Historical and dialectical perspectives on the archaeology of complexity in the Siin-Saalum (Senegal): Back to the future?

African Archaeological Review

Volumn 26, Issue 2, 2009, Pages 75-135

  Richard, François G ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO   (United States)

Author keywords

Archaeology; Complexity; Dialectics; Intellectual history; Senegal

Indexed keywords

EID: 67649413051     PISSN: 02630338     EISSN: 15729842     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1007/s10437-009-9050-8     Document Type: Review

References (338)

1. Amselle, J.-L. (1990). Mestizo logics: Anthropology of identity in Africa and elsewhere. Stanford: Stanford University Press.
2. Amselle, J.-L. (1993). Anthropology and historicity. History and Theory, 32, 12-31.
3. Amselle, J.-L., & M'Bokolo, E. (eds). (1985). Au coeur de l'ethnie: Ethnies, tribalisme et état en Afrique. Paris: Éditions La Découverte.
4. Andah, B. W. (1995a). European encumbrances to the development of relevant theory in African archaeology. In P. Ucko (Ed.), Theory in archaeology: A world perspective, pp. 96-109. New York: Routledge.
5. Andah, B. W. (1995b). Studying African societies in cultural context. In P. R. Schmidt & T. C. Patterson (Eds.), Making alternative histories: The practice of archaeology and history in non-western settings, pp. 149-181. Santa Fe: School of American Research Press.
6. Appadurai, A. (ed). (1986). The social life of things. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
7. Arnold, J. (ed.) (1996). Emergent complexity: The evolution of intermediate societies. International monographs in prehistory, Archaeological series 9, Ann Arbor.
8. Asad, T. (1973). Introduction. In T. Asad (Ed.), Anthropology and the colonial encounter, pp. 9-19. New York: Humanities.
9. Audouze, F., & Leroi-Gourhan, A. (1981). France: A continental insularity. World Archaeology, 13, 170-189.
10. Ba, M., Descamps, C., & Thilmans, G. (1997). Fouille d'un tumulus à Ndiamon-Badat (Îles du Saloum, Sénégal). Saint-Louis, Lille, Liège, 3, 1-14.
11. Barry, B. (1972). Le royaume du Walo, 1659-1859: Le Sénégal avant la conquête. Paris: Maspéro.
12. Barry, B. (1998). Senegambia and the Atlantic slave trade. New York: Cambridge University Press.
13. Bates, R. H., Mudimbe, V. Y., & O'Barr, J. (1993). Introduction. In R. H. Bates, V. Y. Mudimbe & J. O'Barr (Eds.), Africa and the disciplines: The contribution of research in Africa to the social sciences and humanities, pp. xi-xxiii. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
14. Bathily, A. (1976). Aux origines de l'Africanisme: Le rôle de l'oeuvre ethno-historique de Faidherbe dans la conquête du Sénégal. Cahiers Jussieu, 2, 77-105.
15. Bathily, A. (1989). Les portes de l'or. Le royaume de Galam (Sénégal) de l'ère musulmane au temps des négriers (VIIIe-XVIIIe siècle). Éditions l'Harmattan, Paris.
16. Becker, C., & Martin, V. (1972). Notes sur les traditions orales et les sources écrites concernant le royaume du Sine. Bulletin de l'IFAN (B), 34(4), 732-777.
17. Becker, C., & Martin, V. (1981). Essai sur l'histoire du Saalum. Revue Sénégalaise d'Histoire, 2(1), 3-24.
18. Becker, C., & Martin, V. (1982a). Rites de sépulture préislamiques au Sénégal et vestiges protohistoriques. Archives Suisses d'Anthropologie Générale, 46, 261-293.
19. Becker, C., & Martin, V. (1982b). Vestiges, peuplements, et civilisations protohistoriques de la Sénégambie. historiques des recherches sur la protohistoire sénégambienne. Kaolack: C.N.R.S.
20. Bernault, F. (1999). L'Afrique et la modernité des sciences sociales. Annales de la Faculté de Lettres et Sciences Humaines, 29, 73-87.
21. Bessac, H. (1953). Contribution à l'étude des buttes à coquillages du Saloum (Sénégal). Notes Africaines, 57, 1-4.
22. Bocoum, H. (1990). Contribution à la connaissance de Takrour. Annales de la Faculté de Lettres et Sciences Humaines, 20, 159-178.
23. Bocoum, H. (2000a). L'Âge de Fer au Sénégal: Histoire et archéologie. Nouakchott: CRIAA.
24. Bocoum, H. (2000b). Les cultures protohistoriques. In R. Vernet (Ed.), L'archéologie en Afrique de l'Ouest. Sahara et Sahel, pp. 277-292. Nouakchott: CRIAA.
25. Bocoum, H. (2000c). Stagnation économique et traite atlantique (l'exemple de la sidérurgie). In D. Samb (Ed.), Saint-Louis et l'esclavage, pp. 51-66. Dakar: IFAN-Cheikh Anta Diop.
26. Bocoum, H. (2002). Trajectoires archéologiques au Sénégal. In M.-C. Diop (Ed.), Le Sénégal Contemporain, pp. 184-213. Paris-Amsterdam: Karthala-Sephis.
27. Bocoum, H., & McIntosh, S. K. (2002). Fouilles à Sincu Bara, Moyenne Vallée du Sénégal. Excavations at Sincu Bara, Middle Senegal Valley (Senegal). Dakar: CRIAA, Université de Nouakchott-IFAN/Cheikh Anta Diop.
28. Boilat, P.-D. (1853). Esquisses Sénégalaises. Paris: Bertrand.
29. Chapman, R. (2003). Archaeologies of complexity. New York: Routledge.
30. Chavane, B. (1985). Villages de l'ancien Tekrour. Recherches archéologiques dans la Moyenne Vallée du Sénégal. Paris: Éditions Karthala.
31. Cissé, G., & Thilmans, G. (1968). À propos de la datation des mégalithes. Notes Africaines, 117, 13-17.
32. Clark, M., & Hietala, H. (2002). Complexity at the periphery: A spatial analytic approach to understanding settlement organization represented by nucleated site clusters, Inland Niger Delta, Mali. Paper presented the 2002 Conference of the Society of Africanist Archaeologists, Tucson, Arizona.
33. Cleuziou, S., Coudart, A., Demoule, J.-P., & Schnapp, A. (1991). The use of theory in French archaeology. In I. Hodder (Ed.), Archaeological theory in Europe: The last three decades, pp. 91-128. New York: Routledge.
34. Clos-Arceduc, A. (1962). Les tumulus de la région de Mbaké (Sénégal). Notes Africaines, 95, 88-91.
35. Cohen, W. (1980). The French encounter with Africans: White responses to Blacks, 1530-1880. Bloomington: Indiana University Press.
36. Cohen, D. W. (1994). The combing of history. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
37. Conklin, A. L. (1997). A Mission to civilize: The Republican idea of the Empire in France and West Africa, 1895-1930. Stanford: Stanford University Press.
38. Conrad, D. C., & Frank, B. E. (eds). (1995). Status and identity in West Africa: Nyamakalaw of Mande. Bloomington: Indiana Press University.
39. Cooper, F. (1993). Africa and the world economy. In F. Cooper, A. F. Isaacman, F. E. Mallon, W. Roseberry & S. J. Stern (Eds.), Confronting historical paradigms: Peasants, labor, and the capitalist world system in Africa and Latin America, pp. 84-201. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press.
40. Cooper, F. (2005). Colonialism in question: Theory, knowledge, history. Berkeley: University of California Press.
41. Corbeil, R., Mauny, R., & Charbonnier, J. (1948). Préhistoire et protohistoire de la presqu'île du Cap-Vert et de l'extrème ouest sénégalais. Bulletin de l'IFAN, 10, 378-460.
42. Crowder, M. (1972). Senegal: A study in French assimilation policy. New York: Oxford University Press.
43. Cruise O'Brien, D., Diop, M.-C., & Diouf, M. (2002). La construction de l'État au Sénégal. Paris: Éditions Karthala.
44. Crumley, C. L. (1987). A dialectical critique of hierarchy. In T. C. Patterson & C. W. Gailey (Eds.), Power relations and state formation, pp. 155-169. Washington: American Anthropological Association.
45. Crumley, C. L. (1995). Heterarchy and the analysis of complex societies. In R. M. Ehrenreich, C. L. Crumley & J. E. Levy (Eds.), Heterarchy and the analysis of complex societies, pp. 1-5. Arlington: American Anthropological Association.
46. Crumley, C. L., & Marquardt, W. H. (Eds.) (1987). Regional dynamics: Burgundian landscapes in historical perspective. San Diego: Academic Press.
47. Crumley, C. L., & Marquardt, W. H. (1990). Landscape: A unifying concept in regional analysis. In K. M. S. Allen, S. W. Green & E. B. W. Zubrow (Eds.), Interpreting space: GIS and archaeology, pp. 73-79. New York: Taylor & Francis.
48. Curtin, P. D. (1964). The image of Africa: British ideas and actions, 1780-1850. Madison: University of Wisconsin.
49. David, N. (1992). Integrating ethnoarchaeology: A subtle realist perspective. Journal of Anthropological Archaeology, 11(4), 330-359.
50. David, N., & Sterner, J. (1999). Wonderful society: The Burgess shale creatures, Mandara polities, and the nature of prehistory. In S. K. McIntosh (Ed.), Beyond chiefdoms: Paths to complexity in Africa, pp. 97-109. New York: Cambridge University Press.
51. David, N., Gavua, S., MacEachern, A. S., & Sterner, J. (1991). Ethnicity and material culture in North Cameroon. Canadian Journal of Archaeology, 15, 171-177.
52. de Barros, P. (1988). Societal repercussions of the rise of large-scale traditional iron production: A West African example. African Archaeological Review, 6, 91-113.
53. de Barros, P. (1990). Changing paradigms, goals & methods in the archaeology of francophone Africa. In P. Robertshaw (Ed.), A history of African archaeology, pp. 155-172. Portsmouth: Heinemann.
54. de Barros, P. (2001). The effects of the slave trade on the Bassar ironworking society of Togo. In C. R. DeCorse (Ed.), West Africa during the Atlantic slave trade: Archaeological perspectives, pp. 59-80. London: Leicester University Press.
55. DeCorse, C. R. (1989). Material aspects of Limba, Yalunka and Kuranko ethnicity: Archaeological research in Northeastern Sierra Leone. In S. Shennan (Ed.), Archaeological approaches to cultural identity, pp. 125-140. London: Unwin Hyman.
56. DeCorse, C. R. (ed). (2001). West Africa during the Atlantic slave trade: Archaeological perspectives. London: Leicester University Press.
57. DeCorse, C. R., Richard, F. G., & Thiaw, I. (2003). Toward a systematic bead description system: A view from the Lower Falemme, Senegal. Journal of African Archaeology, 1(1), 77-109.
58. Delafosse, M. (1900). Sur des traces probables de civilisation égyptienne et d'hommes de race blanche à la Côte d'Ivoire. L'Anthropologie, 11, 677-683.
59. Delafosse, M. (1912). Haut-Sénégal-Niger, Volume II. Paris: Larose.
60. Delafosse, M. (1922). Les Noirs de l'Afrique. Paris: Payot.
61. Delafosse, M. (1924). Le Gâna et le Mali et l'emplacement de leurs capitales. Bulletin du Comité d'Études Historiques et Scientifiques de l'AOF, 7, 479-542.
62. Dème, A. A. (1998). Archaeological investigation of long-term socio-political process in the Middle Senegal Valley. Paper presented at the 1998 Conference of the Society of Africanist Archaeologists, Syracuse, New York.
63. Dème, A. A. (2002). New archaeological research on social complexity and regional organization in the Middle Senegal Valley: Preliminary results from Walaldé (Senegal). Paper presented at the 2002 Conference of the Society of Africanist Archaeologists, Tucson, Arizona.
64. Dème, A. (2003). Archaeological investigations of settlement and emerging complexity in the middle Senegal Valley. Unpublished Ph.D. Thesis, Rice University.
65. Dème, A., & McIntosh, S. K. (2006). Excavations at Walaldé: New light on the settlement of the Middle Senegal Valley by iron-using peoples. Journal of African Archaeology, 4(2), 317-347.
66. Denbow, J. (1999). Material culture and the dialectics of identity in the Kalahari, 700-1700. In S. K. McIntosh (Ed.), Beyond chiefdoms: Pathways to complexity in Africa, pp. 110-123. New York: Cambridge University Press.
67. Descamps, C. (1979). Sites protohistoriques de la Sénégambie. Annales de la Faculté des Lettres et Sciences Humaines de Dakar, 9, 303-313.
68. Descamps, C., & Thilmans, G. (1979). Les tumulus coquilliers des îles du Saloum (Sénégal). Bulletin de l'ASEQUA, 54-55, 81-91.
69. Descamps, C., & Thilmans, G. (2001). Fouille de tumulus coquillier à Djouta (îles du Saloum, Sénégal). Paper presented at the XIème Congrès UISPP, Liège, September 3-8 2001.
70. Descamps, C., Thilmans, G., & Thommeret, Y. (1974). Données sur l'édification de l'amas coquillier de Dioron Boumak (Sénégal). Bulletin de l'ASEQUA, 41, 67-83.
71. Descamps, C., Thilmans, G., Thommeret, J., Thommeret, Y., & Hauptman, E. E. (1977). Données sur l'âge et la vitesse d'édification de l'amas coquillier de Faboura (Sénégal). Bulletin de l'ASEQUA, 51, 23-34.
72. Devisse, J. (1981). La recherche archéologique et sa contribution à l'histoire de l'Afrique. Recherche, Pédagogie et Culture, 55, 2-8.
73. Devisse, J. (ed). (1983). Tegdaoust III: Recherches sur Aoudaghost. Campagnes 1960-1965. Enquêtes générales. Paris: Éditions Recherches sur les Civilisations.
74. Dieng, S. (1980). Contribution à l'étude des amas coquilliers de Joal-Fadiout. Unpublished Masters Thesis, Université Cheikh-Anta Diop, Dakar.
75. Dietler, M. (1998). Consumption, agency, and cultural entanglement: Theoretical implications of a Mediterranean colonial encounter. In J. Cusick (Ed.), Studies in culture contact: Interaction, culture change and archaeology, pp. 288-315. Carbondale: Center of Archaeological Investigation.
76. di Leonardo, M. (1998). Exotics at home: Anthropologies, others, American modernity. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
77. Diop, C. A. (1973). Introduction à l'étude des migrations en Afrique Centrale et Occidentale: Identification du berceau nilotique sénégalais. Bulletin de l'IFAN (B), 35, 769-792.
78. Diop, C. A. (1979). Nations nègres et culture. Dakar: Nouvelles Éditions Africaines.
79. Diop, B. (1985). Les sites archéologiques du Baol. Approche ethnographique. Sites dits protohistoriques, villages désertés ou gents. Unpublished Masters Thesis, Université Cheikh Anta Diop, Dakar.
80. Diop, C. A. (1987). L'Afrique Noire pré-coloniale (Secondth ed.). Paris: Présence Africaine.
81. Diop, B. (1996-1998). Habitats et occupation du sol dans l'espace sénégambien (Ier-XVIIIe siècles). Évolution des recherches et perspectives. Revue Sénegalaise d'Histoire, Nouvelle Série, 2-3, 45-71.
82. Diop, B. (1997a). Les villages désertés de l'espace sénégambien. Contribution à l'histoire de l'habitat et de l'occupation du sol. Archéoafrica, 1(2), 35-44.
83. Diop, B. (1997b). Traite négrière, désertions rurales, et occupation du sol dans l'arrière-pays de Gorée. In D. Samb (Ed.), Gorée et l'esclavage, pp. 137-153. Dakar: IFAN-Cheikh Anta Diop.
84. Diop, B. (2000). L'impact de la traite négrière sur l'habitat en pays Wolof. In D. Samb (Ed.), Saint-Louis et l'esclavage, pp. 177-195. Dakar: IFAN-Cheikh Anta Diop.
85. Diop, M.-C., & Diouf, M. (1990). Le Sénégal sous Abdou Diouf. État et société. Paris: Éditions Karthala.
86. Dirks, N. B. (1996). Is vice versa? Historical anthropologies and anthropological histories. In T. J. McDonald (Ed.), The historic turn in the human sciences, pp. 17-51. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press.
87. Duchemin, M. L. C. (1905). Les mégalithes de la Gambie. L'Anthropologie, 16, 633-638.
88. Duchemin, M. L. C. (1906). Tumulus de la Gambie. Bulletin et Mémoires de la Société d'Anthropologie de Paris, 7, 25-64.
89. Duchet, M. (1971). Anthropologie et histoire au siècle des Lumières. Paris: François Maspéro.
90. Ellison, J., Robertshaw P., Gifford-Gonzalez, D., McIntosh, R. J., Stahl, A. B., DeCorse, C. R., et al. (eds.) (1996). The future of African archaeology. African Archaeological Review, 13(1), 5-34.
91. Ehrenreich, R. M., Crumley, C. L., & Levy, J. E. (eds). (1995). Heterarchy and the analysis of complex societies. Arlington: American Anthropological Association.
92. Fabian, J. (1983). Time and the other: How anthropology makes its other. New York: Columbia University Press.
93. Fall, Y. (1982). Silla: La problématique d'un site de la vallée du fleuve du Sénégal. Archives Suisses d'Anthropologie Générale, 46(2), 199-216.
94. Fall, Y. (1988). L'histoire et les historiens dans l'Afrique contemporaine. In R. Rémond (Ed.), Être historien aujourd'Hui, pp. 180-218. Paris: UNESCO.
95. Feinman, G. M., & Nicholas, L. M. (eds). (2004). Archaeological perspectives on political economies. Salt Lake City: University of Utah Press.
96. Ferguson, J. (2006). Global shadows: Africa in the Neoliberal World Order. Durham: Duke University Press.
97. Filipowiak, W. (1979). Études archéologiques sur la capitale médiévale du Mali. Szcecin: Museum Narodowe.
98. Fisher, C. T. & Thurston, T. L. (eds.) (1999). Special section. Dynamic landscapes and socio-political process: The topography of anthropogenic environments in global perspective. Antiquity, 73, 630-688.
99. Fuglestad, F. (1992). The Trevor-Roper trap or the imperialism of history. An essay. History in Africa, 19, 309-326.
100. Gallay, A. (2006). Le mégalithisme sénégambien: Une approche logiciste. In: Descamps, C., and A. Camara (eds.), Senegalia. Études sur le patrimoine ouest-africain. Hommage à Guy Thilmans. Saint-Maur-des-Fossés: Éditions SÉPIA, pp. 205-223.
101. Gallay, A., Pignat, G., & Curdy, P. (1982). Mbolop Tobé, Santhiou Kohel (Sénégal): Contribution à la connaissance du mégalithisme sénégambien. Archives Suisses d'Anthropologie Générale, 46, 217-259.
102. Gamble, C. (1993). Ancestors and agendas. In N. Yoffee & A. Sherratt (Eds.), Archaeological theory: Who sets the agenda?, pp. 39-52. New York: Cambridge University Press.
103. Gard, J., & Mauny, R. (1961). Découverte de tumulus dans la région de Diourbel (Sénégal). Notes Africaines, 89, 10-11.
104. Garenne-Marot, L. (1993). Archéologie d'un métal: Le cuivre en Sénégambie entre le Xe et le XIVe siècle. Unpublished Ph.D. Thesis, Université de Paris I, Panthéon-Sorbonne.
105. Gasser, G. (2002). "Manger ou s'en aller:" Que veulent les opposants armés casamançais? In M.-C. Diop (Ed.), Le Sénegal contemporain, pp. 459-498. Paris: Éditions Karthala.
106. Gledhill, J. (1994). Power and its disguises: Anthropological perspectives on politics. London: Pluto Press.
107. Gosden, C. (1994). Social being and time. London: Blackwell.
108. Gosden, C., & Head, L. (1994). Landscape: A usefully ambiguous concept. Archaeology in Oceania, 29, 113-116.
109. Gravrand, H. (1981). Le Gabou dans les traditions orales Sereer et Guélwar. Éthiopiques, No Spécial, 40-59.
110. Gravrand, H. (1983). Cosaan: Les origins. Dakar: Les Nouvelles Éditions Africaines du Sénégal.
111. Gravrand, H. (1990). Pangool: Le génie religieux Sereer. Dakar: Les Nouvelles Éditions Africaines du Sénégal.
112. Grosz-Ngaté, M. (1988). Power and knowledge: The representation of the Mande world in the works of Park, Caillié, Monteil, and Delafosse. Cahiers d'Études Africaines, 28(3-4), 485-511.
113. Guèye, N. S. (1991). Étude de la céramique subactuelle et de ses rapports avec la céramique de Cuballel. Unpublished Masters Thesis, Université Cheikh Anta Diop, Dakar.
114. Guèye, N. S. (1998). Poteries et peuplements de la Moyenne Vallée du Fleuve Sénégal du XVIe au XXe siècle: Approche ethnoarchéologique et ethnohistorique. Unpublished Ph.D. thesis, Université de Paris X, Nanterre.
115. Guèye, N. S. (2002a). Ethnoarchéologie, ethnohistoire et interprétation de la distribution des poteries de la moyenne vallée du fleuve Séńgal du XVe au XXe siècle. Nyame Akuma, 57, 21-32.
116. Guèye, N. S. (2002b). Female handicraft and globalization: Change and resistance in ceramic production. The case study of the Middle Senegal River Valley (XVI-XX centuries). Paper presented at the SEPHIS Conference on "Globalization and its Discontents, Revisited," Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, June 2002.
117. Guèye, N. S. (2002c). Les datations du site de Thiélel: Évaluation des implications sur la question du peuplement de la moyenne vallée du fleuve Sénégal. Paper presented at the 2002 Conference of the Society of Africanist Archaeologists, Tucson, Arizona.
118. Hall, M. (1984). The burden of tribalism: The social context of southern African Iron Age studies. American Antiquity, 49, 455-467.
119. Hall, M. (1990). 'Hidden history': Iron Age archaeology in southern Africa. In P. Robertshaw (Ed.), A history of African archaeology, pp. 59-77. Portsmouth: Heinemann.
120. Hamy, E. T. (1904). Quelques observations sur les tumulus de la Vallée de la Gambie présentées à l'occasion d'une exploration récente de M. le Capitaine Duchemin. Académie des Inscriptions et Belles-Lettres - Compte-Rendu des Séances 1904, 560-569.
121. Haraway, D. J. (1991). Situated knowledges: The science question in feminism and the privilege of partial perspective. In D. J. Haraway (Ed.), Simians, cyborgs, and women: The reinvention of nature, pp. 183-201. New York: Routledge.
122. Harding, S. (1987). The science question in feminism. Ithaca: Cornell University Press.
123. Harvey, D. (1996). Justice, nature & the geography of difference. London: Blackwell.
124. Hassan, F. (1999). African archaeology: The call of the future. African Affairs, 98, 393-406.
125. Hegel, G. W. F. (1956). The philosophy of history. New York: Dover Publications, Inc.
126. Hinchman, M. (2000). African rococo: House and portrait in eighteenth-century senegal. Unpublished Ph.D. thesis, University of Chicago.
127. Holl, A. (1985a). Background to the Ghana Empire: Archaeological investigations on the transition to statehood in the Dhar Tichitt Region (Mauritania). Journal of Anthropological Archaeology, 4, 73-115.
128. Holl, A. (1985b). Subsistence patterns of the Dhar Tichitt Neolithic, Mauritania. African Archaeological Review, 3, 151-162.
129. Holl, A. (1990). West African archaeology: Colonialism & nationalism. In P. Robertshaw (Ed.), A history of African archaeology, pp. 296-308. Portsmouth: Heinemann.
130. Holl, A. (1994). The cemetery of Houlouf in northern Cameroon (AD 1500-1600): Fragments of a past social system. African Archaeological Review, 12, 133-170.
131. Holl, A. (1995). African history: Past, present, and future. The unending quest for alternatives. In P. R. Schmidt & T. C. Patterson (Eds.), Making alternative histories: The practice of archaeology and history in non-western settings, pp. 183-211. Santa Fe: School of American Research Press.
132. Holl, A. (2004). Holocene Saharans: An anthropological perspective. London: Continuum.
133. Holl, A., & Bocoum, H. (2006). Variabilité des pratiques funéraires dans le mégalithisme sénégambien: Le cas de Sine-Ngayène. In: Descamps, C., and A. Camara (eds.), Senegalia. Études sur le patrimoine ouest-africain. Hommage à Guy Thilmans (pp. 224-234). Saint-Maur-des-Fossés: Éditions SÉPIA.
134. Holl, A., Bocoum, H., Dueppen, S., & Gallagher, D. (2007). Switching mortuary codes and ritual programs: The double-monolith-circle from Sine-Ngayène, Senegal. Journal of African Archaeology, 5(1), 127-148.
135. Hubert, H. (1922). Objects anciens de l'Afrique Occidentale. Bulletin du Comité d'Études Historiques et Scientifiques de l'AOF, 5, 382-399.
136. Hubert, H. (1925). Description d'objets néolithiques de l'Afrique Occidentale française. Bulletin du Comité d'Études Historiques et Scientifiques de l'AOF, 8, 262-297.
137. Insoll, T. (2003). The archaeology of Islam in sub-Saharan Africa. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
138. Jewsiewicki, B., & Mudimbe, V. Y. (1993). Africans' memories and contemporary histories in Africa. History and Theory, 32, 1-11.
139. Joire, J. (1947). Amas de coquillages du littoral sénégalais dans la banlieue de Saint-Louis. Bulletin de l'IFAN, 9(1-4), 170-340.
140. Joire, J. (1955). Découvertes archéologiques dans la région de Rao (Bas-Sénégal). Bulletin de l'IFAN (B), 17(3-4), 249-333.
141. Jouenne, P. (1916). Les monuments mégalithiques du Sénégal. Annuaire et Mémoires du Comité d'Études Historiques et Scientifiques de l'AOF 1916-1917, 27-36.
142. Jouenne, P. (1917). Les monuments mégalithiques du Sénégal (suite). Annuaire et Mémoires du Comité d'Études Historiques et Scientifiques de l'AOF 1916-1917, 311-327.
143. Jouenne, P. (1918). Les monuments mégalithiques du Sénégal. Bulletin du Comité d'Études Historiques et Scientifiques de l'AOF, 1, 57-86.
144. Jouenne, P. (1920). Les roches gravées du Sénégal. Bulletin du Comité d'Études Historiques et Scientifiques de l'AOF, 1, 1-42.
145. Jouenne, P. (1930). Les monuments mégalithiques du Sénégal, les roches gravées, et leur interprétation cultuelle. Bulletin du Comité d'Études Historiques et Scientifiques de l'AOF, 3, 309-399.
146. Junker, L. L. (1999). Raiding, trading, and feasting: The political economy of Philippine chiefdoms. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press.
147. Kankpeyeng, B., & DeCorse, C. (2004). Ghana's vanishing past: Development, antiquities and the destruction of the archaeological record. African Archaeological Review, 21(2), 89-128.
148. Karady, V. (1982). Le problème de la légitimité dans l'organisation historique de l'ethnologie française. Revue Française de Sociologie, 23, 17-35.
149. Kibunjia, M. (1997). The management of archaeological collections and resources in Africa. African Archaeological Review, 14(3), 137-141.
150. Kopytoff, I. (1987). The internal African frontier: The making of African political culture. In I. Kopytoff (Ed.), The African frontier: The reproduction of traditional African societies, pp. 3-84. Bloomington: Indiana University Press.
151. Kopytoff, I. (1999). Permutations in patrimonialism and populism: The Aghem chiefdoms of Western Cameroon. In S. K. McIntosh (Ed.), Beyond chiefdoms: Paths to complexity in Africa, pp. 88-96. New York: Cambridge University Press.
152. Kristiansen, K., & Rowlands, M. (1998). Social transformations in archaeology: Global and local perspectives. New York: Routledge.
153. Kusimba, C. M., & Kusimba, S. B. (eds). (2003). East African archaeology: Foragers, traders, potters, smiths, and traders. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Museum of Archaeology and Anthropology.
154. Laclau, E. (1996). Universalism, particularism, and the question of identity. In E. N. Wilmsen & P. McAllister (Eds.), The politics of difference: Ethnic premises in a world of power, pp. 45-58. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
155. Laforgue, P. (1925). État actuel de nos connaissances sur la Préhistoire en Afrique Occidentale française. Bulletin du Comité d'Études Historiques et Scientifiques de l'AOF, 8, 105-171.
156. Laforgue, P., & Mauny, R. (1938). Contribution à la préhistoire du Cap-Vert. Bulletin du Comité d'Études Historiques et Scientifiques de l'AOF, 31, 523-543.
157. Lane, P. (2001). African archaeology today. Antiquity, 75, 793-796.
158. Lasnet, Dr., Cligny, A., Chevalier, A., & Rambaud, P. (1900). Une mission au Sénégal: Ethnographie - Botanique - Zoologie - Géologie. Augustin Challamel, Éditeur, Paris.
159. LaViolette, A., & Fleisher, J. (2005). The archaeology of sub-Saharan urbanism: Cities and their countrysides. In A. B. Stahl (Ed.), African archaeology: A Critical introduction, pp. 327-352. Malden: Blackwell.
160. Lawson, A. (2003). Megaliths and Mande states: Sociopolitical change in the Gambia Valley over the past two millennia. Unpublished Ph.D. Thesis, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor.
161. Leclerc, G. (1972). Anthropologie et colonialisme: Essai sur l'histoire de l'Africanisme. Paris: Librairie Arthème Fayard.
162. Lefèbvre, H. (1991). The production of space. Malden, MA: Blackwell Publishers.
163. Levins, R. (1990). Toward the renewal of science. Rethinking Marxism, 3(3-4), 101-125.
164. Linares de Sapir, O. (1971). Shell middens of Lower Casamance and problems of Diola prehistory. West African Journal of Archaeology, 1, 23-54.
165. Mabulla, A. Z. P. (2000). Strategy for cultural heritage management (CHM) in Africa: A case study. African Archaeological Review, 17(4), 211-233.
166. MacEachern, A. S. (1993). Selling the iron for their shackles: Wandala-Montagnard interactions in northern Cameroon. Journal of African History, 34, 247-270.
167. MacEachern, A. S. (1994). 'Symbolic reservoirs' and intergroup relations: West African examples. African Archaeological Review, 12, 205-223.
168. MacEachern, A. S. (1998). Scale, style, and cultural variation: Technological traditions in the Northern Mandara Mountains. In M. T. Stark (Ed.), The archaeology of social boundaries, pp. 107-131. Washington: Smithsonian Institution Press.
169. MacEachern, A. S. (2001a). Cultural resource management and Africanist archaeology. Antiquity, 75, 866-871.
170. MacEachern, A. S. (2001b). State formation and enslavement in the southern Lake Chad basin. In C. R. DeCorse (Ed.), West Africa during the Atlantic slave trade: Archaeological perspectives, pp. 131-151. London: Leicester University Press.
171. MacEachern, A. S. (2005). Two thousand years of West African history. In A. B. Stahl (Ed.), African archaeology: A Critical introduction, pp. 441-466. Malden: Blackwell Publishing.
172. Maës, E. (1924). Note sur les pierres taillées et gravées, sur les pierres alignées et sur une muraille de pierres en ruines situées près du village de Tundidaro (Sudan français). Bulletin du Comité d'Études Historiques et Scientifiques de l'AOF, 7(1), 31-39.
173. Manchuelle, F. (1995). Assimilés ou patriotes africains? Naissance du nationalisme culturel en Afrique française (1853-1931). Cahiers d'Études Africaines, 35(2-3), 333-368.
174. Manchuelle, F. (1996). The 'Regeneration of Africa:' An important and ambiguous concept in the 18th and 19th century French thinking about Africa. Cahiers d'Études Africaines, 36(4), 559-588.
175. Mapunda, B., & Lane, P. (2004). Archaeology for whose interest - archaeologists or the locals? In N. Merriman (Ed.), Public archaeology, pp. 211-233. New York: Routledge.
176. Mark, P. (1980). Fetishers, 'Marybuckes' and the Christian norm: European images of Senegambians and their religions, 1550-1760. African Studies Review, 23(2), 91-99.
177. Marquardt, W. H. (1992). Dialectical archaeology. Archaeological Method and Theory, 4, 101-140.
178. Marquardt, W. H., & Crumley, C. L. (1987). Theoretical issues in the analysis of spatial patterning. In C. L. Crumley & W. H. Marquardt (Eds.), Regional dynamics: Burgundian landscapes in historical perspective, pp. 1-18. San Diego: Academic Press.
179. Martin, V., & Becker, C. (1974). Vestiges protohistoriques et occupation humaine au Sénégal. Annales de Démographie Historique, 1974, 403-429.
180. Martin, V., & Becker, C. (1977). Sites protohistoriques de la Sénégambie. In R. Van Chi (Ed.), Atlas national du Sénégal, pp. 48-51. Paris: IGN.
181. Martin, V., & Becker, C. (1978a). Les sites et leur répartition géographique. Kaolack (roneo): C.N.R.S.
182. Martin, V., & Becker, C. (1978b). Sites et monuments protohistoriques de Sénégambie (Données numériques concernant la zone des tumulus et la zone mégalithique. Kaolack (roneo): C.N.R.S.
183. Martin, V., & Becker, C. (1979). Documents pour servir à l'histoire des îles du Saalum. Bulletin de l'IFAN (B), 41(4), 722-771.
184. Martin, V., & Becker, C. (1984). Inventaire des sites protohistoriques du Sénégal. Kaolack: C.N.R.S.
185. Marut, J.-C. (2002). Le problème casamançais est-il soluble dans l'État-nation? In M.-C. Diop (Ed.), Le Sénegal contemporain, pp. 425-458. Paris: Éditions Karthala.
186. Mauny, R. (1947). Une route à travers le Sahara Occidental. Bulletin de l'IFAN, 9(1-4), 341-357.
187. Mauny, R. (1953). Les recherches archéologiques en AOF, particuliérement de 1938 à 1952. Bulletin de l'IFAN, 15, 859-870.
188. Mauny, R. (1957a). L'aire des mégalithes "sénégambiens". Notes Africaines, 73, 1-3.
189. Mauny, R. (1957b). Buttes artificielles de coquillages de Joal-Fadioute. Notes Africaines, 75, 73-78.
190. Mauny, R. (1961). Tableau géographique de l'Ouest Africain au Moyen-Âge d'après les sources 'ecrites, la tradition, et l'archéologie. Dakar: Mémoires de l'Institut Français d'Afrique Noire.
191. Mbembe, A. (2001). On the postcolony. Berkeley: University of California Press.
192. Mbodj, M., & Diouf, M. (1986). Senegalese historiography: Present practices and future perspectives. In B. Jewsiewicki & D. Newbury (Eds.), African historiographies: What history for which Africa?, pp. 207-214. Beverly Hills: Sage.
193. Mbow, M.-A. (1997). Les amas coquilliers du Delta du Sénégal: Étude ethnoarchéologique, Unpublished Ph.D. Thesis, Université Paris I, Panthéon-Sorbonne.
194. McCaskie, T. C. (1995). State and society in pre-colonial Asante. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
195. McGlade, J. (1999). The times of history: Archaeology, narrative, and non-linear causality. In T. Murray (Ed.), Time and archaeology, pp. 139-163. New York: Routledge.
196. McGuire, R. H. (1992). A Marxist archaeology. New York: Academic.
197. McGuire, R. H., O'Donovan, M., & Wurst, L. (2001). Probing praxis: The last eighty years. Paper presented at the 2001 annual meeting of the American Anthropological Association in Washington, D.C.
198. McIntosh, R. J. (1993a). The pulse model: Genesis and accommodation of specialization in the Middle Niger. Journal of African History, 34(2), 181-220.
199. McIntosh, S. K. (1993b). Archaeological heritage management and inventory systems in Africa. Journal of Field Archaeology, 20, 500-504.
200. McIntosh, S. K. (1994). Changing perceptions of West Africa's past: Archaeological research since 1988. Journal of Archaeological Research, 2(2), 165-198.
201. McIntosh, S. K. (ed.) (1995). Excavations at Jenné-Jeno, Hambarketolo, and Kaniana (Inland Niger Delta, Mali), the 1981 season. Publications in Anthropology, Volume 20. Berkeley: University of California Press.
202. McIntosh, R. J. (1998a). The peoples of the Middle Niger. Malden: Blackwell.
203. McIntosh, S. K. (1998b). A tale of two floodplains: Comparative perspectives on the emergence of complex societies and urbanism in the Middle Niger and Senegal Valley. In: P. Sinclair (Ed.), East African urban origins in world perspective: Proceedings of the second WAC Intercongress. (http://www.arkeologi.uu.se/afr/projects/BOOK/Mcintosh/ mcintosh.htm).
204. McIntosh, S. K. (1999a). Floodplains and the development of complex society: Comparative Perspectives from the West African semi-arid tropics. In E. A. Bacus & L. J. Lucero (Eds.), Complex polities in the ancient tropical world. Archaeological Papers of the American Anthropological Association, pp. 151-165.
205. McIntosh, S. K. (1999b). Pathways to complexity: An African perspective. In S. K. McIntosh (Ed.), Beyond chiefdoms: Paths to complexity in Africa, pp. 1-30. New York: Cambridge University Press.
206. McIntosh, S. K. (1999c). Modeling political organization in large-scale settlement clusters: A case study from the Inland Niger Delta, Mali. In S. K. McIntosh (Ed.), Beyond chiefdoms: Paths to complexity in Africa, pp. 66-79. New York: Cambridge University Press.
207. McIntosh, S. K. (ed). (1999d). Beyond chiefdoms: Pathways to complexity in Africa. New York: Cambridge University Press.
208. McIntosh, S. K. (2001). Tools for understanding transformation and continuity in Senegambian society. In C. R. DeCorse (Ed.), West Africa during the Atlantic slave trade: Archaeological perspectives, pp. 14-37. London: Leicester University Press.
209. McIntosh, S. K., & McIntosh, R. J. (1984). The early city in West Africa: Towards an understanding. African Archaeological Review, 2, 73-98.
210. McIntosh, R. J., & McIntosh, S. K. (1988a). From Siècles Obscurs to revolutionary centuries in the Middle Niger. World Archaeology, 20(1), 141-165.
211. McIntosh, S. K., & McIntosh, R. J. (1988b). From stone to metal: New perspectives on the later prehistory of West Africa. Journal of World Prehistory, 2(1), 89-133.
212. McIntosh, S. K., & McIntosh, R. J. (1993a). Cities without citadels: Understanding urban origins along the Middle Niger. In T. Shaw, P. Sinclair, B. Andah & A. Okpoko (Eds.), The archaeology of Africa: Food, metals, and towns, pp. 622-641. London: Routledge.
213. McIntosh, S. K., & McIntosh, R. J. (1993b). Field survey in the tumulus zone of Senegal. African Archaeological Review, 11, 73-107.
214. McIntosh, S. K., & Bocoum, H. (1998). An 800-year cultural sequence at Sincu Bara: Evaluating the Implications. Paper presented at the 1998 Conference of the Society of Africanist Archaeologists. New York: Syracuse.
215. McIntosh, S. K., & Bocoum, H. (2000). New perspectives on Sincu Bara, a first millennium site in the Senegal Valley. African Archaeological Review, 17(1), 1-43.
216. McIntosh, S. K., McIntosh, R. J., & Bocoum, H. (1992). The Middle Senegal Valley project: Preliminary results from the 1990-91 field season. Nyame Akuma, 38, 47-61.
217. McIntosh, R. J., McIntosh, S. K., & Togola, T. (1993). People without history. Archaeology, 42(1), 74-80. 107.
218. Meskell, L. (2002). The intersections of of identity and politics in archaeology. Annual Review of Anthropology, 31, 297-301.
219. Mitchell, D. (1995). There's no such thing as culture. Transactions of the Institute of British Geographers, 20, 101-116.
220. Mitchell, D. (1996). Cultural geography: A critical introduction. Oxford: Blackwell.
221. Mitchell, P. (2005). African connections: Archaeological perspectives on Africa and the wider world. New York: Altamira.
222. Monod, T. (1938). De fameux mangeurs de coquilles. Notes Africaines, 4, 11.
223. Mudimbe, V. Y. (1988). The invention of Africa: Gnosis, philosophy, and the order of knowledge. Bloomington: Indiana University Press.
224. Mudimbe, V. Y. (1994). The idea of Africa. Bloomington: Indiana University Press.
225. Murray, T. (1993). Communication and the importance of disciplinary communities: Who owns the past? In N. Yoffee & A. Sherratt (Eds.), Archaeological theory: Who sets the agenda?, pp. 105-115. New York: Cambridge University Press.
226. Murray, T. (1999). A return to the Pompeii premise. In T. Murray (Ed.), Time and archaeology, pp. 8-27. New York: Routledge.
227. Musonda, F. B. (1990). African archaeology: Looking forward. African Archaeological Review, 8, 3-22.
228. Neale, C. (1985). Writing "independent" history: African historiography, 1960-1980. Westport: Greenwood.
229. Neale, C. (1986). The idea of progress in the revision of African history, 1960-1980. In B. Jewsiewicki & D. Newbury (Eds.), African historiographies: What history for which Africa?, pp. 112-122. Beverly Hills: Sage.
230. Norman, N., & Kelly, K. G. (2004). Landscape politics: The serpent ditch and the rainbow in West Africa. American Anthropologist, 106(1), 98-110.
231. Notes Africaines 90 (1960).
232. Olivier, L. (1999). The origin of French archaeology. Antiquity, 73, 176-183.
233. Olivier, L., & Coudart, A. (1995). French tradition and the central place of history in the human sciences: Preamble to a dialogue between Robinson Crusoe and his Man Friday. In P. Ucko (Ed.), Theory in archaeology: A world perspective, pp. 363-381. London: Routledge.
234. Ollman, B. (1993). Dialectical investigations. New York: Routledge.
235. Orser, C. (1996). A historical archaeology of the Modern World. New York: Plenum.
236. Palmer, S. H. R. (1939). Stone circles in the Gambia Valley. Journal of the Royal Institute of Great Britain and Ireland, 69, 273-283.
237. Parker, H. (1923). Stone circles in Gambia. Journal of the Royal Institute of Great Britain and Ireland, 53, 173-228.
238. Pauketat, T. (2001). Practice and history in archaeology: An emerging paradigm. Anthropological Theory, 1(1), 73-98.
239. Pauketat, T. (2004). The economy of the moment: Cultural practices and Mississippian chiefdoms. In G. M. Feinman & L. M. Nicholas (Eds.), Archaeological perspectives on political economies, pp. 25-44. Salt Lake City: University of Utah Press.
240. Paynter, R. (1989). The archaeology of equality and inequality. Annual Review of Anthropology, 18, 369-399.
241. Pélissier, P. (1966). Les paysans du Sénégal: Les civilisations agraires du Cayor à la Casamance. Saint-Yrieix: Imprimerie Fabrègue.
242. Pondopoulo, A. (1996). La construction de l'altérité ethnique peule dans l'oeuvre de Faidherbe. Cahiers d'Études Africaines, 36(3), 421-441.
243. Pondopoulo, A. (1997). L'étude des sociétés africaines dans le Bulletin du Comité d'Études Historiques et Scientifiques de l'́Afrique Occidentale Française. In C. Becker, S. Mbaye & I. Thioub (Eds.), AOF: Réalités et héritages. Sociétés ouest-africaines et ordre colonial, 1895-1960, pp. 723-732. Dakar: Direction des Archives du Sénegal.
244. Posnansky, M. (1982). African archaeology comes of age. World Archaeology, 13(3), 345-358.
245. Pradines, S. (1996). Les tumulus funéraires sénégambiens (Sénégal). (http://www.senegalaisement.com/body/tumulus.htm).
246. Pradines, S. (1997). Céramique en pays Sereer et tumulus sénégambiens. Internet Archaeology 3, (http://intarch.ac.uk/issue3/pradines_toc.html).
247. Pwiti, G., & Ndioro, W. (1999). The legacy of colonialism: Perceptions of the cultural heritage in Southern Africa, with special reference to Zimbabwe. African Archaeological Review, 16(3), 143-153.
248. Raimbault, M. (1981). Les recherches archéologiques au Mali: Historique, bilan, problèmes et perspectives. Recherche, Pédagogie et Culture, 9, 16-25.
249. Ranger, T. (1978). Growing from the roots: Reflections on peasant research in Central and Southern Africa. Journal of Southern African Studies, 5(1), 99-133.
250. Reid, A., & Lane, P. (2004). African historical archaeologies: An introductory consideration of scope and potential. In A. Reid & P. Lane (Eds.), African historical archaeologies, pp. 1-32. New York: Kluwer Academic/Plenum Publishers.
251. Richard, F. G. (2007). From cosaan to colony: Exploring archaeological landscape formations and socio-political complexity in the Siin (Senegal), AD 500-1900. Unpublished Ph.D. Thesis, Syracuse University.
252. Richard, F. G. (2009). Of despotic kings and powerless peasants? (Dis) ambiguating power in Siin (Senegal) during the Atlantic era. Paper presented at the "Excavating the Past: Archaeological Perspectives on Black Atlantic Regional Networks" Conference, Clark Library (UCLA), Los Angeles, California (April 3-4, 2009).
253. Richard, F. G. (n.d.a). Atlantic transformations and cultural landscapes in the Senegambia: An alternative view from the Siin. To appear in State and Society in Atlantic West Africa: Archaeologies of Landscape and Region, edited by J. Cameron Monroe and A. Ogundiran.
254. Richard, F. G. (n.d.b). Re-charting Atlantic encounters: Object trajectories and histories of value in the Siin (Senegal) and Senegambia. Archaeological Dialogues.
255. Robert, D. (1970). Les fouilles de Tegdaoust. Journal of African History, 11(4), 471-493.
256. Robertshaw, P. (ed). (1990). A history of African archaeology. Portsmouth: Heinemann.
257. Robertshaw, P. (1994). Archaeological survey, ceramic analysis, and state formation in Western Uganda. African Archaeological Review, 12, 105-131.
258. Robertshaw, P. (1999). Seeking and keeping power in Bunyoro-Kitara, Uganda. In S. K. McIntosh (Ed.), Beyond chiefdoms: Paths to complexity in Africa, pp. 124-135. New York: Cambridge University Press.
259. Roseberry, W. (1989). Anthropology and histories: Essays in culture, history, and political economy. New Brunswick: Rutgers University Press.
260. Rowlands, M. (1994). The politics of identity in archaeology. In G. Bond & A. Gilliam (Eds.), Social construction of the past: Representation as power, pp. 129-143. London: Routledge.
261. Saitta, D. (1989). Dialectics, critical inquiry and archaeology. In V. Pinsky & A. Wylie (Eds.), Critical traditions in contemporary archaeology: Essays in the philosophy, history and socio-politics of archaeology, pp. 38-43. Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press.
262. Sall, M. (2001). Identités, peuplement et traditions céramiques en Sénégambie. Ethnographie comparée et reconstitution historique. Unpublished Ph.D. Thesis, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Bruxelles.
263. Sall, M. (2002). Projet Meter (Métiers de la terre): Valoriser et promouvoir l'artisanat 'traditionnel' au Sénégal. Unpublished Manuscript, Brussels.
264. Samb, D. (ed). (1997). Gorée et l'esclavage. Dakar: IFAN-Cheikh Anta Diop.
265. Scarre, C. (1999). Archaeological theory in France and Britain. Antiquity, 73, 155-161.
266. Schmidt, P. R. (1995). Using archaeology to remake history in Africa. In P. R. Schmidt & T. C. Patterson (Eds.), Making alternative histories: The practice of archaeology and history in non-western settings, pp. 119-147. Santa Fe: School of American Research Press.
267. Schmidt, P. R., & Patterson, T. C. (1995). Introduction: From constructing to making alternative histories. In P. R. Schmidt & T. C. Patterson (Eds.), Making alternative histories: The practice of archaeology and history in non-western settings, pp. 1-24. Santa Fe: School of American Research Press.
268. Schmidt, P. R., & McIntosh, R. J. (eds). (1996). Plundering Africa's past. Bloomington: Indiana University Press.
269. Senghor, L. S. (1964). Liberté I. Négritude et humanisme. Paris: Éditions du Seuil.
270. Senghor, L. S. (1977). Liberté III. Négritude et civilisation de l'universel. Paris: Éditions du Seuil.
271. Shaw, T. (1989). African archaeology: Looking back and looking forward. African Archaeological Review, 7, 3-31.
272. Shaw, T. (1997). The contemporary plundering of Africa's past. African Archaeological Review, 14(1), 1-7.
273. Shennan, S. (1993). After social evolution: A new archaeological agenda? In N. Yoffee & A. Sherratt (Eds.), Archaeological theory: Who sets the agenda?, pp. 53-59. New York: Cambridge University Press.
274. Shepherd, N. (2002). The politics of archaeology in Africa. Annual Review of Anthropology, 31, 189-209.
275. Simersen, J. (1990). Value orientation in historical research and writing: The colonial period in African history. History in Africa, 17, 267-282.
276. Sinopoli, C. (2003). The political economy of craft production: Crafting empire in South India, c.1350-1650. New York: Cambridge University Press.
277. Sowumni, M. A. (1997). Beyond academic archaeology in Africa: The human dimension. African Archaeological Review, 15(3), 163-171.
278. Smith, A. (2003). The political landscape: Constellations of authority in early complex polities. Berkeley: University of California Press.
279. Stahl, A. B. (1993). Concepts of time and approaches to analogical reasoning in historical perspective. American Antiquity, 58(2), 235-260.
280. Stahl, A. B. (1994). Change and continuity in the Banda area, Ghana: The direct historical approach. Journal of Field Archaeology, 21(2), 181-203.
281. Stahl, A. B. (1998). What is the use of archaeology in historical anthropology? Plenary paper presented at the 30th Annual Chacmool Conference, Department of Archaeology, University of Calgary, November 1998.
282. Stahl, A. B. (1999a). The archaeology of global encounters viewed from Banda, Ghana. African Archaeological Review, 16(1), 5-81.
283. Stahl, A. B. (1999b). Perceiving variability in time and space: The evolutionary mapping of African societies. In S. K. McIntosh (Ed.), Beyond chiefdoms: Paths to complexity in Africa, pp. 39-55. New York: Cambridge University Press.
284. Stahl, A. B. (2001). Making history in Banda: Reflections on historical anthropology and the construction of Africa's past. New York: Cambridge University Press.
285. Stahl, A. B. (2002). Colonial entanglements and the practices of taste: An alternative to logocentric approaches. American Anthropologist, 104(3), 827-845.
286. Stahl, A. B. (2004a). Comparative insights into the ancient political economies of West Africa. In G. M. Feinman & L. M. Nicholas (Eds.), Archaeological perspectives on political economies, pp. 253-270. Salt Lake City: University of Utah Press.
287. Stahl, A. B. (2004b). Political economic mosaics: Archaeology of the last two millennia in tropical sub-Sahran Africa. Annual Review of Anthropology, 33, 145-172.
288. Stahl, A. B. (ed). (2005a). African archaeology: A Critical introduction. Malden: Blackwell.
289. Stahl, A. B. (2005b). Introduction: Changing perspectives on Africa's pasts. In A. B. Stahl (Ed.), African archaeology: A Critical introduction, pp. 1-23. Malden: Blackwell.
290. Stahl, A. B., & Cruz, M. D. (1998). Men and women in a market economy: Gender and craft production in west central Ghana, c. 1775-1995. In S. Kent (Ed.), Gender in African prehistory, pp. 205-226. Walnut Creek: Altamira.
291. Stein, G. (2002). From passive periphery to active agents: Emerging perspectives in the archaeology of interreginal interaction. American Anthropologist, 104(3), 903-916.
292. Sterner, J. (1989). Who is signaling whom? Ceramic style, ethnicity, and taphonomy among the Irak Bulahay. Antiquity, 63, 451-459.
293. Sterner, J. (1991). Who is signaling whom? Ceramic style, ethnicity, and taphonomy among the Irak Bulahay. Antiquity, 63, 451-459.
294. Stocking, G. W. (1968). Race, culture, and evolution: Essays in the history of anthropology. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
295. Stocking, G. W. (1987). Victorian anthropology. New York: Free.
296. Thiam, M. (1991). La céramique au Sénégal: Archéologie et histoire. Unpublished Ph.D. Thesis, Université Paris I, Panthéon-Sorbonne.
297. Thiaw, I. (1999). An archeological investigation of long-term culture change in the Lower Falemmé (Upper Senegal Region), A.D. 500-1900. Unpublished Ph.D. Thesis, Rice University, Houston.
298. Thiaw, I. (2000). L'impact de la traite des noirs dans le Haut Fleuve du Sénégal: Archéologie des interactions afro-européennes dans le Gajaaga et le Buundu aux XVIIIe et XIXe siècles. In D. Samb (Ed.), Saint-Louis et l'esclavage, pp. 129-137. Dakar: IFAN-Cheikh Anta Diop.
299. Thiaw, I. (2002a). Archaeological reconnaissance in Gorée (Sénégal): Preliminary results. Paper presented at the 2002 Conference of the Society of Africanist Archaeologists, Tucson, Arizona.
300. Thiaw, I. (2002b). Every house has a story: The archaeology of Gorée Island, Senegal. Paper presented at the South-South Workshop on "The Trans-Atlantic Construction of Notions of "Race," Black Culture, Blackness, and Antiracism: Towards a New Dialogue between Researchers in Africa, Latin America, and the Caribbean, CODESRIA/Sephis, Gorée Island, November 2002.
301. Thiaw, I. (2003a). Archaeology and the public in Senegal: Reflections on doing fieldwork at home. Journal of African Archaeology, 1(2), 215-225.
302. Thiaw, I. (2003b). The Gorée Archaeological Project (GAP): Preliminary results. Nyame Akuma, 60, 27-35.
303. Thiaw, I. (2007). Le cri de coeur d'un archéologiste. Le Quotidien, No. 1351, 9.
304. Thiaw, I. (2008). Every house has a story. In L. Sansone, É. Soumonni, & B. Barry (Eds.), Africa, Brazil and the construction of transatlantic black identities, pp. 45-62. Trenton, NJ: Africa World Press.
305. Thilmans, G. (2006). La grande batterie de Gorée: Recherches archéologiques et historiques. Gorée: Éditions du Musée Historique du Sénégal.
306. Thilmans, G., & Descamps, C. (1974). Les sites mégalithiques de Tiékène-Boussoura (Sénégal). Fouilles de 1973-1974. Bulletin de l'IFAN (B), 36(3), 447-496.
307. Thilmans, G., & Descamps, C. (1975). Les sites mégalithiques de Tiékène-Boussoura (Sénégal). Fouilles de 1974-1975. Bulletin de l'IFAN (B), 37 (2), 259-306.
308. Thilmans, G., & Descamps, C. (1982). Amas et tumulus coquilliers du delta du Saloum. In: Recherches scientifiques dans les parcs nationaux du Sénégal. Mémoire IFAN No. 92, IFAN, Dakar, pp. 32-50.
309. Thilmans, G., & Descamps, C. (2006). Fouille d'un tumulus à Ndalane (région de Kaolack, Sénégal). In C. Descamps & A. Camara (Eds.), Senegalia. Études sur le patrimoine ouest-africain. Hommage à Guy Thilmans, pp. 235-238. Saint-Maur-des-Fossés: Éditions SÉPIA.
310. Thilmans, G., Descamps, C. & Khayat, B. (1980). Protohistoire du Sénégal. recherches archéologiques. Tome I. Les sites mégalithiques. Mémoire de l'Institut Fondamental d'Afrique Noire No 91*, IFAN, Dakar.
311. Thilmans, G. & Ravisé, A. (1980). Protohistoire du Sénégal. Recherches archéologiques. Tome II. Sintiou-Bara et les sites du fleuve. Mémoire de l'Institut Fondamental d'Afrique Noire No 91**, IFAN, Dakar.
312. Thioub, I. (2002). L'école de Dakar et la production d'une écriture académique de l'histoire. In M. C. Diop (Ed.), Le Sénégal contemporain, pp. 109-153. Paris-Amsterdam: Karthala-Sephis.
313. Thomas, N. (1989). Out of time: History and evolution in anthropological discourse. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
314. Thomas, N. (1991). Entangled objects: Exchange, material culture and colonialism in the Pacific. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.
315. Thomassey, P., & Mauny, R. (1951). Campagne de fouilles à Koumbi Saleh. Bulletin de l'IFAN, 13(2), 348-362.
316. Thomassey, P., & Mauny, R. (1956). Campagne de fouilles de 1950 à Koumbi Saleh (Ghana?). Bulletin de l'IFAN, 18(1-2), 117-140.
317. Thurston, T. L. (2001). Landscapes of power, landscapes of conflict: State formation in the south Scandinavian Iron Age. New York: Kluwer Academic.
318. Todd, J. L. (1903). Notes on stone circles in Gambia. Man, 3, 164-166.
319. Todd, J. L., & Wolbach, G. B. (1911). Stone circles in the Gambia. Man, 11, 161-164.
320. Trigger, B. (1989). A history of archaeological thought. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
321. Trigger, B. G. (1990). The history of African archaeology in world perspective. In P. Robertshaw (Ed.), A history of African archaeology, pp. 309-319. Portsmouth: Heinemann.
322. Trouillot, M.-R. (1991). Anthropology and the savage slot: The poetics and politics of otherness. In R. Fox (Ed.), Recapturing anthropology: Working in the present, pp. 17-44. Santa Fe: School of America Research Press.
323. Trouillot, M.-R. (1995). Silencing the past: Power and the production of history. Boston: Beacon Press.
324. Trouillot, M.-R. (2003). Global transformations: Anthropology and the modern world. New York: Palgrave Macmillan.
325. Vanacker, C. (1979). Tegdaoust II. Fouille d'un quartier artisanal. Paris: Arts et Métiers Graphiques.
326. Van Hoten, E. (1990). Representing social hierarchy: Administrators-ethnographers in the French Sudan: Delafosse, Monteil, and Labouret. Cahiers d'Études Africaines, 30(2), 179-198.
327. Wilmsen, E. N. (1989). Land filled with flies: A political economy of the Kalahari. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
328. Wilmsen, E. N., & McAllister, P. (eds). (1996). The politics of difference: Ethnic premises in a world of power. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
329. Wolf, E. (1998). Europe and the people without history (2nd ed.). Berkeley: University of California Press.
330. Wright, D. (1999). "What do you mean there were no tribes in Africa?" Thoughts on boundaries - and related matters - in Precolonial Africa. History in Africa, 26, 409-426.
331. Wurst, L. (1999). Internalizing class in historical archaeology. Historical Archaeology, 33(1), 7-21.
332. Wylie, A. (1985). The reaction against analogy. Advances in Archaeological Method and Theory, 8, 63-111.
333. Wylie, A. (1992). The interplay of evidential constraints and political interests: Recent archaeological research on gender. American Antiquity, 57(1), 15-33.
334. Wylie, A. (1995). Alternative histories: Epistemic disunity and political integrity. In P. R. Schmidt & T. C. Patterson (Eds.), Making alternative histories: The practice of archaeology and history in non-western settings, pp. 255-272. Santa Fe: School of American Research Press.
335. Wylie, A. (1996). The constitution of archaeological evidence. In P. Galison & D. J. Stump (Eds.), The disunity of science. Boundaries, contexts, and power, pp. 311-343. Stanford: Stanford University Press.
336. Wylie, A. (1999). Why should historical archaeologists study capitalism? The logic of question and answer and the challenge of systemic analysis. In M. P. Leone & P. B. Potter (Eds.), Historical archaeologies of capitalism, pp. 23-50. New York: Plenum Press.
337. Yoffee, N. (1993). Too many chiefs? (Or, safe texts for the '90s). In N. Yoffee & S. Sherratt (Eds.), Archaeological theory: Who sets the agenda?, pp. 60-78. New York: Cambridge University Press.
338. Yoffee, N. (2005). The myth of the archaic state: Evolution of the earliest cities, states, and civilizations. New York: Cambridge University Press.