Investigation of mood disorders by transcranial magnetic stimulation

Brain Imaging in Affective Disorders

Volumn , Issue , 2002, Pages 19-52

  Maeda, Fumiko ^a   Dubeau, Marie Charlotte ^b   Koski, Lisa ^c   Lisanby, Sarah H ^d  

^a CALIFORNIA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY   (United States)

^b UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA   (United States)

^c UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA   (United States)

^d Och Spine at New York Presbyterian Hospitals   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 67649795945     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: None     Document Type: Chapter

References (146)

1. Barker AT, Jalinous R, Freeston IL. Non-invasive magnetic stimulation of the human motor cortex. Lancet 1985; 1:1106-1107.
2. Chen R. Studies of human motor physiology with transcranial magnetic stimulation. Muscle Nerve Suppl 2000; 9:S26-S32.
3. George MS, Belmaker RH. Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation in Neuropsychiatry. Washington DC: APA Press, 2000.
4. Pascual-Leone A, Walsh V, Rothwell J. Transcranial magnetic stimulation in cognitive neuroscience-virtual lesion, chronometry, and functional connectivity. Curr Opin Neurobiol 2000; 10:232-237.
5. George MS, Wassermann EM, Kimbrell TA, Little JT, Williams WE, Danielson AL, Greenberg BD, Hallett M. Mood improvement following daily left prefrontal repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation in patients with depression: a placebo-controlled crossover trial. Am J Psychiatry 1997; 154: 1752-1756.
6. George MS, Lisanby SH and Sackeim HA. Transcranial magnetic stimulation: applications in neuropsychiatry. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1999; 56:300-311.
7. George MS, Nahas Z, Molloy M, Speer AM, Oliver NC, Li X-B, Arana GW, Risch SC, Ballenger JC. A controlled trial of daily left prefrontal cortex TMS for treating depression. Biol Psychiatry 2000; 48:962-970.
8. Klein E, Kreinin I, Chistyakov A. Koren D, Mecz L, Marmur S, Ben-Shachar D, Feinsod M. Therapeutic efficacy of right prefrontal slow repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation in major depression: a double-blind controlled study. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1999; 56:315-320.
9. Loo C, Mitchell P, Sachdev P, McDarmont B, Parker G, Gandevia S. Doubleblind controlled investigation of transcranial magnetic stimulation for the treatment of resistant major depression. Am J Psychiatry 1999; 156:946-948.
10. Day BL, Dressier D, Maertens De Noordhout A, Marsden CD. Nakashima K, Rothwell JC, Thompson PD. Electrical and magnetic stimulation of human motor cortex: surface EMG and single motor-unit responses. J Physiol (London) 1989; 412:449-473.
11. Amassian VE, Quirk GJ, Stewart M. A comparison of corticospinal activation by magnetic coil and electrical stimulation of monkey motor cortex. Elec-troencephalogr Clin Neurophysiol 1990; 77:390-401.
12. Nakamura H, Kitagawa H, Kawaguchi Y, Tsuji H. Direct and indirect activation of human corticospinal neurons by transcranial magnetic and electrical stimulation. Neurosci Lett 1996; 210:45-48.
13. Di Lazzaro V, Oliviero A, Profice P, Insola A, Mazzone P, Tonali P, Rothwell JC. Direct recordings of descending voleys after transcranial magnetic and electric motor cortex stimulation in conscious humans. Electroencephalogr Clin Neurophysiol (Suppl) 1990; 51:120-126.
14. Brasil-Neto JP, Cohen LG, Panizza M, Nilsson J, Roth BJ, Hallett M. Optimal focal transcranial magnetic activation of the human motor cortex: effects of coil orientation, shape of the induced current pulse, and stimulus intensity. J Clin Neurophysiol 1992; 9:132-136.
15. Mills KR, Boniface SJ, Schubert M. Magnetic brain stimulation with a double coil: the importance of coil orientation. Electroencephalogr Clin Neurophysiol 1992; 85:17-21.
16. Werhahn KJ, Fong JK, Meyer BU, Priori A, Rothwell JC, Day BL, Thompson PD. The effect of magnetic coil orientation on the latency of surface EMG and single motor unit responses in the first dorsal interosseous muscle. Electroencephalogr Clin Neurophysiol 1994; 93:138-146.
17. Kaneko K, Kawai S, Fuchigami Y, Morita H, Ofuji A. The effect of current direction induced by transcranial magnetic stimulation on the corticospinal excitability in human brain. Electroencephalogr Clin Neurophysiol 1996; 101: 478-482.
18. Kaneko K, Kawai S, Fuchigami Y, Shiraishi G, Ito T. Effect of stimulus intensity and voluntary contraction on corticospinal potentials following transcranial magnetic stimulation. J Neurol Sci 1996; 139:131-136.
19. Sakai K, Ugawa Y, Terao Y, Hanajima R, Furubayashi T, Kanazawa I. Preferential activation of different I waves by transcranial magnetic stimulation with a figure-of-eight-shaped coil. Exp Brain Res 1997; 113:24-32.
20. Barker AT. The history and basic principles of magnetic nerve stimulation. Electroencephalogr Clin Neurophysiol 1999; 51(suppl):3-21.
21. Terao Y, Ugawa Y. Sakai K, Miyauchi S, Fukuda H, Sasaki Y, Takino R. Hanajima R, Furubayashi T, Putz B, Kanazawa I. Localizing the site of magnetic brain stimulation by functional MRJ. Exp Brain Res 1998; 121:145-152.
22. Boroojerdi B, Foltys H. Krings T. Spetzger U, Thron A, Topper R. Localization of the motor hand area using transcranial magnetic stimulation and functional magnetic resonance imaging. Clin Neurophysiol 1999; 110:699-704.
23. George MS, Wassermann EM, Williams WA, Steppel J, Pascual-Leone A, Basser P, Hallett M, Post RM. Changes in mood and hormone levels after rapid-rate transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) of the prefrontal cortex. J Neuropsychiatry Clin Neurosci 1996; 8:172-180.
24. Ilmoniemi RJ, Virtanen J, Ruohonen J, Karhu J, Aronen HJ, Naatanen R, Katila T. Neuronal responses to magnetic stimulation reveal cortical reactivity and connectivity. Neuroreport 1997; 8:3537-3540.
25. Strafella AP, Paus T. Cerebral blood-flow changes induced by paired-pulse transcranial magnetic stimulation of the primary motor cortex. J Neurophysiol 2001; 85:2624-2629.
26. Bohning DE, Shastri A, Wassermann EM, Ziemann U, Lorberbaum JP, Nahas Z, Lomarev MP, George MS. BOLD-fMRI response to single-pulse transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS). J Magn Reson Imaging 2000; 11:569-574.
27. Pascual-Leone, Tarazona F, Catala MD. Applications of transcranial magnetic stimulation in studies on motor learning. Enecephalogr Clin Neurophysiol 1999; 51(suppl):157-161.
28. Classen J, Liepert J, Hallett M, Cohen L. Plasticity of movement representation in the human motor cortex. Enecephalogr Clin Neurophysiol 1999 51 (suppl): 162-173.
29. Ziemann U, Hallett M, George MS, Belmaker RH. Basic neurophysiological studies with TMS. In: George MS, Belmaker RH, eds. Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation in Neuropsychiatry. Washington DC: APA Press, 2000:45-98.
30. Wassermann EM. Risk and safety of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation: report and suggested guidelines from the International Workshop on the Safety of Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation, June 5-7, 1996. Electroencephalogr Clin Neurophysiol 1998; 108:1-16.
31. Maeda F, Keenan J, Tormos JM, Topka H, Pascual-Leone A. Interindividual variability of the modulatory effect of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation on cortico-spinal excitability. Exp Brain Res 2000; 133:425-430.
32. Romero JR, Anschel DA, Sparing R. Gangitano M, Pascual-Leone A. Subthreshold low frequency repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation selectively decreases facilitation in the motor cortex. Clin Neurophysiol 2002; 113: 101-107.
33. Wassermann EM, Lisanby SH. Therapeutic application of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation: a review. Clin Neurophysiol 2001; 112:1367-1377.
34. Grafman J, Wassermann E. Transcranial magnetic stimulation can measure and modulate learning and memory. Neuropsychologia 1999; 37:159-167.
35. Topper R, Mottaghy FM, Brugmann M, Noth J, Huber W. Facilitation of picture naming by focal transcranial magnecit stimulation of Wernicke’s area. Exp Brain Res 1998; 121:371-378.
36. Marzi CA, Miniussi C, Maravita A, Bertolasi L, Zanette G, Rothwell JC, Sanes JN. Transcranial magnetic stimulation selectively impairs interhemispheric transfer of visuo-motor information in humans. Exp Brain Res 1998; 118:435-438.
37. Walsh V, Ellison A, Battelli L. Cowey A. Task-specific impairments and enhancements induced by magnetic stimulation of human visual area V5. Proc R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 1998; 265:537-543.
38. Boroojerdi B, Phipps M, Kopylev L, Wharton CM, Cohen LG, Grafman J. Enhancing analogic reasoning with rTMS over the left prefrontal cortex. Neurology 2001; 56:526-528.
39. Hilgetag CC, Theoret H, Pascual-Leone A. Enhanced visual spatial attention ipsilateral to rTMS-induced ‘virtual lesions’ of human parietal cortex. Nat Neurosci 2001; 4:953-957.
40. Rushworth MF, Ellison A, Walsh V. Complementary localization and lateralization of orienting and motor attention. Nat Neurosci 2001; 4:656-661.
41. Sparing R, Mottaghy FM, Hungs M, Brugmann M, Foltys H, Huber W, Topper R. Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation effects on language function depend on the stimulation parameters. J Clin Neurophysiol 2001; 18: 326-330.
42. Fox P, Ingham R, George MS, Mayberg H, Ingham J, Roby J, Martin C, Jerabek P. Imaging human intracerebral connectivity by PET during TMS. Neuroreport 1997; 8:2787-2791.
43. Paus T, Jech R, Thompson CJ, Comeau R, Peters T, Evans AC. Transcranial magnetic stimulation during positron emission tomography: a new method for studying connectivity of the human cerebral cortex. J Neurosci 1997; 17: 3178-3184.
44. Paus T. Imaging the brain before, during, and after transcrania] magnetic stimulation. Neuropsychologia 1999; 37:219-224.
45. George MS, Stallings LE. Speer AM, Nahas Z, Spicer KM, Vincent DJ, Bohn-ing DE, Cheng KT. Molloy M, Teneback CC, Risch SC. Prefrontal repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) changes relative perfusion locally and remotely. Hum Psychopharmacol Clin Exp 1999; 14:161-170.
46. Bohning DE, Shastri A, Nahas Z, Lorberbaum JP, Andersen SW, Dannels WR, Haxthausen EU, Vincent DJ, George MS. Echoplanar BOLD fMRI of brain activation induced by concurrent transcranial magnetic stimulation. Invest Radiol 1998; 33:336-340.
47. Shastri A, George MS, Bohning DE. Performance of a system for interleaving transcranial magnetic stimulation with steady-state magnetic resonance imaging. Electroencephalogr Clin Neurophysiol 1999; 51(suppl):55-64.
48. Maeda F, Pascual-Leone A. Transcranial magnetic stimulation: studying motor neurophysiology of psychiatric disorders. Psychopharmacology. In press.
49. Nobler MS, Tenebackv CC, Nahas Z, Bohning DE, Shastri A, Kozel FA, George MS. Structural and functional neuroimage of electroconvulsive therapy and transcranial magnetic stimulation. Depress and Anxiety 2000; 12: 144-156.
50. Ives JR, Warach S, Schmitt F, Edelman RR, Schomer DL. Monitoring the patient’s EEG during echo planar MRI. Electroencephalogr Clin Neurophysiol 1993; 87:417-420.
51. Roth B J, Pascual-Leone A, Cohen LG, Hallett M. The heating of metal electrodes during rapid-rate magnetic stimulation: a possible safety hazard. EEG Clin Neurophysiol 1992; 85:116-123.
52. Turkington TG, Coleman RE, Schubert SF, Ganin A. Evaluation of postinjection transmission measurement in PET. IEEE Trans Nucl Sei 1994; 41: 1538-1544.
53. Bohning DE, Shastri A, McConnell KA, Nahas Z, Lorberbaum JP, Roberts DR, Teneback C, Vincent DJ, George MS. A combined TMS/fMRl study of intensity-dependent TMS over motor cortex. Biol Psychiatry 1999; 45:385-394.
54. Bohning DE, Pecheny AP, Epstein CM, Speer AM, Vincent DJ, Dannels W, George MS. Mapping transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) fields in vivo with MRI. Neuroreport 1997; 8:2535-1538.
55. Walsh V, Rushworth M. A primer of magnetic stimulation as a tool for neuropsychology. Neuropsychologia 1999; 37:125-135.
56. Catafau AM, Perez V, Gironell A, Martin JC, Kulisevsky J, Estorch M, Carrio I, Alvarez E. SPECT mapping of cerebral activity changes induced by repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation in depressed patients. A pilot study. Psychiatry Res 2001; 106:151-160.
57. Grisaru N, Yaroslavski U, Abarbanel JM, Lemberg T, Belmaker RH. Trans-cranial magnetic stimulation in depression and schizophrenia. Eur Neuro-psychopharmacol 1994; 4:287-288.
58. Abarbanel JM, Lemberg T, Yaroslavski U, Grisaru N, Belmaker RH. Electrophysiological responses to transcranial magnetic stimulation in depression and schizophrenia. Biol Psychiatry 1996; 40:148-150.
59. Samii A, Wassermann EM, Ikoma K, Mercuri B, George MS, O’Fallon A, Dale JK, Straus SE, Hallett M. Decreased postexercise facilitation of motor evoked potentials in patients with chronic fatigue syndrome or depression. Neurology 1996; 47:1410-1414.
60. Steele JD, Glabus MF, Shajahan PM, Ebmeier KP. Increased cortical inhibition in depression: a prolonged silent period with transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS). Psychol Med 2000; 30:565-570.
61. Shajahan PM, Glabus MF, Gooding PA, Shah PJ, Ebmeier KP. Reduced cortical excitability in depression. Impaired post-exercise motor facilitation with transcranial magnetic stimulation. Br J Psychiatry 1999; 174:449-454.
62. Shajahan PM, Glabus MF, Jenkins JA, Ebmeier KP. Postexercise motor evoked potentials in depressed patients, recovered depressed patients, and controls. Neurology 1999; 53:644-646.
63. Triggs WJ, McCoy KJ, Greer R, Rossi F, Bowers D, Kortenkamp S, Nadeau SE, Heilman KM, Goodman WK. Effects of left frontal transcranial magnetic stimulation on depressed mood, cognition, and corticomotor threshold. Biol Psychiatry 1999; 45:1440-1446.
64. Teneback CC, Nahas Z, Speer AM, Molloy M, Stallings LE, Spicer KM, Risch SC, George MS. Changes in prefrontal cortex and paralimbic activity in depression following two weeks of daily left prefrontal TMS. J Neuropsychiatry Clin Neurosci 1999; 11:426-35.
65. Peschina W, Conca A, Koenig P, Fritzsche H, Beraus W. Low frequency rTMS as an add-on antidepressive strategy: heterogeneous impact on 99m Tc-HMPAO and 18 F-FDG uptake as measured simultaneously with the double isotope SPECT technique. Pilot study. Nucl Med Comm 2001; 22:867-873.
66. Tormos JM, Catala MD, Juan C, Pascual-Leone Pascual A, Keenan JP, Pas-cual-Leone A. Effects of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation on EEG. Neurology 1998; 50:A317-318.
67. Maeda F, Keenan J, Pascual-Leone A. Interhemispheric asymmetry of motor cortical excitability as measured by transcranial magnetic stimulation in major depression. Br J Psychiatry 2000; 177:169-173.
68. Maeda F, Gangitano M, Thall M, Pascual-Leone A. Inter- and intra-individual variability of paired-pulse curves with transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS). Clin Neurophysiol 2002; 113:376-382.
69. Maeda F, Keenan J, Freund S, Vaccaro B, Bimbaum R, Pascual-Leone A. Transcranial magnetic stimulation studies of cortical excitability in depression (abstr). Biol Psychiatry 2000; 46:169S.
70. Wheeler RE, Davidson RJ, Tomarken, AJ. Frontal brain asymmetry and emotional reactivity: a biological substrate of affective style. Psychophysiology 1993; 30:82-89.
71. Davidson RJ. Cerebral asymmetry, affective style, and psychopathology. In: Kinsboume M, eds. Cerebral Hemisphere Function in Depression. Washington DC: APA Press, 1998:1-22.
72. Pascual-Leone A, Catala MD, Pascual-Leone Pascual A. Lateralized effect of rapid-rate transcranial magnetic stimulation of the prefrontal cortex on mood. Neurology 1996; 46:499-502.
73. Martin JD. George MS, Greenberg BD. Wassermann EM, Schlaepfer TE, Murphy DL, Halle« M, Post RM. Mood effects of prefrontal repetitive high-frequency TMS in healthy volunteers. CNS Spectrum 1997; 2:53-68.
74. Hajak G, Cohrs S, Tergau F, Riech S, Ziemann U, Paulus W, Rüther E. Sleep and rTMS. Investigating the link between «anscranial magnetic stimulation, sleep, and depression. Elec«oencephalogr Clin Neurophysiol 1999; 51(suppl): 315-321.
75. Nedjat S, Folkerts HW. Induction of a reversible state of hypomania by rapidrate «anscranial magnetic stimulation over the left prefrontal lobe. J ECT 1999; 15:166-168.
76. Mosimann UP, Rihs TA, Engeier J, Fisch H, Schlaepfer TE. Mood effects of repetitive «anscranial magnetic stimulation of left prefrontal cortex in healthy volunteers. Psychiatry Res 2000; 94:251-256.
77. Grisaru N, Bruno R, Pridmore S. Effect on the emotions of healthy individuals of slow repetitive «anscranial magnetic stimulation applied to the prefrontal cortex. J ECT 2001; 17:184-189.
78. Padberg F, Juckel G, Prassl A, Zwanzger P, Mavrogiorgou P, Hegerl U, Hampel H. Möller HJ. Prefrontal cortex modulation of mood and emotionally induced facial expressions: a «anscranial magnetic stimulation study. J Neuropsychiatry Clin Neurosci 2001; 13:206-212.
79. Jenkins J, Shajahan PM, Lappin JM, Ebmeier KP. Right and left prefrontal «anscranial magnetic stimulation at 1 Hz does not affect mood in healthy volunteers. BMC Psychiatry 2002; 2:1-5.
80. Cohrs S, Tergau F, Kom J, Becker W, Hajak G. Suprathreshold repetitive «anscranial magnetic stimulation elevates thyroid-stimulating hormone in healthy male subjects. J Nerv Ment Dis 2001; 189:393-397.
81. Evers S, Hengst K, Pecuch PW. The impact of repetitive «anscranial magnetic stimulation on pituitary hormone levels and cortisol in healthy subjects. J Affect Disord 2001; 66:83-88.
82. Harmer CJ, Thilo KV, Rothwell JC, Goodwin GM. Transcrania] magnetic stimulation of medial-frontal cortex impairs the processing of angry facial expressions. Nat Neurosci 2001; 4:17-18.
83. Schütter DJ, van Honk J, d’Alfonso AA, Postma A, de Haan EH. Effects of slow rTMS at the right dorsolateral prefrontal cortex on EEG asymmetry and mood. Neuroreport 2001; 12:445-447.
84. Lisanby SH, Sackeiin HA. TMS in major depression. In: George MS, Bel-maker RH, eds. Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation in Neuropsychiatry. Washington DC: APA Press, 2000:185-200.
85. Hoeflich G, Kasper S, Hufnagel A, Ruhrmann S, Moeller H-J. Application of transcranial magnetic Stimulation in treatment of drug-resistant major depression: A report of two cases. Hum Psychopharmacol 1993; 8:361-365.
86. Grisaru N, Yarovslavsky U, Abarbanel J, Lamberg T, Belmaker RH. Transcranial magnetic stimulation in depression and schizophrenia. Eur Neuro-psychopharmacol 1994; 4:287-288.
87. Kolbinger HM, Hoeflich G, Hufnagel A, Moeller HJ, Kasper S. Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) in the treatment of major depression: A pilot study. Hum Psychopharmacol 1995; 10:305-310.
88. Davidson RJ, Pizzagalli D, Nitschke JB, Putman K. Depression: Prespectives from affective neuroscience. Annu Rev Psychol 2002; 53:545-574.
89. Sackeim HA, Luber B, Katzman GP, Moeller JR. Prudic J, Devanand DP, Nobler MS. The effects of electroconvulsive therapy on quantitative EEG: relationship to clinical outcome. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1996; 53:814-824.
90. Soares JC, Mann JJ. The functional neuroanatomy of mood disorders. J Psy-chiatr Res 1997; 31:393-432.
91. Drevets WC. Functional neuroimage studies of depression: the anatomy of melancholia. Annu Rev Med 1998; 49:341-361.
92. Drevets WC, Price JL, Simpson JR Jr, Todd RD, Reich T, Vannier M, Raichle ME. Subgenual prefrontal cortex abnormalities in mood disorders. Nature 1997; 386:824-827.
93. Springer SP, Deutsch G. Left Brain, Right Brain. New York: Freeman, 1997.
94. Conca A, Koppi S, König P, Swoboda E, Krecke N. Transcranial magnetic stimulation: a novel antidepressive strategy? Neuropsychobiology 1996; 34: 204-207.
95. Geller V, Grisaru N, Abarbanel JM, Lemberg T, Belmaker RH. Slow magnetic stimulation of prefrontal cortex in depression and schizophrenia. Prog Neu-ropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 1997; 21:105-110.
96. Epstein C, Figiel GS, McDonald WM, Amazon-Leece J, Figiel L. Rapid-rate transcranial magnetic stimulation in young and middle-aged refractory depressed patients. Psychiatry Ann 1998; 28:36-39.
97. Figiel GS, Epstein C, McDonald WM, Amazon-Leece J, Figiel L, Saldivia A, Glover S. The use of rapid-rate transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) in refractory depressed patients. J Neuropsychiatry Clin Neurosci 1998; 10:2025.
98. Feinsod M, Kreinin B, Chistyakov A, Klein E. Preliminary evidence for a beneficial effect of low-frequency, repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation in patients with major depression and schizophrenia. Depress Anxiety 1998; 7:65-68.
99. Pridmore S, Bruno R, Tumier-Shea Y, Reid P, Rybak M. Comparison of unlimited numbers of rapid transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) and ECT treatment sessions in major depressive episode. Int J Neuropsychophar-macol 2000; 129-134.
100. Triggs WJ, McCoy KJ, Greer R, Rossi F, Bowers D, Kortenkamp S, Nadeau SE, Heilman KM, Goodman WK. Effects of left frontal transcranial magnetic stimulation on depressed mood, cognition, and corticomotor threshold. Biol Psychiatry 1999; 45:1440-1446.
101. Grunhaus L, Dannon PN, Schreiber S, Dolberg OH, Amiaz R, Ziv R, Lef-kifker E. Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation is as effective as ECT in the treatment of non-delusional major depressive disorder: an open study. Biol Psychiatry 2000; 47:314-324.
102. Kaptchuk TJ, Goldman P, Stone DA, Stason WB. Do medical devices have enhanced placebo effects? J Clin Epidemiol 2000; 53:786-792.
103. Pascual-Leone A, Rubio B, Pallardo F, Catala MD. Rapid-rate transcranial magnetic stimulation of left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex in drug-resistant depression. Lancet 1996; 348:233-237.
104. Berman RM, Narasimhan M, Sanacora G, Miano AP, Hoffmann RE, Hu XS, Chamey DS, Boutros NN. A randomized clinical trial of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation in the treatment of major depression. Biol Psychiatry 2000; 47:332-337.
105. Garcia-Toro M, Mayol A, Amillas H, Capllonch I, Ibarra O, Crespi M, Mico J, Lafau O, Lafuente L. Modest adjunctive benefit with transcranial magnetic stimulation in medication-resistant depression. J Affect Disord 2001; 64:271-275.
106. Grunhaus L, Dannon PN, Schreiber S, Dolberg OH, Amiaz R, Ziv R, Lef-kifker E. Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation is as effective as electroconvulsive therapy in the treatment of nondelusional major depressive disorder: An open study Biol Psychiatry 2000; 47:314-324.
107. Janicak PG, Dowd SM, Martis B, Alam D, Beedle D, Krasuski J, Strong MJ, Sharma R, Rosen C, Viana M. Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation versus electroconvulsive therapy for major depression: Preliminary results of a randomized trial. Biol Psychiatry 2002; 51:659-667.
108. Loo C, Taylor JL, Gandevia SC, McDarmont BN, Mitchell PB, Sachdev PS. Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) in controlled treatment studies: are “sham” forms active? Biol Psychiatry 2000; 47:325-331.
109. Lisanby SH, Gutman D, Luber B, Schroeder C, Sackeim HA. Sham TMS: intracerebral measurement of the induced electrical field and the induction of motor-evoked potentials. Biol Psychiatry 2001; 49:460-463.
110. Lisanby SH, Luber B, Perera T, Sackeim HA. Transcranial magnetic stimulation: applications in basic neuroscience and neuropsychopharmacology. Int J Neuropsychopharmacol 2000; 3:259-273.
111. Herwig U, Padberg F, Unger J, Spitzer M, Schonfeldt-Lecuona C. Transcranial magnetic stimulation in therapy studies: examination of the reliability of "standard” coil positioning by neuronavigation. Biol Psychiatry 2001; 50:5861.
112. Kozel FA, Nahas Z, deBrux C. Molloy M, Lorberbaum JP, Bohning D, Risch SC, George MS. How coil-cortex distance relates to age, motor threshold, and antidepressant response to repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation. J Neuropsychiatry Clin Neurosci 2000; 12:376-384.
113. McConnell KA, Nahas Z, Shastri A, Lorberbaum JP, Kozel FA, Bohning DE, George MS. The transcranial magnetic stimulation motor threshold depends on the distance from coil to underlying cortex: a replication in healthy adults comparing two methods of assessing the distance to cortex. Biol Psychiatry 2001; 49:454-459.
114. Potts GF, Gugino LD, Leventon ME. Grimson WE, Kikinis R, Cote W, Alexander E, Anderson JE, Ettinger GJ, Aglio LS, Shenton ME. Visual hemifield mapping using transcranial magnetic stimulation coregistered with cortical surfaces derived from magnetic resonance images. J Clin Neurophyiol 1998; 15:344-350.
115. Gugino LD, Romero JR, Aglio L, Titone D, Ramirez M, Pascual-Leone A, Grimson E, Weisenfeld N, Kikinis R, Shenton ME. Transcranial magnetic stimulation coregistered with MRI: a comparison of a guided versus blind stimulation technique and its effect on evoked compound muscle action potentials Clin Neurophysiol 2001; 112:1781-1792.
116. Hill AC, Davey NJ, Kennard C. Current orientation induced by magnetic stimulation influences a cognitive task. Neuroreport 2002; 11:3257-3259.
117. Stewart LM, Walsh V, Rothwell JC. Motor and phosphene thresholds: a transcranial magnetic stimulation correlation study. Neuropsychologia 2001; 39: 415-419.
118. Bohning DE. Introduction and overview of TMS physics. In: George MS, Belmaker RH, eds. Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation in Neuropsychiatry. Washington DC: APA Press, 2000:13-44.
119. Pascual-Leone A, Tormos JM, Keenan J, Tarazona F. Canete C, Catalâ MD. Study and modulation of human cortical excitability with transcranial magnetic stimulation. J Clin Neurophysiol 1998; 15:333-343.
120. Siebner HR, Takano B, Peinemann A, Schwaiger M, Conrad B, Drzezga A. Continuous Transcranial magnetic stimulation during positron emission tomography: A suitable tool for imaging regional excitability of the human cortex. Neuroimage 2001; 14:883-890.
121. Komssi S, Aronen HJ, Huttunen J, Kesaniemi M, Soinne L, Nikouline VV, Ollikainen M, Roine RO, Karhu J, Savolainen S, Ilmoniemi RJ. Ipsi- and contralateral EEG reactions to transcranial magnetic stimulation. Clin Neurophysiol 2002; 113:175-184.
122. Schumann M, Nikouline VV, Soljanlahti S, Ollikainen M, Basar E, Ilmoniemi RJ. EEG responses to combined somatosensory and transcranial magnetic stimulation. Clin Neurophysiol 2001; 112:19-24.
123. Paus T, Castro-Alamancos MA, Petrides M. Cortico-cortical connectivity of the human mid-dorsolateral frontal cortex and its modulation by repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation. Eur J Neurosci 2001; 14:1405-1411.
124. Ugawa Y, Uesaka Y, Terao Y, Hanajima R, Kanazawa I. Magnetic stimulation over the cerebellum in humans. Ann Neurol 1995; 37:703-713.
125. Werhahn KJ, Taylor J, Ridding M, Meyer BU, Rothwell JC. Effect of transcranial magnetic stimulation over the cerebellum on the excitability of human motor cortex. Electroencephalogr Clin Neurophysiol 1996; 101:58-66.
126. Pinto AD, Chen R. Suppression of the motor cortex by magnetic stimulation of the cerebellum. Exp Brain Res 2001; 140:505-510.
127. Netz J, Ziemann U, Homberg V. Hemispheric asymmetry of transcallosal inhibition in man. Exp Brain Res 1995; 104:527-533.
128. Schnitzler A, Kessler KR, Benecke R. Transcallosally mediated inhibition of intemeurons within human primary motor cortex. Exp Brain Res 1996; 112: 381-391.
129. Liepert J, Tegenthoff M, Malin JR Changes of inhibitory intemeurons during transcallosal stimulations. J Neural Transm 1996; 103:917-924.
130. Civardi C, Cantello R, Asselman, Rothwell JC. Transcranial magnetic stimulation can be used to test connections to primary motor areas from frontal and medial cortex in human. Neuroimage 2001; 14:1444-1453.
131. Gerschlager W, Siebner HR, Rothwell JC. Decreased corticospinal excitability aftger subthreshold 1 Hz rTMS over lateral premotor cortex. Neurology 2001; 57:449-455.
132. Munchau A, Bloem BR, Irlbacher K, Trimble MR, Rothwell JC. Functional connectivity of human premotor and motor cortex explored with repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation. J Neurosci 2002; 22:554-561.
133. Paus T, Jech R, Thompson CJ, Comeau R, Peters T, Evans AC. Dose-dependent reduction of cerebral blood flow during rapid-rate transcranial magnetic stimulation of the human sensorimotor cortex. J. Neurophysiol 1998; 79: 1102-1107.
134. Strafella AP, Paus T, Barrett J, Dagher A. Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation of the human prefrontal cortex induces dopamine release in the caudate nucleus. J Neurosci 2001; 21:157-160.
135. Kahkonen S, Kesaniemi M, Nikouline VV, Karhu J, Ollikainen M, Holi M, Ilmoniemi RJ. Ethanol modulates cortical activity: direct evidence with combined TMS and EEG. Neuroimage 2001; 14:322-328.
136. Kimbrell TA, Little JT, Dunn RT, Frye MA. Greenberg BD, Wassermann EM, Repella JD, Danielson AL, Willis MW, Benson BE, Speer AM, Osuch E, George MS, Post RM. Frequency dependence of antidepressant response to left prefrontal repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) as a function of baseline cerebral glucose metabolism. Biol Psychiatry 1999; 46:1603-1613.
137. Speer AM, Kimbrell TA, Wassermann EM, D Repella J, Willis MW, Her-scovitch P, Post RM. Opposite effects of high and low frequency rTMS on regional brain activity in depressed patients. Biol Psychiatry 2000; 48:1133-1141.
138. Nahas Z, Teneback CC, Kozel A, Speer AM, DeBrux C, Molloy M, Stallings L, Spicer KM, Arana G, Bohning DE, Risch SC, George MS. Brain effects of TMS delivered over prefrontal cortex in depressed adults: Role of stimulation frequency and coil-cortex distance. J Neuropsychiatry Clin Neurosci 2001; 13:459-470.
139. Zheng XM. Regional cerebral blood flow changes in drug-resistant depressed patients following treatment with transcranial magnetic stimulation: a statistical parametric mapping analysis. Psychiatry Res 2000; 100:75-80.
140. Nahas Z, DeBrux C, Chandler V, Lorberbaum JP, Speer AM, Molloy MA, Liberatos C, Risch SC, George MS. Lack of significant changes on magnetic resonance scans before and after 2 weeks of daily left prefrontal repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation for depression. J ECT 2000; 16:380-390.
141. Little JT, Kimbrell TA. Wassermann EM, Grafman J, Figueras S, Dunn RT, Danielson A, Repella J, Huggins T, George MS, Post RM. Cognitive effects of 1- and 20-hertz repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation in depression: preliminary report. Neuropsychiatry Neuropsychol Behav Neurol 2000; 13: 119-124.
142. Speer AM, Repella JD, Figueras S, Demian NK, Kimbrell TA, Wasserman EM, Post RM. Lack of adverse cognitive effects of 1 Hz and 20 Hz repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation at 100% of motor threshold over left prefrontal cortex in depression. J ECT 2001; 17:259-63.
143. Post A, Keck ME. Transcranial magnetic stimulation as a therapeutic tool in psychiatry: what do we know about the neurobiological mechanisms? J Psychiatric Res 2001; 35:193-215.
144. Lisanby SH, Luber B, Finck AD, Schroeder C, Sackeim HA. Deliberate seizure induction with repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2001; 58:199-200.
145. Lisanby SH, Schlaepfer TE, Fisch HU, Sackeim HA. Magnetic seizure therapy of major depression. Arch Gen Psychiatry 2001; 58:303-305.
146. Nahas Z, Bohning DE, Molloy MA, Oustz JA, Risch SC, George MS. Safety and feasibility of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation in the treatment of anxious depression in pregnancy: a case report. J Clin Psychiatry 1999; 60:50-52.