Changes in the body composition of fasting polar bears (Ursus maritimus): The effect of relative fatness on protein conservation

Physiological Zoology

Volumn 69, Issue 2, 1996, Pages 304-316

  Atkinson, Stephen N ^a   Nelson, Ralph A ^b   Ramsay, Malcolm A ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF SASKATCHEWAN   (Canada)

^b UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS AT URBANA CHAMPAIGN   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

URSUS MARITIMUS;

EID: 0030060617     PISSN: 0031935X     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1086/physzool.69.2.30164186     Document Type: Article

References (42)

1. AHLQUIST, D. A., R. A. NELSON, D. L. STEIGER, J. D. JONES, and R. D. ELLEFSON. 1984. Glycerol metabolism in hibernating black bears. J. Comp. Physiol. 155:75-79.
2. ATKINSON, S. N., and M. A. RAMSAY. 1995. Effects of prolonged fasting on the body composition and reproductive success of adult female polar bears (Ursus maritimus). Funct. Ecol. 9:559-567.
3. BELKHOU, R., J. P. ROBIN, Y. CHEREL, and Y. LE MAHO. 1990. Utilization of lipid reserves during long-term fasting in mammals and birds. Pages 231-241 in J. MELLINGER, ed. Nutrition in wild and domestic animals. Vol. 1 of Animal nutrition and transport processes. Karger, Basel.
4. BLAXTER, K. 1989. Energy metabolism in animals and man. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
5. BOYD, I. L., and C. D. DUCK. 1991. Mass changes and metabolism in territorial male Antarctic fur seals. Physiol. Zool. 64:375-392.
6. BROWN, B. A. 1988. Hematology: principles and procedure. Lea & Febiger, Philadelphia. 461 pp.
7. BYERS, F. M. 1979. Extraction and measurement of deuterium oxide at tracer levels in biological fluids. Anal. Chem. 98:89-97.
8. CASTELLINI, J. M., M. A. CASTELLINI, and M. B. KRETZMAN. 1990. Circulatory water concentration in suckling and fasting northern elephant seal pups. J. Comp. Physiol. 160B:537-542.
9. CASTELLINI, M. A., and L. D. REA. 1992. The biochemistry of natural fasting at its limits. Experientia 48:575-582.
10. CHEREL, Y., F. FREBY, J. GILLES, and J. P. ROBIN. 1993. Comparative fuel metabolism in gentoo and king penguins: adaptation to brief versus prolonged fasting. Polar Biol. 13:263-269.
11. CHEREL, Y., J. P. ROBIN, A. HEITZ, C. CALGARI, and Y. LE MAHO. 1992. Relationships between lipid availability and protein utilization during prolonged fasting. J. Comp. Physiol. 162B:305-313.
12. CHEREL, Y., J. C. STAHL, and Y. LE MAHO. 1987. Ecology and physiology of fasting in king penguin chicks. Auk 104:252-262.
13. DEROCHER, A. E., D. ANDRIASHEK, and I. STIRLING. 1993. Terrestrial foraging by polar bears during the ice-free period in western Hudson Bay. Arctic 46:251-254.
14. FARLEY, S. D., and C. T. ROBBINS. 1994. Development of two methods to estimate body composition of bears. Can. J. Zool. 72:220-226.
15. GOODMAN, M. N., B. LOWELL, E. BELUR, and N. B. RUDERMAN. 1984. Sites of protein conservation and loss during starvation: influence of adiposity. Am. J. Physiol. 246: E383-E390.
16. GRUE, H., and B. JENSEN. 1979. Review of the formation of incremental lines in tooth cementum of terrestrial mammals. Dan. Rev. Game Biol. 11:1-48.
17. JOHNSON, K. G., and M. R. PELTON. 1980. Environmental relationships and the denning period of black bears in Tennessee. J. Mammal. 61:653-660.
18. KING, J. R., and M. E. MURPHY. 1985. Periods of nutritional stress in the annual cycles of endotherms: fact or fiction? Am. Zool. 25:955-964.
19. LUNDBERG, D. A., R. A. NELSON, H. W. WAHNER, and J. D. JONES. 1976. Protein metabolism in the black bear before and during hibernation. Mayo Clin. Proc. 51: 716-722.
20. MESSIER, F., M. K. TAYLOR, and M. A. RAMSAY. 1992. Seasonal activity patterns of female polar bears (Ursus maritimus) in the Canadian Arctic as revealed by satellite telemetry. J. Zool. Lond. 226:219-229.
21. MROSOVSKY, N., and D. F. SHERRY. 1980. Animal anorexias. Science 207:837-842.
22. NELSON, R. A. 1980. Protein and fat metabolism in hibernating bears. Fed. Proc. 39: 2955-2958.
23. _. 1987. Black bears and polar bears - still metabolic marvels. Mayo Clin. Proc. 62:850-853.
24. NELSON, R. A., T. D. I. BECK, and D. L. STEIGER. 1984. Ratio of serum urea to serum creatinine in wild black bears. Science 226:841-842.
25. NELSON, R. A., J. D. JONES, H. W. WAHNER, D. B. MCGILL, and C. F. CODE. 1975. Nitrogen metabolism in summer starvation and in winter sleep and role of urinary bladder in water and nitrogen conservation. Mayo Clin. Proc. 50:141-146.
26. PFEIFFER, E. W., L. N. REINKING, and J. D. HAMILTON. 1979. Some effects of food and water deprivation on metabolism in black-tailed prairie dogs, Cynomys ludovicianus. Comp. Biochem. Physiol. 63A:19-22.
27. POND, C. M., and M. A. RAMSAY. 1992. Allometry of the distribution of adipose tissue in Carnivora. Can. J. Zool. 70:342-347.
28. RAMSAY, M. A., and K. HOBSON. 1991. Polar bears make little use of terrestrial food webs: evidence from stable-carbon isotope analysis. Oecologia 86:598-600.
29. RAMSAY, M. A., R. A. NELSON, and I. STIRLING. 1991. Seasonal changes in the ratio of serum urea to serum creatinine in feeding and fasting polar bears. Can. J. Zool. 69:298-302.
30. RAMSAY, M. A., and I. STIRLING. 1988. Reproductive biology and ecology of female polar bears (Ursus maritimus). J. Zool. Lond. 214:601-634.
31. REILLEY, J. J. 1991. Adaptations to prolonged fasting in free-living weaned gray seal pups. Am. J. Physiol. 260:R267-R272.
32. REILLY, J. J., and M. A. FEDAK. 1990. Measurement of the body composition of living gray seals by hydrogen isotope dilution. J. Appl. Physiol. 69:885-891.
33. ROBIN, J. P., M. FRAIN, C. SARDET, R. GROSCOLAS, and Y. LE MAHO. 1988. Protein and lipid utilization during long-term fasting in emperor penguins. Am. J. Physiol. 254:R61-R68.
34. ROGERS, L.L. 1987. Effects of food supply and kinship on social behavior, movements and population growth of black bears in north eastern Minnesota. Wildl. Monogr. 97:1-72.
35. RUMPLER, W. V., M. E. ALLEN, and D. E. ULLREY. 1987. Body composition of white-tailed deer estimated by deuterium oxide dilution. Can. J. Zool. 65:204-208.
36. RYG, M., T. SMITH, and N. A. ØRITSLAND. 1990. Seasonal changes in body mass and body composition of ringed seals (Phoca hispida) on Svalbard. Can. J. Zool. 68: 470-475.
37. SIEGEL, S., and N. J. CASTELLAN, JR. 1988. Nonparametric statistics for the behavioral sciences. McGraw Hill, New York. 399 pp.
38. SOKAL, R. R., and F. J. ROHLF. 1981. Biometry. W. H. Freeman, San Francisco. 859 pp.
39. STIRLING, I., and W. R. ARCHIBALD. 1977. Aspects of predation of seals by polar bears. J. Fisheries Res. Board Can. 34:1126-1129.
40. STIRLING, I., C. SPENCER, and D. ANDRIASHEK. 1989. Immobilization of polar bears (Ursus maritimus) with Telazol in the Canadian Arctic. J. Wildl. Dis. 25:159-168.
41. WATTS, P. D., and S. E. HANSEN. 1987. Cyclic starvation as a reproductive strategy in the polar bear. Symp. Zool. Soc. Lond. 57:319-339.
42. WATTS, P. D., and C. JONKEL. 1988. Energetic cost of winter dormancy in grizzly bears. J. Wildl. Manage. 52:654-656.