Novel secondary hormonal therapy in advanced prostate cancer: An update

Current Opinion in Urology

Volumn 19, Issue 3, 2009, Pages 315-321

  Van Allen, Eliezer M ^a   Ryan, Charles J ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA   (United States)

Author keywords

Abiraterone; Antiandrogen withdrawal; Antiandrogens; Corticosteroids; Hormonal therapy; Ketoconazole; Prostate cancer; Secondary hormonal therapy

Indexed keywords

ABIRATERONE; ABIRATERONE ACETATE; AMINOGLUTETHIMIDE; ANDROGEN; ANDROGEN RECEPTOR; ANTIANDROGEN; ANTINEOPLASTIC AGENT; APOPTONE; BICALUTAMIDE; BMS 641988; DIETHYLSTILBESTROL; DOCETAXEL; DUTASTERIDE; FLUTAMIDE; HE 3235; HYDROCORTISONE; KETOCONAZOLE; MDV 3100; MIFEPRISTONE; NILUTAMIDE; PLACEBO; PREDNISONE; PROSTATE SPECIFIC ANTIGEN; TESTOSTERONE; UNCLASSIFIED DRUG; ZOLEDRONIC ACID; ANDROSTANE DERIVATIVE;

ADRENAL CORTEX; ADVANCED CANCER; ANDROGEN DEPRIVATION THERAPY; CLINICAL TRIAL; CORTICOTROPIN BLOOD LEVEL; DRUG DOSE ESCALATION; DRUG MECHANISM; DRUG MEGADOSE; EDEMA; GENE AMPLIFICATION; GENE MUTATION; HORMONAL THERAPY; HUMAN; HYPERTENSION; HYPOKALEMIA; METASTASIS; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PROSTATE CANCER; REVIEW; SIDE EFFECT; UNSPECIFIED SIDE EFFECT; DISEASE COURSE; DRUG EFFECT; MALE; PATHOPHYSIOLOGY; PHYSIOLOGY; PROSTATE TUMOR;

ANDROGEN ANTAGONISTS; ANDROSTENOLS; DISEASE PROGRESSION; HUMANS; KETOCONAZOLE; MALE; PROSTATIC NEOPLASMS; RECEPTORS, ANDROGEN;

EID: 67649674735     PISSN: 09630643     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1097/MOU.0b013e328329b73a     Document Type: Review

References (42)

1. Lam JS, Leppert JT, Vemulapalli SN, et al. Secondary hormonal therapy for advanced prostate cancer. J Urol 2006; 175:27-34. (Pubitemid 41797079)
2. Chmelar R, Buchanan G, Need EF, et al. Androgen receptor coregulators and their involvement in the development and progression of prostate cancer. Int J Cancer 2007; 120:719-733. (Pubitemid 46175390)
3. Prescott J, Coetzee GA. Molecular chaperones throughout the life cycle of the androgen receptor. Cancer Lett 2006; 231:12-19. (Pubitemid 41779448)
4. Chen Y, Sawyers CL, Scher HI. Targeting the androgen receptor pathway in prostate cancer. Curr Opin Pharmacol 2008; 8:440-448. This review highlights the AR pathway and provides a helpful biological background to CRPC.
5. Hsieh AC, Small EJ, Ryan CJ. Androgen-response elements in hormone-refractory prostate cancer: implications for treatment development. Lancet Oncol 2007; 8:933-939. This paper supports the notion that AREs represent a promising potential target of therapy.
6. Visakorpi T, Hyytinen E, Koivisto P, et al. In vivo amplification of the androgen receptor gene and progression of human prostate cancer. Nat Genet 1995; 9:401-406.
7. Edwards J, Krishna NS, Grigor KM, Bartlett JM. Androgen receptor gene amplification and protein expression in hormone refractory prostate cancer. Br J Cancer 2003; 89:552-556. (Pubitemid 37026442)
8. Ryan CJ, Small EJ. Androgen-independent prostate cancer: target evolution and disease dynamics. Drug Discov Today Dis Mech 2004; 1:223-228.
9. Maki HE, Saramäki OR, Shatkina L, et al. Overexpression and gene amplification of BAG-1L in hormone-refractory prostate cancer. J Pathol 2007; 212:395-401. (Pubitemid 47099016)
10. Wilding G, Chen M, Gelmann EP. Aberrant response in vitro of hormone-responsive prostate cancer cells to antiandrogens. Prostate 1989; 14:103-115. (Pubitemid 19154802)
11. Urushibara M, Ishioka J, Hyochi N, et al. Effects of steroidal and nonsteroidal antiandrogens on wild-type and mutant androgen receptors. Prostate 2007; 67:799-807. This article supports the notion that there are genetic changes to the AR that are involved in CRPC pathophysiology. (Pubitemid 46828934)
12. Taplin ME, Rajeshkumar B, Halabi S, et al. Androgen receptor mutations in androgen-independent prostate cancer: Cancer and Leukemia Group B Study 9663. J Clin Oncol 2003; 21:2673-2678. (Pubitemid 46606310)
13. Heemers HV, Tindall DJ. Androgen receptor (AR) coregulators: a diversity of functions converging on and regulating the AR transcriptional complex. Endocr Rev 2007; 28:778-808. This paper describes the many coregulators involved in AR biology.
14. Adachi M. Androgen-insensitivity syndrome as a possible coactivator disease. N Engl J Med 2000; 343:856-862.
15. Dehm SM, Tindall DJ. Ligand-independent androgen receptor activity is activation function-2-independent and resistant to antiandrogens in androgen refractory prostate cancer cells. J Biol Chem 2006; 281:27882-27893.
16. Heemers HV, Regan KM, Dehm SM, Tindall DJ. Androgen induction of the androgen receptor coactivator four and a half LIM domain protein-2: evidence for a role for serum response factor in prostate cancer. Cancer Res 2007; 67:10592-10599.
17. Hellerstedt B. Hormonal therapy options for patients with a rising prostate-specific antigen level after primary treatment for prostate cancer. Urology 2003; 62 (Suppl 1):79-86. (Pubitemid 41116566)
18. Culig Z, Stober J, Gast A, et al. Activation of two mutant androgen receptors from human prostatic carcinoma by adrenal androgens and metabolic derivatives of testosterone. Cancer Detect Prev 1996; 20:68-75. (Pubitemid 2627098)
19. Tan J, Sharief Y, Hamil KG, et al. Dehydroepiandrosterone activates mutant androgen receptors expressed in the androgen-dependent human prostate cancer xenograft CWR22 and LNCaP cells. Mol Endocrinol 1997; 11:450-459. (Pubitemid 27147013)
20. Kelly WK, Scher HI. Prostate specific antigen decline after antiandrogen withdrawal: the flutamide withdrawal syndrome. J Urol 1993; 149:607-609. (Pubitemid 23094069)
21. Small EJ, Baron AD, Fippin L, Apodaca D. Ketoconazole retains activity in advanced prostate cancer patients with progression despite flutamide withdrawal. J Urol 1997; 157:1204-1207. (Pubitemid 27130781)
22. Small EJ, Halabi S, Dawson NA, et al. Antiandrogen withdrawal alone or in combination with ketoconazole in androgen-independent prostate cancer patients: a phase III trial (CALGB 9583). J Clin Oncol 2004; 22:1025-1033. (Pubitemid 41095034)
23. Danila DC, Rathkopf D, Fleisher M, et al. Preliminary phase II results of abiraterone acetate in patients with castration-resistant metastatic prostate cancer after failure of docetaxel-based chemotherapy. In: 2008 ASCO Annual Meeting. Chicago, Illinois; 2008. This presentation highlights the promising preliminary data supporting abiraterone use in advanced prostate cancer after chemotherapy.
24. Ryan CJ, Rosenberg J, Lin A, et al. Impact of prior ketoconazole therapy on response proportion to abiraterone acetate, a 17 alpha hydroxylase C17,20-lyase inhibitor in castration resistant prostate cancer. In: 2008 ASCO Annual Meeting. Chicago, Illinois; 2008. This presentation describes the response of CRPC patients to abiraterone after ketoconazole use, and the preliminary results have implications for abiraterone usage in CRPC.
25. Sartor O, Cooper M, Weinberger M, et al. Surprising activity of flutamide withdrawal, when combined with aminoglutethimide, in treatment of 'hormone-refractory' prostate cancer. J Natl Cancer Inst 1994; 86:222-227.
26. Scher HI, Beer TM, Higano CS, et al. Phase I/II study of MDV3100 in patients with progressive castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC). In: 2008 ASCO Annual Meeting. Chicago, Illinois; 2008. This presentation demonstrates the potential of MDV3100 as a promising agent in CRPC.
27. Oh WK, Kantoff PW, Weinberg V, et al. Prospective, multicenter, randomized phase II trial of the herbal supplement, PC-SPES, and diethylstilbestrol in patients with androgen-independent prostate cancer. J Clin Oncol 2004; 22:3705-3712. (Pubitemid 41095210)
28. Taplin ME, Manola J, Oh WK, et al. A phase II study of mifepristone (RU-486) in castration-resistant prostate cancer, with a correlative assessment of androgen-related hormones. BJU Int 2008; 101:1084-1089. This study suggests the lack of significant activity of mifepristone in CRPC, despite earlier promising data.
29. Abratt RP, Brune D, Dimopoulos MA, et al. Randomised phase III study of intravenous vinorelbine plus hormone therapy versus hormone therapy alone in hormone-refractory prostate cancer. Ann Oncol 2004; 15:1613-1621. (Pubitemid 39562600)
30. Taylor CD, Elson P, Trump DL. Importance of continued testicular suppression in hormone-refractory prostate cancer. J Clin Oncol 1993; 11:2167-2172. (Pubitemid 23332253)
31. Hussain M, Wolf M, Marshall E, et al. Effects of continued androgen-deprivation therapy and other prognostic factors on response and survival in phase II chemotherapy trials for hormone-refractory prostate cancer: a Southwest Oncology Group report. J Clin Oncol 1994; 12:1868-1875. (Pubitemid 24983469)
32. Smith MR, Kabbinavar F, Saad F, et al. Natural history of rising serum prostate-specific antigen in men with castrate nonmetastatic prostate cancer. J Clin Oncol 2005; 23:2918-2925. (Pubitemid 46224110)
33. Suzuki H, Okihara K, Miyake H, et al. Alternative nonsteroidal antiandrogen therapy for advanced prostate cancer that relapsed after initial maximum androgen blockade. J Urol 2008; 180:921-927. This paper supports the importance of using sequential antiandrogens and suggests that patients with CRPC do not harbor disease that is not actually hormone refractory, but instead potentially responsive to manipulations of the AR.
34. Sawyers CL, Tran C, Wongvipat J, et al. Characterization of a new antiandrogen MDV-3100 effective in preclinical models of hormone refractory prostate cancer. 2007 Prostate Cancer Symposium; 2007.
35. Hsieh AC, Ryan CJ. Novel concepts in androgen receptor blockade. Cancer J 2008; 14:11-14. This article provides a useful review on the underlying biology of CRPC as it relates to the AR.
36. Ryan CJ, Halabi S, Ou SS, et al. Adrenal androgen levels as predictors of outcome in prostate cancer patients treated with ketoconazole plus antiandrogen withdrawal: results from a cancer and leukemia group B study. Clin Cancer Res 2007; 13:2030-2037. This study suggests that adrenal androgens are implicated in CRPC and should be considered as potential targets for therapy. (Pubitemid 46649869)
37. Harris KA, Weinberg V, Bok RA, et al. Low dose ketoconazole with replacement doses of hydrocortisone in patients with progressive androgen independent prostate cancer. J Urol 2002; 168:542-545. (Pubitemid 34793290)
38. Haidar S, Ehmer PB, Barassin S, et al. Effects of novel 17alpha-hydroxylase/C17, 20-lyase (P450 17, CYP 17) inhibitors on androgen biosynthesis in vitro and in vivo. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2003; 84:555-562.
39. O'Donnell A, Judson I, Dowsett M, et al. Hormonal impact of the 17alphahydroxylase/ C(17, 20)-lyase inhibitor abiraterone acetate (CB7630) in patients with prostate cancer. Br J Cancer 2004; 90:2317-2325.
40. Attard G, Reid AH, Yap TA, et al. Phase I clinical trial of a selective inhibitor of CYP17, abiraterone acetate, confirms that castration-resistant prostate cancer commonly remains hormone driven. J Clin Oncol 2008; 26: 4563-4571. This paper demonstrates the phase I data suggesting abiraterone as a promising agent in CRPC, providing impetus for larger trials.
41. Andriole GL, Humphrey P, Ray P, et al. Effect of the dual 5alpha-reductase inhibitor dutasteride on markers of tumor regression in prostate cancer. J Urol 2004; 172:915-919. (Pubitemid 39096422)
42. Sartor AO, Nakabayashi M, Taplin ME. Activity of dutasteride plus ketoconazole in hormone-refractory prostate cancer (HRPC) after progression on ketoconazole alone. 2007 Prostate Cancer Symposium; 2007.