Intravesical drug delivery into the bladder to treat cancers

Current Drug Delivery

Volumn 6, Issue 3, 2009, Pages 227-237

  Fang, Jia You ^a   Huang, Zih Rou ^a  

^a CHANG GUNG UNIVERSITY   (Taiwan)

Author keywords

Bladder cancer; Chemotherapy; Immunotherapy; Intravesical delivery

Indexed keywords

ACETYLSALICYLIC ACID; AMINOLEVULINIC ACID; ANTISENSE OLIGODEOXYNUCLEOTIDE; APAZIQUONE; BC 819; BCG VACCINE; DOCETAXEL; DOXORUBICIN; EPIRUBICIN; ESSENTIAL FATTY ACID; FATTY ACID ESTER; GEMCITABINE; LIPOSOME; MEGLUMINE GAMMA LINOLENIC ACID; MITOMYCIN C; ONCOLYTIC VESICULAR STOMATITIS VIRUS; ONCOLYTIC VIRUS; PACLITAXEL; PENETRATION ENHANCING AGENT; PHOTOSENSITIZING AGENT; PIRARUBICIN; PLACEBO; PLASMID DNA; POLO LIKE KINASE 1; RECOMBINANT ALPHA2B INTERFERON; SMALL INTERFERING RNA; TALTOBULIN; THIOTEPA; UNCLASSIFIED DRUG; UNINDEXED DRUG; VALRUBICIN;

ABSENCE OF SIDE EFFECTS; ADJUVANT THERAPY; ANTINEOPLASTIC ACTIVITY; ASTHENIA; BLADDER; BLADDER CANCER; BLADDER CARCINOMA; BLADDER DISCOMFORT; BLADDER TUMOR; CANCER CHEMOTHERAPY; CANCER IMMUNOTHERAPY; CANCER RECURRENCE; CANCER SURVIVAL; CARCINOMA IN SITU; CLINICAL TRIAL; DRUG ABSORPTION; DRUG APPROVAL; DRUG BIOAVAILABILITY; DRUG BLOOD LEVEL; DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEM; DRUG DOSE ESCALATION; DRUG EFFICACY; DRUG INHIBITION; DRUG MECHANISM; DRUG POTENTIATION; DRUG SAFETY; DRUG TOLERABILITY; DYSURIA; HUMAN; HYDROGEL; HYPERTHERMIC THERAPY; IONTOPHORESIS; NATURAL KILLER CELL; NONHUMAN; PARTICLE SIZE; PHOTODYNAMIC THERAPY; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REVIEW; T LYMPHOCYTE; TRANSITIONAL CELL CARCINOMA; TRANSURETHRAL RESECTION; UNSPECIFIED SIDE EFFECT; URINARY TRACT INFECTION;

ADMINISTRATION, INTRAVESICAL; ANTINEOPLASTIC AGENTS; DRUG CARRIERS; GENE THERAPY; HUMANS; HYPERTHERMIA, INDUCED; IONTOPHORESIS; URINARY BLADDER NEOPLASMS;

EID: 67650073098     PISSN: 15672018     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.2174/156720109788680868     Document Type: Review

References (81)

1. Nagabhushan, T.L.; Maneval, D,C,; Benedict, W.F.; Wen, S.F.; Ihnat, P.M.; Engler, H.; Connor, R.J. Enhancement of intravesical delivery with Syn3 potentiates interferon-alpha2b gene therapy for superficial bladder cancer. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev., 2007, 18, 389-94.
2. Avritscher, E.B.; Cooksley, C.D.; Grossman, H.B.; Sabichi, A.L.; Hamblin, L.; Dinney, C.P.; Elting, L.S. Clinical model of lifetime cost of treating bladder cancer and associated complications. Urology, 2006, 68, 549-53.
3. Witjes, J.A.; Hendricksen, K. Intravesical pharmacotherapy for non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer: a critical analysis of currently available drugs, treatment schedules, and long-term results. Eur. Urol., 2008, 53, 45-52.
4. Skinner, E. Will a new intravesical chemotherapy agent improve the treatment of non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer? Nat. Clin. Pract. Urol., 2007, 4, 248-9.
5. Schenk-Braat, E.A.; Bangma, C.H. Immunotherapy for superficial bladder cancer. Cancer Immunol. Immunother., 2005, 54, 414-23.
6. Shen, Z.; Shen, T.; Wientjes, M.G.; O'Donnell, M.A.; Au, J.L.S. Intravesical treatments of bladder cancer: review. Pharm. Res., 2008, 25, 1500-10.
7. Sylvester, R.J. Intravesical chemotherapy in non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer: what schedule and duration of treatment? Eur. Urol., 2007, 52, 951-3.
8. Sylvester, R.J.; Oosterlinck, W.; van der Meijden, A.P.M. A single immediate postoperative instillation of chemotherapy decreases the risk of recurrence in patients with stage Ta T1 bladder cancer: a meta-analysis of published results of randomized clinical trials. J. Urol., 2004, 171, 2186-90.
9. Tyagi, P.; Wu, P.C.; Chancellor, M.; Yoshimura, N.; Huang, L. Recent advances in intravesical drug/gene delivery. Mol. Pharm., 2006, 3, 369-79.
10. Lu, Z.; Yeh, T.K.; Tsai, M.; Au, J.L.S.; Wientjes, M.G. Paclitaxelloaded gelatin nanoparticles for intravesical bladder cancer therapy. Clin. Cancer Res., 2004, 10, 7677-84.
11. Okeke, A.A.; Probert, J.L.; Gillatt, D.A.; Schwaibold, H. Is intravesical chemotherapy for superficial bladder cancer still justified? BJU Int., 2005, 96, 763-7.
12. Jost, S.P.; Gosling, J.A.; Dixon, J.S. The morphology of normal human bladder urothelium. J. Anat., 1989, 167, 103-15.
13. Hurst, R.E.; Zebrowski, R. Identification of proteoglycans present at high density on bovine and human bladder luminal surface. J. Urol., 1994, 152, 1641-4.
14. Grabnar, I.; Bogataj, M.; Belič, A.; Logar, V.; Karba, R.; Mrhar, A. Kinetic model of drug distribution in the urinary bladder wall following intravesical instillation. Int. J. Pharm., 2006, 322, 52-9.
15. Morales, A. Evolution of intravesical immunotherapy for bladder cancer: mycobacterial cell wall preparation as a promising agent. Exp. Opin. Invest. Drugs, 2008, 17, 1067-73.
16. Barghi, M.R.; Rahmani, M.R.; Moghaddam, S.M.M.H.; Jahanbin, M. Immediate intravesical instillation of mitomycin C after transurethral resection of bladder tumor in patients with low-risk superficial transitional cell carcinoma of bladder. Urol. J., 2006, 3, 220-4.
17. Bohle, A.; Jocham, D.; Bock, P.R. Intravesical bacillus Calmette-Guerin versus mitomycin C for superficial bladder cancer: a formal meta-analysis of comparative studies on recurrence and toxicity. J. Urol., 2003, 169, 90-5.
18. Burgués Gasión, J.P.; Jiménez Cruz, J.F. Improving efficacy of intravesical chemotherapy. Eur. Urol., 2006, 50, 225-34.
19. Kamat, A.M. Intravesical BCG for bladder cancer: how much is enough? Cancer, 2008, 113, 674-6.
20. Lamm, D.L.; Blumenstein, B.A.; Crissman, J.D.; Montie, J.E.; Gottesman, J.E.; Lowe, B.A.; Sarosdy, M.F.; Bohl, R.D.; Grossman, H.B.; Beck, T.M.; Leimert, J.T.; Crawford, E.D. Maintenance bacillus Calmette-Guerin immunotherapy for recurrent TA, T1 and carcinoma in situ transitional cell carcinoma of the bladder: a randomized Southwest Oncology Group Study. J. Urol., 2000, 163, 1124-9.
21. Gee, J.R.; Jarrard, D.F.; Bruskewitz, R.C.; Moon, T.D.; Hedican, S.P.; Leverson, G.E.; Nakada, S.Y.; Messing, E.M. Reduced bladder cancer recurrence rate with cardioprotective aspirin after intravesical bacille Calmette-Guérin. BJU Int., 2009, 103, 736-9.
22. Ojea, A.; Nogueira, J.L.; Solsona, E.; Flores, N.; Fernández Gómez, J.M.; Molina, J.R.; Chantada, V.; Camacho, J.E.; Piñeiro, L.M.; Rodríguez, R.H.; Isorna, S.; Blas, M.; Martínez- Piñeiro, J.A.; Madero, R. A multicentre, randomised prospective trial comparing three intravesical adjuvant therapies for intermediate-risk superficial bladder cancer: low-dose bacillus Calmette-Guerin (27 mg) versus very low-dose bacillus Calmette-Guerin (13.5 mg) versus mitomycin C. Eur. Urol., 2007, 52, 1398-406.
23. Byar, D.; Blackard, D. Comparisons of placebo, pyridoxine, and topical thiotepa in preventing recurrence of stage I bladder cancer. Urology, 1977, 10, 556-61.
24. Lamm, D.L.; McGee, W.R.; Hale, K. Bladder cancer: current optimal intravesical treatment. Urol. Nurs., 2005, 25, 323-32.
25. Ostruszka, L.J.; Shewach, D.S. The role of DNA synthesis inhibition in the cytotoxicity of 2′,2′-difluoro-2′-deoxycytidine. Cancer Chemother. Pharmacol., 2003, 52, 325-32.
26. Laufer, M.; Ramalingam, S.; Schoenberg, M.P.; Haisfield-Wolf, M.E.; Zuhowski, E.G.; Trueheart, I.N.; Eisenberger, M.A.; Nativ, O.; Egorin, M.J. Intravesical gemcitabine therapy for superficial transitional cell carcinoma of the bladder: a phase I and pharmacokinetic study. J. Clin. Oncol., 2003, 21, 697-703.
27. Witjes, J.A.; van der Heijden, A.G.; Vriesema, J.L.J.; Peters, G.J.; Laan, A.; Schalken, J.A. Intravesical gemcitabine: a phase 1 and pharmacokinetic study. Eur. Urol., 2004, 45, 182-6.
28. Maffezzini, M.; Campodonico, F.; Canepa, G.; Capponi, G.; Fontana, V. Short-schedule intravesical gemcitabine with ablative intent in recurrent Ta-T1, G1-G2, low- or intermediate-risk, transitional cell carcinoma of the bladder. Eur. Urol., 2007, 51, 956-61.
29. Hendricksen, K.; Witjes, J.A. Intravesical gemcitabine: an update of clinical results. Curr. Opin. Urol., 2006, 16, 361-6.
30. Campodonico, F.; Mattioli, F.; Manfredi, V.; Capponi, G.; Pasquini, P.; Martelli, A.; Maffezzini, M. Pharmacokinetics and toxicity of an early single intravesical instillation of gemcitabine after endoscopic resection of superficial bladder cancer. Anticancer Res., 2007, 27, 1179-83.
31. Kyle, A.H.; Huxham, L.A.; Yeoman, D.M.; Minchinton, A.I. Limited tissue penetration of taxanes: a mechanism for resistance in solid tumors. Clin. Cancer Res., 2007, 13, 2804-10.
32. McKiernan, J.M.; Masson, P.; Murphy, A.M.; Goetzl, M.; Olsson, C.A.; Petrylak, D.P.; Desai, M.; Benson, M.C. Phase I trial of intravesical docetaxel in the management of superficial bladder cancer refractory to standard intravesical therapy. J. Clin. Oncol., 2006, 24, 3075-80.
33. Phillips, R.M.; Jaffar, M.; Maitland, D.J.; Loadman, P.M.; Shnyder, S.D.; Steans, G.; Cooper, P.A.; Race, A.; Patterson, A.V.; Stratford, I.J. Pharmacological and biological evaluation of a series of substituted 1,4-naphthoquinone bioreductive drugs. Biochem. Pharmacol., 2004, 68, 2107-16.
34. Vainchtein, L.D.; Rosing, H.; Mirejovsky, D.; Lenaz, L.; Schellens, J.H.M.; Beijnen, J.H. Stability experiments in human urine with EO9 (apaziquone): a novel anticancer agent for the intravesical treatment of bladder cancer. J. Pharm. Biomed. Anal., 2007, 43, 285-92.
35. Choudry, G.A.; Hamilton Stewart, P.A.; Double, J.A.; Krul, M.R.L.; Naylor, B.; Flannigan, G.M.; Shah, T.K.; Brown, J.E.; Phillips, R.M. A novel strategy for NQO1 (NAD(P)H:quinone oxidoreductase, EC 1.6.99.2) mediated therapy of bladder cancer based on the pharmacological properties of EO9. Br. J. Cancer, 2001, 85, 1137-46.
36. van der Heijden, A.G.; Moonen, P.M.J.; Cornel, E.B.; Vergunst, H.; de Reijke. T.M.; van Boven, E.; Barten, E.J.; Puri, R.; van Kalken, C.K.; Witjes, J.A. Phase II marker lesion study with intravesical instillation of apaziquone for superficial bladder cancer: toxicity and marker response. J. Urol., 2006, 176, 1349-53.
37. Jonasch, E.; Haluska, F.G. Interferon in oncological practice: review of interferon biology, clinical applications, and toxicities. Oncologist, 2001, 6, 34-55.
38. Belldegrun, A.S.; Franklin, J.R.; O'Donnell. M.A.; Gomella, L.G.; Klein, E.; Neri, R.; Nseyo, U.O.; Ratliff, T.L.; Williams, R.D. Superficial bladder cancer: the role of interferon-alpha. J. Urol., 1998, 159, 1793-801.
39. Hendricksen, K.; Witjes, W.P.J.; Idema, J.G.; Kums, J.J.M.; van Vierssen Trip, O.B.; de Bruin, M.J.F.M.; Vergunst, H.; Caris, C.T.M.; Janzing-Pastors, M.H.D.; Witjes, J.A. Comparison of three schedules of intravesical epirubicin in patients with non-muscleinvasive bladder cancer. Eur. Urol., 2008, 53, 984-91.
40. van der Meijden, A.P.; Brausi, M.; Zambon, V.; Kirkels, W.; de Balincourt, C.; Sylvester, R. Intravesical instillation of epirubicin, bacillus Calmette-Guerin and bacillus Calmette-Guerin plus isoniazid for intermediate and high risk Ta, T1 papillary carcinoma of the bladder: a European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer genito-urinary group randomized phase III trial. J. Urol., 2001, 166, 476-81.
41. Steinberg, G.; Bahnson, R.; Brosman, S.; Middleton, R.; Wajsman, Z.; Wehle, M. Efficacy and safety of valrubicin for the treatment of Bacillus Calmette-Guerin refractory carcinoma in situ of the bladder. The Valrubicin Study Group. J. Urol., 2000, 163, 761-7.
42. Okamura, K.; Ono, Y.; Kinukawa, T.; Matsuura, O.; Yamada, S.; Ando, T.; Fukatsu, T.; Ohno, Y.; Ohshima, S. Randomized study of single early instillation of (2″R)-4′-O-tetrahydropyranyldoxorubicin for a single superficial bladder carcinoma. Cancer, 2002, 94, 2363-8.
43. Ignatoff, J.M.; Chen, Y.H.; Greenberg, R.E.; Pow-Sang, J.M.; Messing, E.M.; Wilding, G. Phase II study of intravesical therapy with AD32 in patients with papillary urothelial carcinoma or carcinoma in situ (CIS) refractory to prior therapy with bacillus Calmette-Guerin (E3897): A trial of the Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group. Urol. Oncol., 2009, in press.
44. Dalton, J.T.; Yates, C.R.; Yin, D.; Straughn, A.; Marcus, S.L.; Golub, A.L.; Meyer, M.C. Clinical pharmacokinetics of 5-aminolevulinic acid in healthy volunteers and patients at high risk for recurrent bladder cancer. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther., 2002, 301, 507-12.
45. de Vere White, R.W. Transurethral resection of superficial bladder cancer using 5-aminolevulinic acid: are there any long-term benefits? Nat. Clin. Pract. Urol., 2006, 3, 254-5.
46. Babjuk, M.; Soukup, V.; Petrik, R.; Jirsa, M.; Dvorácek, J. 5-aminolaevulinic acid-induced fluorescence cystoscopy during transurethral resection reduces the risk of recurrence in stage Ta/ bladder cancer. BJU Int., 2005, 96, 798-802.
47. Denzinger, S.; Burger, M.; Walter, B.; Knuechel, R.; Roessler, W.; Wieland, W.F.; Filbeck, T. Clinically relevant reduction in risk of recurrence of superficial bladder cancer using 5-aminolevulinic acid-induced fluorescence diagnosis: 8-year results of prospective randomized study. Urology, 2007, 69, 675-9.
48. Harris, N.M.; Crook, T.J.; Dyer, J.P.; Solomon, L.Z.; Bass, P.; Cooper, A.J.; Birch, B.R. Intravesical meglumine gamma-linolenic acid in superficial bladder cancer: an efficacy study. Eur. Urol., 2002, 42, 39-42.
49. Ord, J.J.; Streeter, E.; Jones, A.; Le Monnier, K.; Cranston, D.; Crew, J.; Joel, S.P.; Rogers, M.A.; Banks, R.E.; Roberts, I.S.D.; Harris, A.L. Phase I trial of intravesical Suramin in recurrent superficial transitional cell bladder carcinoma. Br. J. Cancer, 2005, 92, 2140-7.
50. Ravi, M.; Zask, A.; Rush, T.S. Structure-based identification of the binding site for the hemiasterlin analogue HTI-286 on tubulin. Biochemistry, 2005, 44, 15781-9.
51. Hadaschik, B.A.; Adomat, H.; Fazli, L.; Fradet ,Y.; Andersen, R.J.; Gleave, M.E.; So, A.I. Intravesical chemotherapy of high-grade bladder cancer with HTI-286, a synthetic analogue of the marine sponge product hemiasterlin. Clin. Cancer Res., 2008, 14, 1510-8.
52. Bolenz, C.; Weiss, C.; Wenzel, M.; Gabriel, U.; Steidler, A.; Becker, A.; Herrmann, E.; Trojan, L.; Michel, M.S. In vivo evaluation of intravesical paclitaxel and combined bcl-xL antisense oligodeoxynucleotide treatment for orthotopic urothelial carcinoma. J. Cancer Res. Clin. Oncol., 2009, in press.
53. Miyake, H.; Eto, H.; Hara, I.; So, A.; Li, D.; Gleave, M.E. Synergistic antitumor activity by combined treatment with gemcitabine and antisense oligodeoxynucleotide targeting clusterin gene in an intravesical administration model against human bladder cancer kotcc-1 cells. J. Urol., 2004, 171, 2477-81.
54. Nogawa, M.; Yuasa, T.; Kimura, S.; Tanaka, M.; Kuroda, J.; Sato, K.; Yokota, A.; Segawa, H.; Toda, Y.; Kageyama, S.; Yoshiki, T.; Okada, Y.; Maekawa, T. Intravesical administration of small interfering RNA targeting PLK-1 successfully prevents the growth of bladder cancer. J. Clin. Invest., 2005, 115, 978-85.
55. Sidi, A.A.; Ohana, P.; Benjamin, S.; Shalev, M.; Ransom, J.H.; Lamm, D.; Hochberg, A.; Leibovitch, I. Phase I/II marker lesion study of intravesical BC-819 DNA plasmid in H19 over expressing superficial bladder cancer refractory to bacillus Calmette-Guerin. J. Urol., 2008, 180, 2379-83.
56. Parato, K.A.; Senger, D.; Forsyth, P.A.; Bell, J.C. Recent progress in the battle between oncolytic viruses and tumours. Nat. Rev. Cancer, 2005, 5, 965-76.
57. Stojdl, D.F.; Lichty, B.; Knowles, S.; Marius, R.; Atkins, H.; Sonenberg, N.; Bell, J.C. Exploiting tumor-specific defects in the interferon pathway with a previously unknown oncolytic virus. Nat. Med., 2000, 6, 821-5.
58. Hadaschik, B.A.; Zhang, K.; So, A.I.; Fazli, L.; Jia, W.; Bell, J.C.; Gleave, M.E.; Rennie, P.S. Oncolytic vesicular stomatitis viruses are potent agents for intravesical treatment of high-risk bladder cancer. Cancer Res., 2008, 68, 4506-10.
59. Kitamura, H.; Torigoe, T.; Honma, I.; Sato, E.; Asanuma, H.; Hirohashi, Y.; Sato, N.; Tsukamoto, T. Effect of human leukocyte antigen class I expression of tumor cells on outcome of intravesical instillation of bacillus calmette-guerin immunotherapy for bladder cancer. Clin. Cancer Res., 2006, 12, 4641-4.
60. Kabelitz, D.; Wesch, D.; He, W. Perspectives of gammadelta T cells in tumor immunology. Cancer Res., 2007, 67, 5-8.
61. Yuasa, T.; Sato, K.; Ashihara, E.; Takeuchi, M.; Maita, S.; Tsuchiya, N.; Habuchi, T.; Maekawa, T.; Kimura, S. Intravesical administration of gammadelta T cells successfully prevents the growth of bladder cancer in the murine model. Cancer Immunol. Immunother., 2009, 58, 493-502.
62. See, W.A.; Xia, Q. J. Regional chemotherapy for bladder neoplasms using continuous intravesical infusion of doxorubicin: impact of concomitant administration of dimethyl sulfoxide on drug absorption and antitumor activity. Natl. Cancer Inst., 1992, 84, 510-5.
63. Chen, D.; Song, D.; Wientjes, M.G.; Au, J.L.S. Effect of dimethyl sulfoxide on bladder tissue penetration of intravesical paclitaxel. Clin. Cancer Res., 2003, 9, 363-9.
64. Kerec, M.; Bogataj, M.; Veranič, P.; Mrhar, A. Permeability of pig urinary bladder wall: the effect of chitosan and the role of calcium. Eur. J. Pharm. Sci., 2005, 25, 113-21.
65. Vemulakonda, V.N.; Somogyi, G.T.; Kiss, S.; Salas, N.A.; Boone, T.B.; Smith, C.P. Inhibitory effect of intravesically applied botulinum toxin A in chronic bladder inflammation. J. Urol., 2005, 173, 621-4.
66. Lavelle, J.; Meyers, S.; Ramage, R.; Bastacky, S.; Doty, D.; Apodaca, G.; Zeidel, M.L. Bladder permeability barrier: recovery from selective injury of surface epithelial cells. Am. J. Physiol. Renal. Physiol., 2002, 283, 242-53.
67. Engstrom, S. Drug delivery from cubic and other lipid-water phases. Lipid Technol., 1990, 2, 42-5.
68. Lee, S.J.; Kim, S.W.; Chung, H.; Park, Y.T.; Choi, Y.W.; Cho, Y.H.; Yoon, M.S. Bioadhesive drug delivery system using glyceryl monooleate for the intravesical administration of paclitaxel. Chemotherapy, 2005, 51, 311-8.
69. Jeong, B.; Bae, Y.H.; Kim, S.W. Drug release from biodegradable injectable thermosensitive hydrogel of PEG-PLGA-PEG triblock copolymers. J. Control. Release, 2000, 63, 155-63.
70. Tyagi, P.; Li, Z.; Chancellor, M.; De Groat, W.C.; Yoshimura, N.; Huang, L. Sustained intravesical drug delivery using thermosensitive hydrogel. Pharm. Res., 2004, 21, 832-7.
71. Fang, J.Y.; Hwang, T.L.; Huang, Y.L. Liposomes as vehicles for enhancing drug delivery via skin routes. Curr. Nanosci., 2006, 2, 55-70.
72. Tyagi, P.; Chancellor, M.B.; Li, Z.; De Groat, W.C.; Yoshimura, N.; Fraser, M.O.; Huang, L. Urodynamic and immunohistochemical evaluation of intravesical capsaicin delivery using thermosensitive hydrogel and liposomes. J. Urol., 2004, 171, 483-9.
73. Mugabe, C.; Hadaschik, B.A.; Kainthan, R.K.; Brooks, D.E.; So, A.I.; Gleave, M.E.; Burt, H.M. Paclitaxel incorporated in hydrophobically derivatized hyperbranched polyglycerols for intravesical bladder cancer therapy. BJU Int., 2009, in press.
74. Witjes, J.A.; Debruyne, F.M.J. Intravesical chemotherapy for superficial bladder cancer. Nat. Clin. Pract. Urol., 2004, 1, 56-7.
75. Moskovitz, B.; Meyer, G.; Kravtzov, A.; Gross, M.; Kastin, A.; Biton, K.; Nativ, O. Thermo-chemotherapy for intermediate or high-risk recurrent superficial bladder cancer patients. Ann. Oncol., 2005, 16, 585-9.
76. van der Heijden, A.G.; Kiemeney, L.A.; Gofrit, O.N.; Nativ, O.; Sidi, A.; Leib, Z.; Colombo, R.; Naspro, R.; Pavone, M.; Baniel, J.; Hasner, F.; Witjes, J.A. Preliminary European Results of Local Microwave Hyperthermia and Chemotherapy Treatment in Intermediate or High Risk Superficial Transitional Cell Carcinoma of the Bladder. Eur. Urol., 2004, 46, 65-72.
77. Schuetz, Y.B.; Naik, A.; Guy, R.H.; Kalia, Y.N. Emerging strategies for the transdermal delivery of peptide and protein drugs. Exp. Opin. Drug Deliv., 2005, 2, 533-48.
78. Huang, J.F.; Sung, K.C.; Hu, O.Y.P.; Wang, J.J.; Lin, Y.H.; Fang, J.Y. The effects of electrically assisted methods on transdermal delivery of nalbuphine benzoate and sebacoyl dinalbuphine ester from solutions and hydrogels. Int. J. Pharm., 2005, 297, 162-71.
79. Colombo, R.; Brausi, M.; Da Pozzo, L.; Salonia, A.; Montorsi, F.; Scattoni, V.; Roscigno, M.; Rigatti, P. Thermo-chemotherapy and electromotive drug administration of mitomycin C in superficial bladder cancer eradication. a pilot study on marker lesion. Eur. Urol., 2001, 39, 95-100.
80. Di Stasi, S.M.; Giannantoni, A.; Giurioli, A.; Valenti, M.; Zampa, G.; Storti, L.; Attisani, F.; De Carolis, A.; Capelli, G.; Vespasiani, G.; Stephen, R.L. Sequential BCG and electromotive mitomycin versus BCG alone for high-risk superficial bladder cancer: a randomised controlled trial. Lancet Oncol., 2006, 7, 43-51.
81. Kamat, A.M.; Dinney, C.P.N. A combination of intravesical and BCG electromotive mitomycin for high-risk superficial bladder cancer. Nat. Clin. Pract. Urol., 2006, 3, 472-3.