Actually, a picture is worth less than 45 words: Narratives produce more false memories than photographs do

Psychonomic Bulletin and Review

Volumn 12, Issue 2, 2005, Pages 359-366

  Garry, Maryanne ^a   Wade, Kimberley A ^a  

^a VICTORIA UNIVERSITY OF WELLINGTON   (New Zealand)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 23744517382     PISSN: 10699384     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.3758/BF03196385     Document Type: Review

References (30)

1. BERNSTEIN, D. M., WHITTLESEA, B. W. A., & LOFTUS, E. F. (2002). Increasing confidence in remote autobiographical memory and general knowledge: Extensions of the revelation effect. Memory & Cognition, 30, 432-438.
2. BERNTSEN, D., WILLERT, M., & RUBIN, D. C. (2003). Splintered memories or vivid landmarks? Qualities and organization of traumatic memories with and without PTSD. Applied Cognitive Psychology, 17, 675-693.
3. DOBSON, M., & MARKHAM, R. (1993). Imagery ability and source monitoring: Implications for eyewitness memory. British Journal of Psychology, 84, 111-118.
4. DODD, D. H., & BRADSHAW, J. M. (1980). Leading questions and mem ory: Pragmatic constraints. Journal of Verbal Learning & Verbal Behavior, 19, 695-704.
5. HYMAN, I. E., JR., & BILLINGS, F. J. (1998). Individual differences and the creation of false childhood memories. Memory, 6, 1-20.
6. HYMAN, I. E., JR., HUSBAND, T. H., & BILLINGS, F. J. (1995). False memories of childhood experiences. Applied Cognitive Psychology, 9, 181-197.
7. HYMAN, I. E., JR., & PENTLAND, J. (1996). The role of mental imagery in the creation of false childhood memories. Journal of Memory & Language, 35, 101-117.
8. JACOBY, L. L., KELLEY, C. M., & DYWAN, J. (1989). Memory attributions. In H. L. Roediger III & F. I. M. Craik (Eds.), Varieties of memory and consciousness: Essays in honour of Endel Tulving (pp. 391-422). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
9. JOHNSON, M. K., HASHTROUDI, S., & LINDSAY, D. S. (1993). Source monitoring. Psychological Bulletin, 114, 3-28.
10. KING, D. (1997). The commissar vanishes: The falsification of photographs and art in Stalin's Russia. New York: Metropolitan.
11. KRONLUND, A., & WHITTLESEA, B. W. A. (2005). Seeing double: Levels of processing can cause false memory. Canadian Journal of Experimental Psychology, 59, 11-16.
12. LINDSAY, D. S., HAGEN, L., READ, J. D., WADE, K. A., & GARRY, M. (2004). True photographs and false memories. Psychological Science, 15, 149-154.
13. LOFTUS, E. F., & PICKRELL, J. E. (1995). The formation of false memories. Psychiatric Annals, 25, 720-725.
14. MAZZONI, G. A. L., LOFTUS, E. F., & KIRSCH, I. (2001). Changing beliefs about implausible autobiographical events: A little plausibility goes a long way. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Applied, 7, 51-59.
15. MIDED, J. (1998). The photographic image and the digital truth. Unpublished master's thesis, University of Sussex.
16. NEISSER, U. (1986). Nested structure in autobiographical memory. In D. C. Rubin (Ed.), Autobiographical memory (pp. 71-81). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
17. NOURKOVA, V., BERNSTEIN, D. M., & LOFTUS, E. F. (2004). Biography becomes autobiography: Distorting the subjective past. American Journal of Psychology, 117, 65-80.
18. PAIVIO, A. (1971). Imagery and deep structure in the recall of English nominalizations. Journal of Verbal Learning & Verbal Behavior, 10, 1-12.
19. PILLEMER, D. B. (1998). Momentous events, vivid memories. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
20. PORTER, S., YUILLE, J. C., & LEHMAN, D. R. (1999). The nature of real, implanted and fabricated memories for emotional childhood events: Implications for the false memory debate. Law & Human Behavior, 23, 517-538.
21. READ, J. D., & LINDSAY, D. S. (2000). "Amnesia" for summer camps and high school graduation: Memory work increases reports of prior periods of remembering less. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 13, 129-147.
22. SINGER, J. A., & BLUCK, S. (2001). New perspectives on autobiographical memory: The integration of narrative processing and autobiographical reasoning. Review of General Psychology, 5, 91-99.
23. TVERSKY, A., & KAHNEMAN, D. (1973). Availability: A heuristic for judging frequency and probability. Cognitive Psychology, 5, 207-232.
24. VORNIK, L. A., SHARMAN, S. J., & GARRY, M. (2003). The power of the spoken word: Sociolinguistic cues influence the misinformation effect. Memory, 11, 101-109.
25. WADE, K. A. (2003). [False memory reports categorized using Hyman and Billings' (1998) false memory categories]. Unpublished raw data.
26. WADE, K. A., GARRY, M., READ, J. D., & LINDSAY, D. S. (2002). A picture is worth a thousand lies: Using false photographs to create false childhood memories. Psychonomic Bulletin & Review, 9, 597-603.
27. WHITTLESEA, B. W. A. (1993). Illusions of familiarity. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, & Cognition, 19, 12351253.
28. WILSON, T. D., & LAFLEUR, S. J. (1995). Knowing what you'll do: Effects of analyzing reasons on self-prediction. Journal of Personality & Social Psychology, 68, 21-35.
29. WILSON, T. D., & SCHOOLER, J. W. (1991). Thinking too much: Introspection can reduce the quality of preferences and decisions. Journal of Personality & Social Psychology, 60, 181-192.
30. WINKIELMAN, P., SCHWARZ, N., & BELLI, R. F. (1998). The role of ease of retrieval and attribution in memory judgments: Judging your memory as worse despite recalling more events. Psychological Science, 9, 124-126.