메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 4, Issue 6, 2009, Pages

First reported case of Cryptococcus gattii in the southeastern USA: Implications for travel-associated acquisition of an emerging pathogen

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

AMPHOTERICIN B; FLUCONAZOLE; FLUCYTOSINE;

EID: 67649215062     PISSN: None     EISSN: 19326203     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0005851     Document Type: Article
Times cited : (60)

References (60)
  • 2
    • 3142654211 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The challenge of emerging and reemerging infectious diseases
    • Morens DM, Folkers GK, Fauci AS (2004) The challenge of emerging and reemerging infectious diseases. Nature 430: 242-249.
    • (2004) Nature , vol.430 , pp. 242-249
    • Morens, D.M.1    Folkers, G.K.2    Fauci, A.S.3
  • 4
    • 0034680096 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Changing patterns of infectious disease
    • Cohen ML (2000) Changing patterns of infectious disease. Nature 406: 762-767.
    • (2000) Nature , vol.406 , pp. 762-767
    • Cohen, M.L.1
  • 6
    • 13144252236 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Multilocus sequence typing: A portable approach to the identification of clones within populations of pathogenic microorganisms
    • Maiden MC, Bygraves JA, Feil E, Morelli G, Russell JE, et al. (1998) Multilocus sequence typing: a portable approach to the identification of clones within populations of pathogenic microorganisms. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 95: 3140-3145.
    • (1998) Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A , vol.95 , pp. 3140-3145
    • Maiden, M.C.1    Bygraves, J.A.2    Feil, E.3    Morelli, G.4    Russell, J.E.5
  • 7
    • 0031750390 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Genetic diversity in the Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex based on variable numbers of tandem DNA repeats
    • Frothingham R, Meeker-O'Connell WA (1998) Genetic diversity in the Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex based on variable numbers of tandem DNA repeats. Microbiology 144 (Pt 5): 1189-1196.
    • (1998) Microbiology , vol.144 , Issue.PART 5 , pp. 1189-1196
    • Frothingham, R.1    Meeker-O'Connell, W.A.2
  • 8
    • 26944492175 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Comparative gene genealogies indicate that two clonal lineages of Cryptococcus gattii in British Columbia resemble strains from other geographical areas
    • Kidd SE, Guo H, Bartlett KH, Xu J, Kronstad JW (2005) Comparative gene genealogies indicate that two clonal lineages of Cryptococcus gattii in British Columbia resemble strains from other geographical areas. Eukaryot Cell 4: 1629-1638.
    • (2005) Eukaryot Cell , vol.4 , pp. 1629-1638
    • Kidd, S.E.1    Guo, H.2    Bartlett, K.H.3    Xu, J.4    Kronstad, J.W.5
  • 9
    • 33646193463 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Multilocus sequence typing reveals three genetic subpopulations of Cryptococcus neoformans var. grubii (serotype A), including a unique population in Botswana
    • Litvintseva AP, Thakur R, Vilgalys R, Mitchell TG (2006) Multilocus sequence typing reveals three genetic subpopulations of Cryptococcus neoformans var. grubii (serotype A), including a unique population in Botswana. Genetics 172: 2223-2238.
    • (2006) Genetics , vol.172 , pp. 2223-2238
    • Litvintseva, A.P.1    Thakur, R.2    Vilgalys, R.3    Mitchell, T.G.4
  • 10
    • 27644483074 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Same-sex mating and the origin of the Vancouver Island Cryptococcus gattii outbreak
    • Fraser JA, Giles SS, Wenink EC, Geunes-Boyer SG, Wright JR, et al. (2005) Same-sex mating and the origin of the Vancouver Island Cryptococcus gattii outbreak. Nature 437: 1360-1364.
    • (2005) Nature , vol.437 , pp. 1360-1364
    • Fraser, J.A.1    Giles, S.S.2    Wenink, E.C.3    Geunes-Boyer, S.G.4    Wright, J.R.5
  • 11
    • 39749182112 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Six monophyletic lineages identified within Cryptococcus neoformans and Cryptococcus gattii by multi-locus sequence typing
    • Bovers M, Hagen F, Kuramae EE, Boekhout T (2008) Six monophyletic lineages identified within Cryptococcus neoformans and Cryptococcus gattii by multi-locus sequence typing. Fungal Genet Biol 45: 400-421.
    • (2008) Fungal Genet Biol , vol.45 , pp. 400-421
    • Bovers, M.1    Hagen, F.2    Kuramae, E.E.3    Boekhout, T.4
  • 13
    • 34548456402 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Genetic diversity of Bartonella henselae in human infection detected with multispacer typing
    • Li W, Raoult D, Fournier PE (2007) Genetic diversity of Bartonella henselae in human infection detected with multispacer typing. Emerg Infect Dis 13: 1178-1183.
    • (2007) Emerg Infect Dis , vol.13 , pp. 1178-1183
    • Li, W.1    Raoult, D.2    Fournier, P.E.3
  • 16
    • 0036881280 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Kwon-Chung KJ, Boekhout T, Fell JW, Diaz M (2002) Proposal to conserve the name Cryptococcus gattii against C. hondurianus and C. bacillisporus (Basidiomycota, Hymenomycetes, Tremellomycetidae). Taxon 51: 804-806.
    • Kwon-Chung KJ, Boekhout T, Fell JW, Diaz M (2002) Proposal to conserve the name Cryptococcus gattii against C. hondurianus and C. bacillisporus (Basidiomycota, Hymenomycetes, Tremellomycetidae). Taxon 51: 804-806.
  • 17
    • 0035039544 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Cryptococcus neoformans variety gattii
    • Sorrell TC (2001) Cryptococcus neoformans variety gattii. Med Mycol 39: 155-168.
    • (2001) Med Mycol , vol.39 , pp. 155-168
    • Sorrell, T.C.1
  • 18
    • 34548670266 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • First contemporary case of human infection with Cryptococcus gattii in Puget Sound: Evidence for spread of the Vancouver Island outbreak
    • Upton A, Fraser JA, Kidd SE, Bretz C, Bartlett KH, et al. (2007) First contemporary case of human infection with Cryptococcus gattii in Puget Sound: evidence for spread of the Vancouver Island outbreak. J Clin Microbiol 45: 3086-3088.
    • (2007) J Clin Microbiol , vol.45 , pp. 3086-3088
    • Upton, A.1    Fraser, J.A.2    Kidd, S.E.3    Bretz, C.4    Bartlett, K.H.5
  • 19
    • 10344226208 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A rare genotype of Cryptococcus gattii caused the cryptococcosis outbreak on Vancouver Island (British Columbia, Canada)
    • Kidd SE, Hagen F, Tscharke RL, Huynh M, Bartlett KH, et al. (2004) A rare genotype of Cryptococcus gattii caused the cryptococcosis outbreak on Vancouver Island (British Columbia, Canada). Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 101: 17258-17263.
    • (2004) Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A , vol.101 , pp. 17258-17263
    • Kidd, S.E.1    Hagen, F.2    Tscharke, R.L.3    Huynh, M.4    Bartlett, K.H.5
  • 20
    • 33846084770 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Spread of Cryptococcus gattii in British Columbia, Canada, and detection in the Pacific Northwest, USA
    • MacDougall L, Kidd SE, Galanis E, Mak S, Leslie MJ, et al. (2007) Spread of Cryptococcus gattii in British Columbia, Canada, and detection in the Pacific Northwest, USA. Emerg Infect Dis 13: 42-50.
    • (2007) Emerg Infect Dis , vol.13 , pp. 42-50
    • MacDougall, L.1    Kidd, S.E.2    Galanis, E.3    Mak, S.4    Leslie, M.J.5
  • 21
    • 41049096607 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The emergence of Cryptococcus gattii in British Columbia and the Pacific Northwest
    • Bartlett KH, Kidd SE, Kronstad JW (2008) The emergence of Cryptococcus gattii in British Columbia and the Pacific Northwest. Curr Infect Dis Rep 10: 58-65.
    • (2008) Curr Infect Dis Rep , vol.10 , pp. 58-65
    • Bartlett, K.H.1    Kidd, S.E.2    Kronstad, J.W.3
  • 22
    • 85059568854 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Molecular evidence that the Vancouver Island Cryptococcus gattii outbreak has expanded into the United States Pacific Northwest
    • Feb 16
    • Byrnes EJ 3rd, Bildfell R, Frank SA, Mitchell TG, Marr KA, et al. (2009) Molecular evidence that the Vancouver Island Cryptococcus gattii outbreak has expanded into the United States Pacific Northwest. J Inf Dis; Published online Feb 16, 2009.
    • (2009) J Inf Dis; Published online
    • Byrnes 3rd, E.J.1    Bildfell, R.2    Frank, S.A.3    Mitchell, T.G.4    Marr, K.A.5
  • 23
    • 58249117855 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Cryptococcus gattii with bimorphic colony types in a dog in western Oregon: Additional evidence for expansion of the Vancouver Island outbreak
    • Byrnes EJ 3rd, Bildfell RJ, Dearing PL, Valentine BA, Heitman J (2009) Cryptococcus gattii with bimorphic colony types in a dog in western Oregon: additional evidence for expansion of the Vancouver Island outbreak. J Vet Diagn Invest 21: 133-136.
    • (2009) J Vet Diagn Invest , vol.21 , pp. 133-136
    • Byrnes 3rd, E.J.1    Bildfell, R.J.2    Dearing, P.L.3    Valentine, B.A.4    Heitman, J.5
  • 24
    • 33646587331 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Do major species concepts support one, two or more species within Cryptococcus neoformans?
    • Kwon-Chung KJ, Varma A (2006) Do major species concepts support one, two or more species within Cryptococcus neoformans? FEMS Yeast Res 6: 574-587.
    • (2006) FEMS Yeast Res , vol.6 , pp. 574-587
    • Kwon-Chung, K.J.1    Varma, A.2
  • 25
    • 0016975799 scopus 로고
    • A new species of Filobasidiella, the sexual state of Cryptococcus neoformans B and C serotypes
    • Kwon-Chung KJ (1976) A new species of Filobasidiella, the sexual state of Cryptococcus neoformans B and C serotypes. Mycologia 68: 943-946.
    • (1976) Mycologia , vol.68 , pp. 943-946
    • Kwon-Chung, K.J.1
  • 26
    • 0035052207 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Hybrid genotypes in the pathogenic yeast Cryptococcus neoformans
    • Boekhout T, Theelen B, Diaz M, Fell JW, Hop WC, et al. (2001) Hybrid genotypes in the pathogenic yeast Cryptococcus neoformans. Microbiology 147: 891-907.
    • (2001) Microbiology , vol.147 , pp. 891-907
    • Boekhout, T.1    Theelen, B.2    Diaz, M.3    Fell, J.W.4    Hop, W.C.5
  • 28
    • 0021266798 scopus 로고
    • Epidemiologic differences between the two varieties of Cryptococcus neoformans
    • Kwon-Chung KJ, Bennett JE (1984) Epidemiologic differences between the two varieties of Cryptococcus neoformans. Am J Epidemiol 120: 123-130.
    • (1984) Am J Epidemiol , vol.120 , pp. 123-130
    • Kwon-Chung, K.J.1    Bennett, J.E.2
  • 29
    • 0036808442 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Multispecies outbreak of cryptococcosis on southern Vancouver Island, British Columbia
    • Stephen C, Lester S, Black W, Fyfe M, Raverty S (2002) Multispecies outbreak of cryptococcosis on southern Vancouver Island, British Columbia. Can Vet J 43: 792-794.
    • (2002) Can Vet J , vol.43 , pp. 792-794
    • Stephen, C.1    Lester, S.2    Black, W.3    Fyfe, M.4    Raverty, S.5
  • 30
    • 23944474612 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Prevalence of clinical isolates of Cryptococcus gattii serotype C among patients with AIDS in Sub-Saharan Africa
    • Litvintseva AP, Thakur R, Reller LB, Mitchell TG (2005) Prevalence of clinical isolates of Cryptococcus gattii serotype C among patients with AIDS in Sub-Saharan Africa. J Infect Dis 192: 888-892.
    • (2005) J Infect Dis , vol.192 , pp. 888-892
    • Litvintseva, A.P.1    Thakur, R.2    Reller, L.B.3    Mitchell, T.G.4
  • 32
    • 11844302909 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Cryptococcus neoformans isolates from transplant recipients are not selected for resistance to calcineurin inhibitors by current immunosuppressive regimens
    • Blankenship JR, Singh N, Alexander BD, Heitman J (2005) Cryptococcus neoformans isolates from transplant recipients are not selected for resistance to calcineurin inhibitors by current immunosuppressive regimens. J Clin Microbiol 43: 464-467.
    • (2005) J Clin Microbiol , vol.43 , pp. 464-467
    • Blankenship, J.R.1    Singh, N.2    Alexander, B.D.3    Heitman, J.4
  • 33
    • 0036159780 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Cryptococcosis in a bottlenose dolphin (Tursiops truncatus) caused by Cryptococcus neoformans var. gattii
    • Miller WG, Padhye AA, van Bonn W, Jensen E, Brandt ME, et al. (2002) Cryptococcosis in a bottlenose dolphin (Tursiops truncatus) caused by Cryptococcus neoformans var. gattii. J Clin Microbiol 40: 721-724.
    • (2002) J Clin Microbiol , vol.40 , pp. 721-724
    • Miller, W.G.1    Padhye, A.A.2    van Bonn, W.3    Jensen, E.4    Brandt, M.E.5
  • 34
    • 0025801879 scopus 로고
    • Environmental isolation of Cryptococcus gattii from California
    • Pfeiffer T, Ellis D (1991) Environmental isolation of Cryptococcus gattii from California. J Infect Dis 163: 929-930.
    • (1991) J Infect Dis , vol.163 , pp. 929-930
    • Pfeiffer, T.1    Ellis, D.2
  • 35
    • 13844253695 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Comparative analysis of environmental and clinical populations of Cryptococcus neoformans
    • Litvintseva AP, Kestenbaum L, Vilgalys R, Mitchell TG (2005) Comparative analysis of environmental and clinical populations of Cryptococcus neoformans. J Clin Microbiol 43: 556-564.
    • (2005) J Clin Microbiol , vol.43 , pp. 556-564
    • Litvintseva, A.P.1    Kestenbaum, L.2    Vilgalys, R.3    Mitchell, T.G.4
  • 36
    • 55549120560 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Tourism and specific risk areas for Cryptococcus gattii, Vancouver Island, Canada
    • Chambers C, MacDougall L, Li M, Galanis E (2008) Tourism and specific risk areas for Cryptococcus gattii, Vancouver Island, Canada. Emerg Infect Dis 14: 1781-1783.
    • (2008) Emerg Infect Dis , vol.14 , pp. 1781-1783
    • Chambers, C.1    MacDougall, L.2    Li, M.3    Galanis, E.4
  • 38
    • 4644359310 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A comparison of the nature and abundance of microsatellites in 14 fungal genomes
    • Lim S, Notley-McRobb L, Lim M, Carter DA (2004) A comparison of the nature and abundance of microsatellites in 14 fungal genomes. Fungal Genet Biol 41: 1025-1036.
    • (2004) Fungal Genet Biol , vol.41 , pp. 1025-1036
    • Lim, S.1    Notley-McRobb, L.2    Lim, M.3    Carter, D.A.4
  • 39
    • 0033555906 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Tandem repeats finder: A program to analyze DNA sequences
    • Benson G (1999) Tandem repeats finder: a program to analyze DNA sequences. Nucleic Acids Res 27: 573-580.
    • (1999) Nucleic Acids Res , vol.27 , pp. 573-580
    • Benson, G.1
  • 40
    • 36448991500 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Larkin MA, Blackshields G, Brown NP, Chenna R, McGettigan PA, et al, 2007 Clustal W and Clustal X version 2.0. Bioinformatics 23: 2947-2948
    • Larkin MA, Blackshields G, Brown NP, Chenna R, McGettigan PA, et al. (2007) Clustal W and Clustal X version 2.0. Bioinformatics 23: 2947-2948.
  • 41
    • 34249882487 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The human fungal pathogen Cryptococcus can complete its sexual cycle during a pathogenic association with plants
    • Xue C, Tada Y, Dong X, Heitman J (2007) The human fungal pathogen Cryptococcus can complete its sexual cycle during a pathogenic association with plants. Cell Host Microbe 1: 263-273.
    • (2007) Cell Host Microbe , vol.1 , pp. 263-273
    • Xue, C.1    Tada, Y.2    Dong, X.3    Heitman, J.4
  • 42
    • 21544465310 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Galleria mellonella as a model system to study Cryptococcus neoformans pathogenesis
    • Mylonakis E, Moreno R, El Khoury JB, Idnurm A, Heitman J, et al. (2005) Galleria mellonella as a model system to study Cryptococcus neoformans pathogenesis. Infect Immun 73: 3842-3850.
    • (2005) Infect Immun , vol.73 , pp. 3842-3850
    • Mylonakis, E.1    Moreno, R.2    El Khoury, J.B.3    Idnurm, A.4    Heitman, J.5
  • 43
    • 0037316648 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Clonal reproduction and limited dispersal in an environmental population of Cryptococcus neoformans var gattii isolates from Australia
    • Halliday CL, Carter DA (2003) Clonal reproduction and limited dispersal in an environmental population of Cryptococcus neoformans var gattii isolates from Australia. J Clin Microbiol 41: 703-711.
    • (2003) J Clin Microbiol , vol.41 , pp. 703-711
    • Halliday, C.L.1    Carter, D.A.2
  • 44
    • 33646545663 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The pursuit of cryptococcal pathogenesis: Heterologous hosts and the study of cryptococcal host-pathogen interactions
    • London R, Orozco BS, Mylonakis E (2006) The pursuit of cryptococcal pathogenesis: heterologous hosts and the study of cryptococcal host-pathogen interactions. FEMS Yeast Res 6: 567-573.
    • (2006) FEMS Yeast Res , vol.6 , pp. 567-573
    • London, R.1    Orozco, B.S.2    Mylonakis, E.3
  • 45
    • 33746287716 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Using non-mammalian hosts to study fungal virulence and host defense
    • Fuchs BB, Mylonakis E (2006) Using non-mammalian hosts to study fungal virulence and host defense. Curr Opin Microbiol 9: 346-351.
    • (2006) Curr Opin Microbiol , vol.9 , pp. 346-351
    • Fuchs, B.B.1    Mylonakis, E.2
  • 46
    • 61949322731 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Identification of ENA1 as a virulence gene of the human pathogenic fungus Cryptococcus neoformans through signature-tagged insertional mutagenesis
    • Jan 16
    • Idnurm A, Walton FJ, Floyd A, Reedy JL, Heitman J (2009) Identification of ENA1 as a virulence gene of the human pathogenic fungus Cryptococcus neoformans through signature-tagged insertional mutagenesis. Eukaryot Cell;Online ahead of print Jan 16, 2009.
    • (2009) Eukaryot Cell;Online ahead of print
    • Idnurm, A.1    Walton, F.J.2    Floyd, A.3    Reedy, J.L.4    Heitman, J.5
  • 48
    • 67649155520 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Cryptococcus gattii: An emerging pathogenic fungus in Western North America
    • Submitted
    • Datta K, Bartlett K, Baer R, Byrnes E, Galanis E, et al. (2009) Cryptococcus gattii: an emerging pathogenic fungus in Western North America. Emerg Infect Dis; Submitted.
    • (2009) Emerg Infect Dis
    • Datta, K.1    Bartlett, K.2    Baer, R.3    Byrnes, E.4    Galanis, E.5
  • 49
    • 0029939336 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Concordance of clinical and environmental isolates of Cryptococcus neoformans var. gattii by random amplification of polymorphic DNA analysis and PCR fingerprinting
    • Sorrell TC, Chen SC, Ruma P, Meyer W, Pfeiffer TJ, et al. (1996) Concordance of clinical and environmental isolates of Cryptococcus neoformans var. gattii by random amplification of polymorphic DNA analysis and PCR fingerprinting. J Clin Microbiol 34: 1253-1260.
    • (1996) J Clin Microbiol , vol.34 , pp. 1253-1260
    • Sorrell, T.C.1    Chen, S.C.2    Ruma, P.3    Meyer, W.4    Pfeiffer, T.J.5
  • 50
    • 23844548532 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Clonality and recombination in genetically differentiated subgroups of Cryptococcus gattii
    • Campbell LT, Currie BJ, Krockenberger M, Malik R, Meyer W, et al. (2005) Clonality and recombination in genetically differentiated subgroups of Cryptococcus gattii. Eukaryot Cell 4: 1403-1409.
    • (2005) Eukaryot Cell , vol.4 , pp. 1403-1409
    • Campbell, L.T.1    Currie, B.J.2    Krockenberger, M.3    Malik, R.4    Meyer, W.5
  • 51
    • 0142139348 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Isolation of two molecular types of Cryptococcus neoformans var. gattii from insect frass
    • Kidd SE, Sorrell TC, Meyer W (2003) Isolation of two molecular types of Cryptococcus neoformans var. gattii from insect frass. Med Mycol 41: 171-176.
    • (2003) Med Mycol , vol.41 , pp. 171-176
    • Kidd, S.E.1    Sorrell, T.C.2    Meyer, W.3
  • 52
    • 33845863713 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Evidence for the dispersal of a unique lineage from Asia to America and Africa in the sugarcane fungal pathogen Ustilago scitaminea
    • Raboin LM, Selvi A, Oliveira KM, Paulet F, Calatayud C, et al. (2007) Evidence for the dispersal of a unique lineage from Asia to America and Africa in the sugarcane fungal pathogen Ustilago scitaminea. Fungal Genet Biol 44: 64-76.
    • (2007) Fungal Genet Biol , vol.44 , pp. 64-76
    • Raboin, L.M.1    Selvi, A.2    Oliveira, K.M.3    Paulet, F.4    Calatayud, C.5
  • 53
    • 0142216112 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Recapitulation of the sexual cycle of the primary fungal pathogen Cryptococcus neoformans var. gattii: Implications for an outbreak on Vancouver Island, Canada
    • Fraser JA, Subaran RL, Nichols CB, Heitman J (2003) Recapitulation of the sexual cycle of the primary fungal pathogen Cryptococcus neoformans var. gattii: implications for an outbreak on Vancouver Island, Canada. Eukaryot Cell 2: 1036-1045.
    • (2003) Eukaryot Cell , vol.2 , pp. 1036-1045
    • Fraser, J.A.1    Subaran, R.L.2    Nichols, C.B.3    Heitman, J.4
  • 54
    • 42249111385 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Evidence of recombination in mixed-mating-type and alpha-only populations of Cryptococcus gattii sourced from single eucalyptus tree hollows
    • Saul N, Krockenberger M, Carter D (2008) Evidence of recombination in mixed-mating-type and alpha-only populations of Cryptococcus gattii sourced from single eucalyptus tree hollows. Eukaryot Cell 7: 727-734.
    • (2008) Eukaryot Cell , vol.7 , pp. 727-734
    • Saul, N.1    Krockenberger, M.2    Carter, D.3
  • 55
    • 33750627298 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Sexual reproduction and the evolution of microbial pathogens
    • Heitman J (2006) Sexual reproduction and the evolution of microbial pathogens. Curr Biol 16: R711-725.
    • (2006) Curr Biol , vol.16
    • Heitman, J.1
  • 56
    • 33847636030 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Sex and virulence of human pathogenic fungi
    • Nielsen K, Heitman J (2007) Sex and virulence of human pathogenic fungi. Adv Genet 57: 143-173.
    • (2007) Adv Genet , vol.57 , pp. 143-173
    • Nielsen, K.1    Heitman, J.2
  • 57
    • 33646575266 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Looking for sex in the fungal pathogens Cryptococcus neoformans and Cryptococcus gattii
    • Campbell LT, Carter DA (2006) Looking for sex in the fungal pathogens Cryptococcus neoformans and Cryptococcus gattii. FEMS Yeast Res 6: 588-598.
    • (2006) FEMS Yeast Res , vol.6 , pp. 588-598
    • Campbell, L.T.1    Carter, D.A.2
  • 58
    • 67649146211 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Carter D, Saul N, Campbell LT, Tien B, Krockenberger M (2007) Sex in natural populations of C. gattii. Sex in Fungi: Molecular Determination and Evolutionary Implications. In: Heitman J, Kronstad JW, Taylor J, Casselton L, eds. ASM Press. pp 477-488.
    • Carter D, Saul N, Campbell LT, Tien B, Krockenberger M (2007) Sex in natural populations of C. gattii. Sex in Fungi: Molecular Determination and Evolutionary Implications. In: Heitman J, Kronstad JW, Taylor J, Casselton L, eds. ASM Press. pp 477-488.
  • 59
    • 0035812705 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Success and virulence in Toxoplasma as the result of sexual recombination between two distinct ancestries
    • Grigg ME, Bonnefoy S, Hehl AB, Suzuki Y, Boothroyd JC (2001) Success and virulence in Toxoplasma as the result of sexual recombination between two distinct ancestries. Science 294: 161-165.
    • (2001) Science , vol.294 , pp. 161-165
    • Grigg, M.E.1    Bonnefoy, S.2    Hehl, A.B.3    Suzuki, Y.4    Boothroyd, J.C.5
  • 60
    • 0347091255 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Recent expansion of Toxoplasma through enhanced oral transmission
    • Su C, Evans D, Cole RH, Kissinger JC, Ajioka JW, et al. (2003) Recent expansion of Toxoplasma through enhanced oral transmission. Science 299: 414-416.
    • (2003) Science , vol.299 , pp. 414-416
    • Su, C.1    Evans, D.2    Cole, R.H.3    Kissinger, J.C.4    Ajioka, J.W.5


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.