Strijd in de Scheldedelta, ca. 1550-1621 (Leiden: 1996), pp. 173-213.
42. BW, 1.72;
43. Van Ittersum, Profit and Principle, pp. 105-282.
44. Idem, pp. 283-342.
45. BW, 1.128-29 (Zeeland VOC directors to Grotius, 4 Nov. 1608 and Grotius to G.M. Lingelsheim, 4 Dec. 1608), and 17.41-42 (Johan Boreel to Grotius, 6 Nov. and 13 Dec. 1608).
46. Mare Liberum Sive De Iure Quod Batavis Competit ad Indicana Commercia Dissertatio (s.n., Leiden: Elzevier Publishers, 1609);
47. BW, 1.141, 144-45 (Grotius to Heinsius, 7 Mar. 1609 and Apr. 1609);
48. Catalogus Universalis Pro Nundinis Francofurtensibus Vernalisbus, De Anno MDCIX (Frankfurt: 1609), fol. C3v
49. Bibliographie des écrits imprimés de Hugo Grotius, ed. by Jacob ter Meulen and P.J.J. Diermanse (The Hague: Martinus Nijhoff, 1950, reprinted Zutphen: Matthys de Jongh, 1995) [= TMD], p. 211;
50. Mare liberum found itself in good company at the Frankfurt Book Fair of spring 1609. The titles listed right above and underneath it in the catalogue include John Selden's Analecton Anglobrittanicon (1607) and a contemporary history by Jacques Auguste de Thou ('Jacobi Augusti Thuani historiarum sui temporis libri 125. Lutetiae apud Hier. Drovart in 12'). Of all contemporary historians, De Thou was the one whom Grotius admired most and sought to emulate in his capacity as 'historiographer of Holland'. See Jan Waszink, 'Tacitisme in Holland: de Annales et Historiae de rebus Belgicis van Hugo de Groot', De Zeventiende Eeuw, 20 (2004), 240-63.
51. BW, 1.129-34, 139 (Grotius to Heinsius, 23 & 27 Nov. 1608, 5, 11 & 26 Dec. 1608, 5 & 11 Jan. 1609, 18 Feb. 1609);
52. TMD, p. 211.
53. As Jan Waszink argues elsewhere in this conference volume, Ms. BPL 917 was at one point a fair copy, written out by Grotius himself. In most cases, Grotius left it to others to prepare scribal copies of his treatises. Compare Hugo Grotius, Meletius sive De iis quae inter Christianos conveniunt Epistola, ed. and tr. by G.H.M. Posthumus Meyjes (Leiden: Brill, 1988), pp. 7-8;
54. Grotius, Ordinum Hollandiae ac Westfrisiae Pietas (1613), Critical Edition, tr. and ed. by Edwin Rabbie (Leiden: Brill, 1995), pp. 46-52;
55. Grotius, De Imperio Summarum Potestatum Circa Sacra, ed. and tr. by Harm-Jan van Dam, 2 vols (Leiden: Brill, 2001), I, 46-50, 55-58;
56. Jan Waszink, 'Hugo Grotius' Annales et Historiae de Rebus Belgicis from the Evidence In His Correspondence, 1604-1644', LIAS 31 (2004), 249-67 (pp. 253-54).
57. A folio is a sheet folded once, which gives you four sides (17r, 17v, 18r, 18v).
58. Philip Gaskell, A New Introduction to Bibliography (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1972), 40-56;
59. BPL 917 fol. 96v-116r and 117r-118v, 121v; see also appendix 1.
60. On fol. 107v, Grotius also put a horizontal line in the margin next to lines 3-4 from the top. The author of Mare liberum erred by a wide margin in his efforts to determine the midpoint of the text. So much is clear from his calculations on fol. 121v. The modern editor of Grotius's correspondence, Dr Henk Nellen, confirms that the author of Mare liberum was numerically challenged. It was Dr. Nellen, in fact, who suggested to me that the numbers in the left bottom corner of fols 96v-116r and 117r-118v represented line-numbers, not folio-numbers.
61. ML, p. 34; appendix 1 below.
62. Leiden University Library, Ms. BPL 917, fol. 124v;
63. The Free Sea, pp. 59-60.
64. Leiden University Library, Ms. BPL 917, fol. 106v. The deleted insertion at the bottom of fol. 106v reads as follows: [in margin: Dato 4 Non. [crossed out: Cal.] Maii 1493] atque adeo ut plerisque aliis ita & hac ratione multo est speciosior Castellanorum causa, qui Americam petiverunt, quantum sciri potest nunquam antea [crossed out: cognito] tentato itinere. Unde et in ipso pontificis diplomate diserte exprimitur DE MARI NUNQUAM NAVIGATO ET INSULIS INCOGNITIS [crossed out: unde colligit] additque Pontifex nemini se ius quaesitum auferre, quod hic dici non potest. Dr. Nellen and Dr. Visser were kind enough to correct my transcription.
65. Leiden University Library, Ms. BPL 917, fol. 98r (I owe this reference to David Armitage) and 100r;
66. The argument of Mare liberum was certainly strengthened by Grotius's decision to omit a direct comparison between the Spanish discovery of the New World and Europe's longstanding trading contacts with monsoon Asia. By obfuscating a real difference between the West and East Indies, Grotius could argue - as he did in the case of the ship Swimming Lion ('Zwemmende Leeuw') - that freedom of trade and navigation applied everywhere. See the previous footnote and my 'Mare Liberum in the West Indies? Hugo Grotius and the Case of the Swimming Lion, a Dutch Pirate in the Caribbean at the Turn of the Seventeenth Century', Itinerario, 31 (2007), 59-94.
67. It is suggestive that Grotius drew a line, indicating a chapter break, right after the deleted words 'cum de Americanis disputent' on fol. 100r of Ms. BPL 917 (lines 1-2 from the bottom). He must have deleted textual references to the Americas at the same time that he inserted new chapter divisions.
68. Leiden University Library, Ms. BPL 917, fol. 116v;
69. Straumann, Hugo Grotius und die Antike, 60, footnote 191;
70. Leiden University Library, Ms. BPL 917, 104v, 105r.
71. The pale grey-brown ink is clearly visible at the top of fol. 114v of Ms. BPL 917 in the Leiden University Library: - 'Unde navium exercitionem ad summam rempublicam pertinere dicit Ulpianus: institorum non eundem esse usum. Quia illa omnino...'. (ML, p. 54; compare The Free Sea, 51: 'Whereupon Ulpian saith that taking of money for freight of shipping appertaineth to the highest and greatest commonwealth'.)
72. 'Seneca: quae emeris, vendere gentium jus est'. (ML, p. 54; compare The Free Sea, 51: 'Seneca saith, "the law of nations warranteth thee to sell that which thou has bought"'.) Grotius used the same ink to add text at the top of 96v (compare The Free Sea, 10: 'Our purpose is shortly ... God himself speaketh this in nature') and fol.101v-102r (compare The Free Sea, 23-24: 'and the philosopher, "All things pertaining to the Horsemen belonged to the gentlemen of Rome, yet amongst them is my proper place which I possessed"', and 'Seneca saith, "we call those the bounds of the Athenians or Campanians which afterward the borderers divide among themselves by private bounds"'). The pale grey-brown ink is also found in the left margins of fol. 100v and 116v (compare The Free Sea, 56: 'Ambrose inveigheth against ... enhanceth the price of victuals'). I will publish a separate article on the Seneca quotations inserted in Ms. BPL 917.
73. See my '"The Wise Man is never merely a Private Citizen": The Roman Stoa in Hugo Grotius' De Jure Praedae (1604-1608)', proceedings of the international conference on 'Cosmopolitan Politics: On the History and Future of a Controversial Ideal', held at the Johann Wolfgang Goethe University in Frankfurt-am-Main, Germany, 6-8 December 2006, forthcoming.
74. Leiden University Library, Ms. BPL 917, fols 104r ('eruditiores'' and 'proprie'), fol. 104v ('forte') and 105r ('competit'), 105v ('de' and 'perit'), 110v ('explicata est' and 'supra'), 113r-v ('ne omnes', 'sit', 'Lusitani', 'negotiatione suppleri id quod natura de est quo' and 'id ita intelligi potest').
75. Leiden University Library, Ms. BPL 917, fols 3r, 5v, 39v, 40v, 53a, 61r, 107r, 139v and 140r. The garish orange-yellowish ink of the insertion at the top of fol. 107r is also found on 3r (correction of insert at the top, viz. 'quatenus ius fasque est'), 5a-r ('oleo'), 5v (insert completely at bottom, starting with the words 'Et quem modo' + correction of insert at top, starting with the words 'Ac incrito primi principii'), 39v (insert at top of page, starting with the words 'Quin et in sacra historia'), 40v ('videtur', correction in the first line of the running text), 53a ('unde apparet dominium bis esse translatum'), 61r (Livy insert at bottom 'Indicat hoc Scipio'), 139v ('machinarum'), 140r ('cui rubio'). The garish orange-yellowish ink found on fol. 5a-r, fol. 39v, 40v, and 53a can be used to date these inserted pieces of paper. Although not originally part of the manuscript, it suggests that Grotius added them before Nov.-Dec. 1608. After all, he could not revise what was not there in the first place.
76. Leiden University Library, Ms. BPL 917 fol. 6r;
77. Leiden University Library, Ms. BPL 917, fol. 107r. Grotius's initial foliation of Ms. BPL 917 includes fol. 64, an inserted folio-page. The watermark of fol. 64 consists of a crest and Basle crozier. The same watermark occurs in Grotius's correspondence with Daniel Heinsius in January 1607 (Leiden University Library, Ms. BPG 77, letter 30).
78. See also Theo and Frans Laurentius, Watermarks 1600-1650, found in the Zeeland Archives ('t Goy-Houten, The Netherlands: HES & GRAAF Publishers, 2007) 22, 135 (watermarks no. 296 and 297). I am preparing a study of Grotius's writing and rewriting of De iure praedae in the period 1604-1608, based on the watermarks, quire divisions and different sets of foliation found in manuscript BPL 917.
79. Grotius, The Rights of War and Peace, l.xix-xx;
80. see also my '"The Wise Man is never merely a Private Citizen"', forthcoming. A few scholars have remarked on differences in ink color as one notable characteristic of Grotius's marginal references in Ms. BPL 917. It suggests that the references were added in multiple sessions.
81. Compare Robert Fruin, 'An Unpublished Work of Hugo Grotius', Bibliotheca Visseriana 5 (1925),40;
82. J. Kosters, 'Het jus gentium van Hugo de Groot en diens voorgangers', Mededeelingen der Nederlandsche Akademie van Wetenschappen, Afd. Letterkunde 58B, no. 4 (1924), 87;
83. Peter Haggenmacher, 'Genese et signification du concept de "ius gentium" chez Grotius', Grotiana, n.s., 2 (1981), 44-91;
84. Tuck, Philosophy and Government, 1572-1651 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1993), 171;
85. Borschberg, 'Grotius, the Social Contract and Political Resistance: A Study of the Unpublished Theses LVI', 18-19 (see also Borschberg's contribution elsewhere in this conference volume).
86. Leiden University Library, Ms. BPL 917, fols 96v-116v, 117-118; appendix 2.
87. Leiden University Library Ms. BPL 917, fol. 118r; see also appendix 2.
88. Leiden University Library Ms. BPL 917, fols 118r, 97v; The Free Sea, 13; see also appendix 2.
89. Leiden University Library Ms. BPL 917, fols 118r, 113v, see also appendix 2;
90. Leiden University Library, Ms. BPL 917, fol. 117r: Quid conferat, ius intellige In prefatione aliquid de veneficiis, perfidia & sceleribus Lusitanorum De utilitate commercij De honestate & decore publico praecipuorum Defavore regum: auxiliis publicis: foederibus Indorum: fortuna maritima [de?] Gallis & Anglis Dr. Nellen and Dr. Visser kindly corrected my transcription. Dr. Visser helped me with the English translation as well.
91. Idem; Leiden University Library, Ms. BPL 917, fols 72r-163r;
92. Dutch National Archives, Grotius Papers, Supplement I, fols 295-299 (first draft of Grotius's memorandum of January 1608) and fols 405-413 (second draft);
93. See footnote 32;
94. Les Negotiations de monsieur le President Je annin, 4 vols. (Amsterdam: 1695), pp. 4.6-9, 11
95. (Jeannin's address to the States General, 18 Mar. 1609), p. 66 (articles 4 and 5 of the Twelve Years' Truce), p. 76 (secret addendum, signed by Spinola, Richardot, Mancicidor, Verreyken and Neyen, along with representatives of the States General), p. 161 (the Treaty of Guarantee's clause on Dutch trade in the East Indies, 17 June 1609). Grotius was on good terms with Jeannin, to whom he dedicated his play Christus Patiens in March 1608. He frequently mentioned the French envoy in his correspondence. Compare BW, 1.97, 98-100, 103, 108, 110, 112, 117, 126, 128-130, 132, 135, 137, 142, 149.
96. Borschberg, 'Grotius, the Social Contract and Political Resistance', 18-19,
97. and 'Hugo Grotius' Theory of TransOceanic Trade Regulation, 36-40;
98. Ann Blair, 'Reading Strategies for Coping with Information Overload, ca. 1550-1700', Journal of Intellectual History, 64 (2003), 11-28;
99. Annabel S. Brett, 'Natural Right and Civil Community: The Civil Philosophy of Hugo Grotius', The Historical Journal, 45 (2002), 31-51;
100. Brett, Liberty, Right and Nature: Individual Rights in Later Scholastic Thought (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1997), pp. 165-204;
101. Borschberg, Hugo Grotius' 'Commentarius in Theses XI', pp. 48-52, 92-93;
102. Antonio Truyol y Serra, 'Francisco de Vitoria Y Hugo Grocio', Ciencia Tomista, 111 (1984), 17-27;
103. Robert Feenstra, 'Ius commune et droit comparé chez Grotius. Nouvelles remarques sur les sources citées dans ses ouvrages juridiques, à propos d'une réimpression du De Iure Belli ac Pacis', Rivista internazionale di diritto commune, 3 (1992), 7-36,
104. reprinted in Feenstra, Legal Scholarship and Doctrines of Private Law, 13th-18th Centuries (Aldershot: 1996);
105. idem, 'Quelques remarques sur les sources utilisées par Grotius dans ses travaux de droit naturel', in The World of Hugo Grotius (1583-1645), Proceedings of the International Colloquium Organized by the Grotius Committee of the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences, Rotterdam, 6-9 April 1983 (Amsterdam: 1984), pp. 65-81;
106. idem, 'Hugo de Groot's eerste beschouwingen over dominium en over de oorsprong van de private eigendom: Mare Liberum en zijn brennen', Acta Juridica (= Essays in Honour of Ben Beinart, vol. 1) (1976), 269-75, published in French as 'Les origines du dominium d'après Grotius et notamment dans son Mare Liberum' in: Homenaje al profesor Alfonso García-Gallo, 5 vols. (Madrid: Universidad Complutense, 1996) I, 179-190,
107. reprinted in Feenstra, Histoire du droit savant, 13e-18e siècle (Aldershot: Variorum, 2005);
108. idem, 'L'Influence de la scolastique Espagnole sur Grotius en droit privé: quelques experiences dans des questions de fondet de forme, concernant notamment les doctrines de l'erreur et de l'enrichissement sans cause', in Feenstra, Fata Iuris Romani: Etudes d'Histoire du Droit (Leiden: Leiden University Press, 1974), pp. 338-63;
109. Folke Dovring, Une Partie de l'Héritage Littéraire de Grotius Retrouvée en Suède, Mededelingen der Koninklijke Nederlandsche Akademie van Wetenschappen, Afdeling Letterkunde, n.s. 12, no. 3 (Amsterdam: 1949), pp. 237-49;
110. Dovring, Nouvelles Recherches sur la Bibliothèque de Grotius en Suède et en Italie, Mededelingen der Koninklijke Nederlandsche Akademie van Wetenschappen, Afdeling Letterkunde, n.s., 14, no. 10 (Amsterdam: 1949), 331-38.
111. Leiden University Library, Ms. BPL 917 fol. 117r.
112. This may refer to fol. 116v, which lacks a number in the bottom left hand corner. Grotius crossed out half the page when he revised chapter 12 for publication as Mare liberum.
113. This may refer to the number of lines on fols. 117v and 118r, the conclusion of Mare liberum. Grotius counted 50 lines on each folio-page.
114. In fact, 33. Grotius put this number in the bottom left corner of fol. 101v.
115. In fact, 27. In fact, 33. The line-count includes the insertion at the top of fol. 102v, which was perhaps counted twice.
116. In fact, 34. The line-count includes the inserts at the top and bottom of fol. 102v. Grotius may have counted the insert at the top twice.
117. The deleted text at the top of fol. 98r is omitted from the line-count, which does include, however, the inserted text at the bottom of 98r ('Recte igitur dicit Victoria...').
118. The insertions at the top and bottom of 103v are included in the line-count.
119. In fact, 38. The insertions at the bottom of 110r are included in the line-count.
120. The insertions at the top and bottom of fol. 104r are included in the line-count.
121. In fact, 30.
122. In fact, 32.
123. This should be 26, the number that Grotius wrote in the left bottom corner of fol. 112v.
124. In fact, 35. The insertion at the bottom of 113r is included in the line-count.
125. In fact, 35. Grotius included in his calculations the inserted text at the top of 107r.
126. In fact, 38. The inserted text at the bottom of fol. 113v is included in the line-count.
127. Grotius put this number twice at the bottom of fol. 107v and wrote above it: 'nisi ivissent eo'. These words are found in lines 3-4 from the top. It is the midpoint of the text of Mare liberum. Grotius indicated it by inserting a horizontal line in the left margin of fol. 107v, right next to lines 3-4 from the top.
128. In fact, 34.
129. Midpoint of the text of Mare liberum; see footnote 20.
130. In fact, 38. The line-count includes the inserted text at the top of 114r.
131. Should be 26, the number that Grotius wrote down in the left bottom corner of fol. 116r.
132. In fact, 291 (if you add up the numbers in the left column).
133. In fact, 438 (if you add up the numbers in the middle column).
134. Grotius correctly added up the numbers in the right column. He then put together 664 and 440, which equal 1104. Finally, he added 276, which, in his opinion, made 1480 lines. (The sum total was 1380, however).
135. Dr. Jan Waszink and Dr. Jeanine Delandtsheer were so kind as to correct my transcription. They compared it directly with the text of Ms. BPL 917 on 14 July 2005. In September 2008, Prof. Robert Feenstra compared my transcription with the collotype reproduction of Ms. BPL 917. I am grateful for his suggestions for improvement. Grotius's flowchart for Mare liberum is found on the left side of folio 118r. It is reproduced in normal type here. The provisional chapter titles are followed by a) folio-numbers, which correspond exactly with Grotius's right-hand numbering in Ms. BPL 917, and b) line-numbers, which Grotius counted from the top of any given folio. Grotius also jotted down some thoughts on the right side of folio 118r. These notes are reproduced here in bold. (Regrettably, not all of them: Grotius's handwriting is notoriously hard to read.) I have put the notes directly underneath the chapter title to which they seem to be related. It should be emphasized, however, that Grotius himself did not make these connections explicit on fol. 118r.
136. Grotius inserted a different chapter title at the top of fol. 96v: 'Caput 1 Iure Gentium Quibusvis ad Quosvis Liberam Esse Navigationem'. This is the chapter title found on p. 1 of the first edition of Mare Liberum.
137. Refers to the chapter division on fol. 97v, where Grotius drew a horizontal line, stretching into the left margin, between lines 1 and 2 from the top. He inserted a slightly different chapter title in the left margin of fol. 97v: 'Cap. II Lusitanos nullum habere ius dominii in eos Indos ad quos Batavi navigant titulo inventionis'. This chapter title is found on p. 4 of the first edition of Mare liberum, where chapter 2 starts with the words 'non esse autem', just as Grotius indicated on fol. 97v of Ms. BPL 917.
138. Reference to fol. 97v, where the word INVENIRE is inserted in capital letters in the left margin, halfway down the page. There is a division sign in the running text, between the words 'sententia' and 'primum' in line 16 from the top. The division sign was subsequently crossed out by Grotius. The actual chapter division is between lines 1 and 2 from the top. See also footnote 33.
139. Reference to the chapter division on 98v, where Grotius drew a line separating 'impius censetur' from 'secundo si' in line 5 from the top. He wrote out the full chapter title in the left margin of fol. 98v: 'Cap. III Lusitanos in Indos non habere ius dominii titulo donationis Pontificiae'. The same chapter title is found on p. 7 of the first edition of Mare liberum, where chapter 3 starts with the words 'secundo si', just as Grotius indicated on fol. 98v of Ms. BPL 917.
140. Reference to the chapter division on 99r, where Grotius drew a line separating 'unquam spoliatos from 'his igitur in line 8 from the top. He wrote out the full chapter title in the left margin of fol. 99r: 'Cap. IV Lusitanos in Indos non habere ius dominii titulo bello'. The same chapter title is found on p. 9 of the first edition of Mare liberum, where chapter 4 starts with the words 'his igitur', just as Grotius indicated on fol. 99r of Ms. BPL 917.
141. Reference to the chapter division on 100r, where Grotius drew a line separating 'Hispani non dubitant' from 'si ergo' in lines 1-2 from the bottom. Yet he inserted a slightly different chapter title in the left margin of fol. 100r: 'Cap. V Mare ad Indos au ius eo navigandi non esse proprium Lusitanorum titulo occupationis'. This chapter title is found on p. 13 of the first edition of Mare liberum, where chapter 5 starts with the words 'si ergo', just as Grotius indicated on fol. 100r of Ms. BPL 917. While Grotius inserted the chapter division on fol. 100r, he crossed out the words 'cum de americanis disputent', which followed 'doctores Hispani non dubitant'.
142. Reference to the chapter division on fol. 108r, where Grotius drew a line separating 'expressum est' from '[d]onatio Pontificis Alexandri' in lines 18-19 from the top. He wrote out the full chapter title in the left margin of fol. 108r: 'Cap VI Mare aut ius navigandi proprium non esse Lusitanorum titulo donationis Pontificiae'. This chapter title is found on p. 36 of the first edition of Mare liberum, where chapter 6 starts with the words 'donatio Pontificis Alexandri', just as Grotius indicated on fol. 108r of Ms. BPL 917.
143. Reference to the chapter division on fol. 108v, where Grotius drew a line separating 'nihil diminutum' from 'ultimum iniquitatis' in lines 23-24 from the top. He wrote out the full chapter title in the left margin of fol. 108v: 'Mare aut ius navigandi proprium non esse Lusitanorum titulo praescriptionis aut consuetudinis'. This chapter title is found on p. 38 of the first edition of Mare liberum, where chapter 7 starts with the words 'ultimum iniquitatis', just like Grotius indicated on fol. 108v of Ms. BPL 917.
144. Reference to the chapter division on fol. 113v, where Grotius drew horizontal and vertical lines, stretching into the left margin, in order to separate 'ad Indos prohibeant' from '[q]uod si dicant' in line 19 from the top. Yet he inserted a different chapter title in the left margin of fol. 113v: 'Cap. VIII Iure gentium inter quosvis liberam esse mercaturam'. This chapter title is found on p. 52 of the first edition of Mare liberum, where chapter 8 starts with the words 'quod si dicant', just as Grotius indicated on fol. 113v of Ms. BPL 917.
145. Reference to the chapter division on fol. 114v, where Grotius drew horizontal and vertical lines, stretching into the left margin, in order to separate 'juste empediat' from '[p]rimum inventio' in lines 7-8 from the top. He wrote out the full chapter title in the left margin of fol. 114v: 'Cap IX Mercaturam cum Indis propriam non esse Lusitanorum titulo occupationis'. This chapter title is found on p. 55 of the first edition of Mare liberum, where chapter 9 starts with the words '[p]rimum inventio', just as Grotius indicated on fol. 114v of Ms. BPL 917.
146. Reference to the chapter division on fol. 114v, where Grotius drew horizontal and vertical lines, stretching into the left margin, in order to separate 'aliter potest' from '[c]oncessit nemo' in line 17 from the top. He wrote out the full chapter title in the left margin of fol. 114v: 'Cap X Mercaturam cum Indis propriam non esse Lusitanorum titulo donationis Pontificiae'. This chapter title is found on p. 55 of the first edition of Mare liberum, where chapter 10 starts with the words '[c]oncessit nemo', just as Grotius indicated on fol. 114v of Ms. BPL 917.
147. Reference to the chapter division on fol. 115r, where Grotius drew horizontal and vertical lines, stretching into the left margin, in order to separate 'Pontificis auctoritatem' from '[r]estat praescriptio' in line 7 from the top. He wrote out the full chapter title in the left margin of fol. 114v: 'Cap XI Mercaturam cum Indis non esse Lusitanorum propriam iure praescriptionis aut consuetudinis'. This chapter title is found on p. 57 of the first edition of Mare Liberum, where chapter 11 starts with the words '[r]estat praescriptio', just as Grotius indicated on fol. 115r of Ms. BPL 917.
148. Reference to the chapter division on fol. 115v, where Grotius drew horizontal and vertical lines stretching into the left margin, in order to separate 'ista usurpatio' from '[e]x his quae dicta' in line 17 from the top. Yet he inserted a slightly different title in the left margin of fol. 115v: 'Cap XII Nulla aequitate niti Lusitanos in prohibendo commercio'. This chapter title is found on p. 59 of the first edition of Mare Liberum, where chapter 12 starts with the words '[e]x his quae dicta', just as Grotius indicated on fol. 115v of Ms. BPL 917.
149. Reference to insert in left margin of fol. 116v, included on p. 61 of the first edition of Mare Liberum.
150. There is a chapter division on fol. 116v, eleven lines from the top. A chapter title is lacking, however. The title of the concluding chapter is slightly different on p. 62 of the first edition of Mare Liberum: 'Caput XIII Batavis ius commercii Indicani qua pace, qua induciis, qua bello retinendum'.