Digitally manipulating memory: Effects of doctored videos and imagination in distorting beliefs and memories

Memory and Cognition

Volumn 37, Issue 4, 2009, Pages 414-424

  Nash, Robert A ^a   Wade, Kimberley A ^a   Lindsay, D Stephen ^b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF WARWICK   (United Kingdom)

^b UNIVERSITY OF VICTORIA   (Canada)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ARTICLE; CONTROLLED STUDY; ERROR; FALSE MEMORY; HUMAN; HUMAN EXPERIMENT; IMAGINATION; LABORATORY; MONITORING; PREDICTION; RESEARCH; VIDEORECORDING;

ATTENTION; CULTURE; HUMANS; IMAGINATION; MENTAL RECALL; PERCEPTUAL DISTORTION; REPRESSION; RETENTION (PSYCHOLOGY); SUGGESTION; VIDEO RECORDING; VISUAL PERCEPTION;

EID: 67649625585     PISSN: 0090502X     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.3758/MC.37.4.414     Document Type: Article

References (53)

1. BERNSTEIN, D. M., LANEY, C., MORRIS, E. K., & LOFTUS, E. F. (2005a). False beliefs about fattening foods can have healthy consequences. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 102, 13724-13731. (Pubitemid 41377647)
2. BERNSTEIN, D. M., LANEY, C., MORRIS, E. K., & LOFTUS, E. F. (2005b). False memories about food can lead to food avoidance. Social Cognition, 23, 11-34. doi:10.1521/soco.23.1.11.59195 (Pubitemid 40482875)
3. CHAMBERS, K. L., & ZARAGOZA, M. S. (2001). Intended and unintended effects of explicit warnings on eyewitness suggestibility: Evidence from source identification tests. Memory & Cognition, 29, 1120-1129. (Pubitemid 34169329)
4. CORWIN, D. L., & OLAFSON, E. (1997). Videotaped discovery of a reportedly unrecallable memory of child sexual abuse: Comparison with a childhood interview videotape 11 years before. Child Maltreatment, 2, 91-112. doi:10.1177/1077559597002002001 (Pubitemid 127736664)
5. DESJARDINS, T., & SCOBORIA, A. (2007). "You and your best friend Suzy put Slime in Ms. Smollett's desk": Producing false memories with self-relevant details. Psychonomic Bulletin & Review, 14, 1090-1095.
6. DREIFUS, C. (2007, October 2). Proving that seeing shouldn't always be believing. New York Times, p. D2.
7. FINKE, R. A., JOHNSON, M. K., & SHYI, G. C. (1988). Memory confusions for real and imagined completions of symmetrical visual patterns. Memory & Cognition, 16, 133-137.
8. GALLO, D. A., ROEDIGER, H. L., III, & MCDERMOTT, K. B. (2001). Associative false recognition occurs without strategic criterion shifts. Psychonomic Bulletin & Review, 8, 579-586.
9. GARRY, M., MANNING, C. G., LOFTUS, E. F., & SHERMAN, S. J. (1996). Imagination inflation: Imagining a childhood event inflates confidence that it occurred. Psychonomic Bulletin & Review, 3, 208-214. (Pubitemid 126421514)
10. GARRY, M., & POLASCHEK, D. L. L. (2000). Imagination and memory. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 9, 6-10. doi:10.1111/1467-8721. 00048
11. GARRY, M., & WADE, K. A. (2005). Actually, a picture is worth less than 45 words: Narratives produce more false memories than photographs do. Psychonomic Bulletin & Review, 12, 359-366. (Pubitemid 41137394)
12. GERAERTS, E., BERNSTEIN, D. M., MERCKELBACH, H., LINDERS, C., RAYMAEKERS, L., & LOFTUS, E. F. (2008). Lasting false beliefs and their behavioral consequences. Psychological Science, 19, 749-753. doi:10.1111/j.1467-9280.2008. 02151.x
13. GHETTI, S. (2003). Memory for nonoccurrences: The role of metacognition. Journal of Memory & Language, 48, 722-739. doi:10.1016/S0749-596X(03)00005-6
14. GOFF, L. M., & ROEDIGER, H. L., III (1998). Imagination inflation for action events: Repeated imaginings lead to illusory recollections. Memory & Cognition, 26, 20-33.
15. GREENE, E., FLYNN, M., & LOFTUS, E. F. (1982). Inducing resistance to misleading information. Journal of Verbal Learning & Verbal Behavior, 21, 207-219. doi:10.1016/S0022-5371(82)90571-0
16. GUDJONSSON, G. H. (2003). The psychology of interrogations and confessions. Chichester, U.K.: Wiley.
17. HART, R. E., & SCHOOLER, J. W. (2006). Increasing belief in the experience of an invasive procedure that never happened: The role of plausibility and schematicity. Applied Cognitive Psychology, 20, 661-669. doi:10.1002/acp.1218 (Pubitemid 44082768)
18. HENKEL, L. A., & CARBUTO, M. (2008). Remembering what we did: How source misattributions arise from verbalization, mental imagery, and pictures. In M. R. Kelley (Ed.), Applied memory (pp. 213-234). Haupauge, NY: Nova Science Publishers.
19. HYMAN, I. E., JR., HUSBAND, T. H., & BILLINGS, F. J. (1995). False memories of childhood experiences. Applied Cognitive Psychology, 9, 181-197. doi:10.1002/acp.2350090302
20. HYMAN, I. E., JR., & PENTLAND, J. (1996). The role of mental imagery in the creation of false childhood memories. Journal of Memory & Language, 35, 101-117. doi:10.1006/jmla.1996.0006 (Pubitemid 126159683)
21. JOHNSON, M. K., FOLEY, M. A., SUENGAS, A. G., & RAYE, C. L. (1988). Phenomenal characteristics of memories for perceived and imagined autobiographical events. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 117, 371-376. doi:10.1037/0096-3445.117.4.371
22. JOHNSON, M. K., HASHTROUDI, S., & LINDSAY, D. S. (1993). Source monitoring. Psychological Bulletin, 114, 3-28. doi:10.1037/0033-2909.114.1.3
23. JOHNSON, M. K., & RAYE, C. L. (1981). Reality monitoring. Psychological Review, 88, 67-85. doi:10.1037/0033-295X.88.1.67
24. JOHNSON, M. K., & RAYE, C. L. (2000). Cognitive and brain mechanisms of false memories and beliefs. In D. L. Schacter & E. Scarry (Eds.), Memory, brain, and belief (pp. 35-86). Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
25. JOHNSON, M. K., RAYE, C. L., WANG, A. Y., & TAYLOR, T. H. (1979). Fact and fantasy: The roles of accuracy and variability in confusing imaginations with perceptual experiences. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, & Cognition, 5, 229-240. doi:10.1037/0278-7393.5.3.229
26. KASSIN, S. M., & KIECHEL, K. L. (1996). The social psychology of false confessions: Compliance, internalization, and confabulation. Psychological Science, 7, 125-128. doi:10.1111/j.1467-9280.1996.tb00344.x (Pubitemid 126421457)
27. KELLY, J. E., & NACE, D. (1994). Digital imaging and believing photos. Visual Communication Quarterly, 1, 4-7.
28. LANDAU, J. D., & VON GLAHN, N. (2004). Warnings reduce the magnitude of the imagination inflation effect. American Journal of Psychology, 117, 579-593. doi:10.2307/4148993 (Pubitemid 40004407)
29. LINDSAY, D. S. (2008). Source monitoring. In J. H. Byrne (Series Ed.) & H. L. Roediger III (Vol. Ed.), Learning and memory: A comprehensive reference. Vol.2: Cognitive psychology of memory (pp. 325-348). Amsterdam: Elsevier.
30. LINDSAY, D. S., HAGEN, L., READ, J. D., WADE, K. A., & GARRY, M. (2004). True photographs and false memories. Psychological Science, 15, 149-154. doi:10.1111/j.0956-7976.2004.01503002.x (Pubitemid 38361364)
31. LOFTUS, E. F., & GUYER, M. J. (2002, May/June). Who abused Jane Doe? The hazards of the single case history, Part I. Skeptical Inquirer, 26, 24-32.
32. LOFTUS, E. F., & PALMER, J. C. (1974). Reconstruction of automobile destruction: An example of the interaction between language and memory. Journal of Verbal Learning & Verbal Behavior, 13, 585-589. doi:10.1016/S0022- 5371(74)80011-3
33. LOFTUS, E. F., & PICKRELL, J. E. (1995). The formation of false memories. Psychiatric Annals, 25, 720-725. (Pubitemid 126006058)
34. LOFTUS, G. R. (1978). On interpretation of interactions. Memory & Cognition, 6, 312-319.
35. LOFTUS, G. R., & MASSON, M. E. J. (1994). Using confidence intervals in within-subjects designs. Psychonomic Bulletin & Review, 1, 476-490.
36. LYNN, S. J., PINTAR, J., STAFFORD, J., MARMELSTEIN, L., & LOCK, T. (1998). Rendering the implausible plausible: Narrative construction, suggestion, and memory. In J. de Rivera & T. R. Sarbin (Eds.), Believed-in imaginings: The narrative construction of reality (pp. 123-143). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
37. MAZZONI, G., & KIRSCH, I. (2002). Autobiographical memories and beliefs: A preliminary metacognitive model. In T. J. Perfect & B. L. Schwartz (Eds.), Applied metacognition (pp. 121-145). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
38. MAZZONI, G., & MEMON, A. (2003). Imagination can create false autobiographical memories. Psychological Science, 14, 186-188. doi:10.1046/j.1432-1327.2000.01821.x (Pubitemid 37283106)
39. MCCABE, D. P., & SMITH, A. D. (2002). The effect of warnings on false memories in young and older adults. Memory & Cognition, 30, 1065-1077. (Pubitemid 35453781)
40. NASH, R. A., & WADE, K. A. (2009). Innocent but proven guilty: Eliciting internalized false confessions using doctored-video evidence. Applied Cognitive Psychology, 23, 624-637. doi:10.1002/acp.1500
41. PEZDEK, K., BLANDON-GITLIN, I., & GABBAY, P. (2006). Imagination and memory: Does imagining implausible events lead to false autobiographical memories? Psychonomic Bulletin & Review, 13, 764-769.
42. PEZDEK, K., FINGER, K., & HODGE, D. (1997). Planting false childhood memories: The role of event plausibility. Psychological Science, 8, 437-441. doi:10.1111/j.1467-9280.1997.tb00457.x (Pubitemid 127455308)
43. PEZDEK, K., & LAM, S. (2007). What research paradigms have cognitive psychologists used to study "false memory," and what are the implications of these choices? Consciousness & Cognition, 16, 2-17. doi:10.1016/j.concog.2005.06.006 (Pubitemid 44881351)
44. ROEDIGER, H. L., III, & MCDERMOTT, K. B. (1995). Creating false memories: Remembering words not presented in lists. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, & Cognition, 21, 803-814. doi:10.1037/0278- 7393.21.4.803
45. SCOBORIA, A., MAZZONI, G., KIRSCH, I., & RELYEA, M. (2004). Plausibility and belief in autobiographical memory. Applied Cognitive Psychology, 18, 791-807. doi:10.1002/acp.1062 (Pubitemid 39496876)
46. SEAMON, J. G., PHILBIN, M. M., & HARRISON, L. G. (2006). Do you remember proposing marriage to the Pepsi machine? False recollections from a campus walk. Psychonomic Bulletin & Review, 13, 752-756.
47. THOMAS, A. K., BULEVICH, J. B., & LOFTUS, E. F. (2003). Exploring the role of repetition and sensory elaboration in the imagination inflation effect. Memory & Cognition, 31, 630-640. (Pubitemid 36759319)
48. THOMAS, A. K., & LOFTUS, E. F. (2002). Creating bizarre false memories through imagination. Memory & Cognition, 30, 423-431. (Pubitemid 34568573)
49. TOUSIGNANT, J. P., HALL, D., & LOFTUS, E. F. (1986). Discrepancy detection and vulnerability to misleading postevent information. Memory & Cognition, 14, 329-338.
50. WADE, K. A., & GARRY, M. (2005). Strategies for verifying false autobiographical memories. American Journal of Psychology, 118, 587-602. (Pubitemid 43075673)
51. WADE, K. A., GARRY, M., READ, J. D., & LINDSAY, D. S. (2002). A picture is worth a thousand lies: Using false photographs to create false childhood memories. Psychonomic Bulletin & Review, 9, 597-603.
52. WADE, K. A., SHARMAN, S. J., GARRY, M., MEMON, A., MAZZONI, G., MERCKELBACH, H., & LOFTUS, E. F. (2007). False claims about false memory research. Consciousness & Cognition, 16, 18-28. doi:10.1016/j.concog.2006. 07.001
53. WATSON, J. M., MCDERMOTT, K. B., & BALOTA, D. A. (2004). Attempting to avoid false memories in the Deese/Roediger-McDermott paradigm: Assessing the combined influence of practice and warnings in young and old adults. Memory & Cognition, 32, 135-141. (Pubitemid 38392055)