Estimating the energetic contribution of polar bear (ursus maritimus) summer diets to the total energy budget

Journal of Mammalogy

Volumn 90, Issue 3, 2009, Pages 585-593

  Dyck, Markus G ^a   Kebreab, Ermias ^b  

^a NUNAVUT ARCTIC COLLEGE   (Canada)

^b UNIVERSITY OF MANITOBA   (Canada)

Author keywords

Alternative summer diet; Climate change; Energy balance; Polar bears; Ursus maritimus

Indexed keywords

BEAR; BIOENERGETICS; CLIMATE MODELING; DIET; ENERGY BALANCE; ENERGY BUDGET; ESTIMATION METHOD; FAT RESERVE; FOOD AVAILABILITY; ICE; ICE COVER; PINNIPED; SALMONID; SEA ICE; SUMMER; WARMING;

PHOCA HISPIDA; SALVELINUS ALPINUS; SALVELINUS FONTINALIS; URSUS MARITIMUS; VACCINIUM;

EID: 67650090916     PISSN: 00222372     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1644/08-MAMM-A-103R2.1     Document Type: Article

References (88)

1. AARS, J., N. J. LUNN, AND A. E. DEROCHER (eds.). 2006. Polar bears. Proceedings of the 14th Working Meeting of the IUCN/SSC Polar Bear Specialist Group. International Union for the Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources, Gland, Switzerland, and Cambridge, United Kingdom.
2. ARCTIC CLIMATE IMPACT ASSESSMENT (ACIA). 2005. Arctic climate impact assessment. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom.
3. ARNOULD, J. Y. P. 1990. The energetics of lactation in polar bears (Ursus maritimus Phipps). M.S. thesis, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada.
4. ATKINSON, S. N., R. A. NELSON, AND M. A. RAMSAY. 1996. Changes in the body composition of fasting polar bears (Ursus maritimus): the effect of relative fatness on protein conservation. Physiological Zoology 69:304-316.
5. ATKINSON, S. N., AND M. A. RAMSAY. 1995. The effects of prolonged fasting of the body composition and reproductive success of female polar bears (Ursus maritimus). Functional Ecology 9:559- 567.
6. BEST, R. C. 1977. Ecological aspects of polar bear nutrition. Pp. 203- 211 in Proceedings of the 1975 Predator Symposium (R. L. Phillips and C. Jonkel, eds.). University of Montana Press, Missoula.
7. BEST, R. C. 1985. Digestibility of ringed seals by the polar bear. Canadian Journal of Zoology 63:1033-1036.
8. BROOK, R. K., AND E. S. RICHARDSON. 2002. Observations of polar bear predatory behaviour toward caribou. Arctic 55:193-196.
9. BUNNELL, F. L., AND T. HAMILTON. 1983. Forage digestibility and fitness in grizzly bears. International Conference on Bear Research and Management 5:179-185.
10. Canadian Circumpolar Institute. 1992. Nunavut atlas. Canadian Circumpolar Institute, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada.
11. CATTET, M. R. L. 2000. Biochemical and physiological aspects of obesity, high fat diet, and prolonged fasting in free-ranging polar bears. Ph.D. dissertation, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada.
12. CATTET, M. R. L., S. N. ATKINSON, S. C. POLISCHUK, AND M. A. RAMSAY. 1997. Predicting body mass in polar bears: is morphometry useful? Journal of Wildlife Management 61:1038-1090.
13. CENTRE fOR INDIGENOUS PEOPLES' NUTRITION AND ENVIRONMENT (CINE). 2007. CINE's Arctic nutrient file, http://cine.mcgill.ca/nutrients/ searchpage.php. Accessed 5 February 2007.
14. CHAPIN, F. S., ILL, AND G. R. SHAVER. 1985. Individualistic growth response of tundra plant species to environmental manipulations in the field. Ecology 66:564-576.
15. CHAPIN, F. S., III, AND G. R. SHAVER. 1996. Physiological and growth responses of Arctic plants to a field experiment simulating climate change. Ecology 77:822-840.
16. COMMITTEE on the STATUS of ENDANGERED WILDLIFE in CANADA (COSEWIC). 2008. COSEWIC Assessment and update status report on the polar bear Ursus maritimus in Canada. Committee on the Status of Endangered Wildlife in Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.
17. DEROCHER, A. E., D. ANDRIASHEK, AND I. STIRLING. 1993. Terrestrial foraging by polar bears (luring the ice-free period in western Hudson Bay. Arctic 46:251-254.
18. DEROCHER, A. E., N. J. LUNN, AND I. STIRLING. 2004. Polar bears in a warming climate. Integrative and Comparative Biology 44:163-176.
19. DEROCHER, A. E., AND I. STIRLING. 1990. Distribution of polar bears (Ursus maritimus) during the ice-free period in western Hudson Bay. Canadian Journal of Zoology 68:1395-1403.
20. DEROCHER, A. E., AND I. STIRLING. 1995. Temporal variation in reproduction and body mass of polar bears in western Hudson Bay. Canadian Journal of Zoology 73:1657-1665.
21. DEROCHER, A. E., AND 0. WIIG. 2002. Postnatal growth in body length and mass of polar bears (Ursus maritimus) at Svalbard. Journal of Zoology (London) 256:343-349.
22. DEROCHER, A. E., 0. WIIG, AND M. ANDERSEN. 2002. Diet composition of polar bears in Svalbard and the western Barents Sea. Polar Biology 25:448-152.
23. DEROCHER, A. E., 0. WIIG, AND G. BANGJORD. 2000. Predation of Svalbard reindeer by polar bears. Polar Biology 23:675-678.
24. DONALDSON, G. M., G. CHAPDELAINE, AND J. D. ANDREWS. 1995. Predation of thick-billed murres, Uria lomvia, at two breeding colonies by polar bears, Ursus maritimus, and walruses, Odobenus rosmarus. Canadian Field-Naturalist 109:112-114.
25. DUTIL, J. D. 1984. Energetic costs associated with the production of gonads in the anadromous arctic charr (Salvelinus alpinus) of the Nauyuk Lake basin, Canada. Pp. 263-276 in Biology of the arctic charr. Proceedings of the International Symposium on Arctic Charr (L. Johnson and B. L. Burns, eds.). University of Manitoba Press, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada.
26. DUTIL, J. D. 1986. Energetic constraints and spawning interval in the anadromous arctic charr (Salvelinus alpinus). Copeia 1986:945- 955.
27. DYCK, M. G. 2001. Effects of tundra vehicle activity on polar bears (Ursus maritimus) at Churchill, Manitoba. M.N.R.M. thesis, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada.
28. DYCK, M. G., AND K. J. DALEY. 2002. Cannibalism of a yearling polar bear (Ursus maritimus) at Churchill, Canada. Arctic 55:190-192.
29. DYCK, M. G., AND S. ROMBERG. 2007. Observations of a wild polar bear (Ursus maritimus) successfully fishing arctic charr (Salvelinus alpinus) and fourhorn sculpin (Myoxocephalus quadricornis). Polar Biology 30:1625-1628.
30. DYCK, M. G., et al. 2007. Polar bears of western Hudson Bay and climate change: are warming spring air temperatures the "ultimate" survival control factor? Ecological Complexity 4:73-84.
31. DYCK, M. G., et al. 2008. Reply to response to Dyck et al. (2007) on polar bears and climate change in western Hudson Bay by Stirling et al. (2008). Ecological Complexity 5:289-302.
32. FELICETTI, L. A., C. T. ROBBINS, AND L. A. SHIPLEY. 2003. Dietary protein content alters energy expenditure and composition of the mass gain in grizzly bears (Ursus arctos horribilis). Physiological and Biochemical Zoology 76:256-261.
33. FURNELL, D. J., AND D. OOLOOYUK. 1980. Polar bear predation on ringed seals in ice-free water. Canadian Field-Naturalist 94:88-89.
34. GAU, R. J., R. CASE, D. F. PENNER, AND P. D. MCLAUGHLIN. 2002. Feeding patterns of barren-ground grizzly bears in the central Canadian Arctic. Arctic 55:339-344.
35. GENDH, S. M., AND T. P. QUINN. 2004. The relative importance of prey density and social dominance in determining energy intake by bears feeding on Pacific salmon. Canadian Journal of Zoology 82:75-85.
36. GENDE, S. M., T. P. QUINN, AND M. F. WILLSON. 2001. Consumption choice by bears feeding on salmon. Oecologia 127:372-382.
37. GULSETH, O., AND K. NILSSEN. 2000. The brief period of spring migration, short marine residence, and high return rate of a northern Svalbard population of arctic char. Transactions of the American Fisheries Society 129:782-796.
38. HILDERBRAND, G. V., S. D. FARLEY, C. C. SCHWARTZ, AND C. T. ROBBINS. 1999. Effect of seasonal differences in dietary meat intake on changes in body mass and composition of wild and captive brown bears. Canadian Journal of Zoology 77:1623-1630.
39. HILDERBRAND, G. V., S. G. JENKINS, C. C. SCHWARTZ, T. A. HANLEY, AND C. T. ROBBINS. 2004. Importance of salmon to wildlife: implications for integrated management. Ursus 15:1-9.
40. I3C among Hudson Bay polar bears: implications for metabolism and tracing terrestrial foraging. Marine Mammal Science 13:359- 367.
41. HUNTER, J. G. 1976. Arctic char and hydroelectric power in the Sylvia Grinnell River. Fisheries Research Board of Canada Manuscript Report Series 1376:1-21.
42. HURST, R. J., M. L. LEONARD, P. D. WATTS, P. BECKERTON, AND N. A. 0RITSLAND. 1982. Polar bear locomotion: body temperature and energetic cost. Canadian Journal of Zoology 60:40-14.
43. INTERGOVERNMENTAL PANEL ON CLIMATE CHANGE (IPCC). 2006. 2006 IPCC Guidelines for national greenhouse gas inventories. Institute for Global Environmental Strategies, Hayama, Kanagawa, Japan.
44. JOHNSON, L. 1980. The arctic charr, Salvelinus alpinus. Pp. 15-98 in Charrs, salmonid fishes of the genus Salvelinus (E. K. Balon, ed.). Dr. W. Junk bv Publishers, The Hague, Netherlands.
45. JOHNSON, K. L. 1987. Wildflowers of Churchill and the Hudson Bay region. Manitoba Museum of Man and Nature, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada.
46. KLINKA, D. R., AND T. E. REIMCHEN. 2002. Nocturnal and diurnal foraging behaviour of brown bears (Ursus arctos) on a salmon stream in coastal British Columbia. Canadian Journal of Zoology 80:1317-1322.
47. KNUDSEN, B. 1978. Time budgets of polar bears (Ursus maritimus) on North Twin Island, James Bay, during summer. Canadian Journal of Zoology 56:1627-1628.
48. KRISTOPPERSON, A. H., R. SOPUCK. AND D. G. MCGOWAN. 1991. Commercial fishing potential for searun arctic charr, Koukdjuak River and Nettilling Lake, Northwest Territories. Canadian Manuscript Report of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 2120:1-38.
49. KUDO, G., AND S. SUZUKI. 2003. Warming effects on growth, production, and vegetation structure of alpine shrubs: a five-year experiment in northern Japan. Oecologia 135:280-287.
50. KUHNLEIN, H. V. 1989. Nutrient values in indigenous wild berries used by the Nuxalk people of Bella Coola, British Columbia. Journal of Food Composition and Analysis 2:28-36.
51. KUHNLEIN, H. V., H. M. CHAN, D. LEGGEE, AND V. BARTHET. 2002. Macronutrient, mineral and fatty acid composition of Canadian Arctic traditional food. Journal of Food Composition and Analysis 15:545-566.
52. KUHNLEIN, H. V., AND R. SOUEIDA. 1992. Use and nutrient composition of traditional Baffin Inuit foods. Journal of Food Composition and Analysis 5:112-126.
53. KURTÉN, B. 1964. The evolution of the polar bear, Ursus maritimus Phipps. Acta Zoologica Fennica 108:1-30.
54. LUNN, N. J., AND I. STIRLING. 1985. The significance of supplemental food to polar bears during the ice-free period of Hudson Bay. Canadian Journal of Zoology 63:2291-2297.
55. MACHUTCHON, A. G., AND D. W. WELLWOOD. 2003. Grizzly bear food habits in the northern Yukon, Canada. Ursus 14:225-235.
56. MALLORY, C, AND S. AIKEN. 2004. Common plants of Nunavut. Department of Education, Iqaluit, Nunavut, Canada.
57. MCGOWAN, D. K. 1990. Enumeration and biological data from the upstream migration of arctic charr, Salvelinus alpinus (L.), in the Cambridge Bay area, Northwest Territories, 1979-1983. Canadian Data Report of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 811:1-27.
58. MCGOWAN, D. K., AND G. Low. 1992. Enumeration and biological data on arctic charr from Freshwater Creek, Cambridge Bay area, Northwest Territories, 1982. 1988 and 1991. Canadian Data Report of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 878:1-23.
59. NELSON, R. A., etal. 1983. Behavior, biochemistry, and hibernation in black, grizzly and polar bears. International Conference on Bear Research and Management 5:284-290.
60. OBBARD, M. E., etal. 2006. Temporal trends in the body condition of southern Hudson Bay polar bears. Climate Change Research Information Note 3. http://Sit.mnr.gov.on.ca. Accessed 15 January 2007.
61. OVSYANIKOV, N. G. 1996. Interactions of polar bears with other large mammals, including man. Journal of Wildlife Research 1:254-259.
62. POLISCHUK, S. C, R. J. NORSTROM, AND M. A. RAMSAY. 2002. Body burdens and tissue concentrations of organochlorines in polar bears (Ursus maritimus) vary during seasonal fast. Environmental Pollution 118:29-39.
63. POND, C. M., C. A. MATTACKS, R. H. COLBY, AND M. A. RAMSAY. 1992. The anatomy, chemical composition, and metabolism of adipose tissue in wild polar bears (Ursus maritimus). Canadian Journal of Zoology 70:326-341.
64. PRESS, M. C, J. A. POTTER, M. J. W. BURKE, T. V. CALLAGHAN, AND J. A. LEE. 1998. Responses of a subarctic dwarf shrub heath community to simulated environmental change. Journal of Ecology 86:315-327.
65. PRIEST, H., AND P. J. USHER. 2004. The Nunavut harvest study-final report. Prepared for the Nunavut Wildlife Management Board, Iqaluit, Nunavut, Canada.
66. PRITCHARD, G. T., AND C. T. ROBBINS. 1990. Digestive and metabolic efficiencies of grizzly and black bears. Canadian Journal of Zoology 68:1645-1651.
67. QUINN, T. P., AND M. T. KINNISON. 1999. Size-selective and sex- selective predation by brown bears on sockeye salmon. Oecologia 121:273-282.
68. RAMSAY. M. A., AND K. A. HOBSON. 1991. Polar bears make little use of terrestrial food webs: evidence from stable-carbon isotope analysis. Oecologia 86:598-600.
69. RAMSAY, M. A., AND I. STIRLING. 1988. Reproductive biology and ecology of female polar bears (Ursus maritimus). Journal of Zoology (London) 214:601-634.
70. READ, C. J. 2000. Information from arctic charr fisheries in the Baffin Region, Nunavut, 1995-1999. Canadian Data Report of Fishes and Aquatic Sciences 1067:1-176.
71. READ, C. J. 2003. Enumeration and biological data on arctic charr, Salvelinus alpinus, Ikaluit River, Nunavut, 1974-1994. Canadian Data Report of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 1117:1-33.
72. RODE, K. D., C. T. ROBBINS, AND L. A. SHIPLEY. 2001. Constraints on herbivory by grizzly bears. Oecologia 128:62-71.
73. RUGGERONE, G. T.. R. HANSON, AND D. E. ROGERS. 2000. Selective predation by brown bears (Ursus arctos) foraging on spawning sockeye salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka). Canadian Journal of Zoology 78:974-981.
74. RUSSELL, R. H. 1975. The food habits of polar bears of James Bay and southwest Hudson Bay in summer and autumn. Arctic 28:117- 129.
75. SHEVTSOVA, A., A. OJALA, S. NEUVONEN, M. VIENO, AND E. HAUKIQIA. 1995. Growth and reproduction of dwarf shrubs in a subarctic plant community: annual variation and above-ground interactions with neighbours. Journal of Ecology 83:263-275.
76. SMITH, P., I. STIRLING, C. JONKEL. AND I. JUNIPER. 1975. Notes on the present status of the polar bear (Ursus maritimus) in Ungava Bay and northern Labrador. Canadian Wildlife Service Progress Notes 53:1-8.
77. SMITH, T. G. 1980. Polar bear predation of ringed and bearded seals in the land-fast sea ice habitat. Canadian Journal of Zoology 58:2201-2209.
78. STEMPNIEWICZ, L. 2006. Polar bear predatory behaviour toward molting barnacle geese and nesting glaucous gulls on Spitzbergen. Arctic 59:247-251.
79. STIRLING, I. 1974. Midsummer observations on the behaviour of wild polar bears (Ursus maritimus). Canadian Journal of Zoology 52:1191-1198.
80. STIRLING. I., AND W. R. ARCHIBALD. 1977. Aspects of predation of seals by polar bears. Journal of the Fisheries Research Board of Canada 34:1126-1129.
81. STIRLING, I., AND A. E. DEROCHER. 1993. Possible impacts of climatic warming on polar bears. Arctic 46:240-245.
82. STIRLING. I., AND P. B. LATOUR. 1978. Comparative hunting abilities of polar bear cubs of different ages. Canadian Journal of Zoology 56:1768-1772.
83. STIRLING, I., N. J. LUNN, AND J. IACOZZA. 1999. Long-term trends in the population ecology of polar bears in western Hudson Bay in relation to climate change. Arctic 52:294-306.
84. STIRLING. I., AND E. H. MCEWAN. 1975. The caloric value of whole ringed seals (Phoca hispida) in relation to polar bear (Ursus maritimus) ecology and hunting behaviour. Canadian Journal of Zoology 53:1021-1027.
85. STIRLING, I., AND C. L. PARKINSON. 2006. Possible effects of climate warming on selected populations of polar bears (Ursus maritimus) in the Canadian Arctic. Arctic 59:261-275.
86. STIRLING, I., G. W. THIEMANN, AND E. RICHARDSON. 2008. Quantitative support for a subjective fatness index for immobilized polar bears. Journal of Wildlife Management 72:568-574.
87. WATTS. P. D., AND S. E. HANSEN. 1987. Cyclic starvation as a reproductive strategy in the polar bear. Symposia of the Zoological Society of London 57:305-318.
88. WELCH, C. A., J. KEAY, K. C. KENDALL, AND C. T. ROBBINS. 1997. Constraints on frugivory by bears. Ecology 78:1105-1119.