Geographic clustering of leishmaniasis in northeastern Brazil

Emerging Infectious Diseases

Volumn 15, Issue 6, 2009, Pages 871-876

  Schriefer, Albert ^a   Guimarães, Luiz H ^a   Machado, Paulo R L ^a   Lessa, Marcus ^a   Lessa, Hélio A ^a   Lago, Ednaldo ^a   Ritt, Guilherme ^a   Góes Neto, Aristóteles ^b   Schriefer, Ana L F ^a   Riley, Lee W ^c   Carvalho, Edgar M ^a  

^a FEDERAL UNIVERSITY OF BAHIA   (Brazil)

^b DEPARTAMENTO DE CIÊNCIAS BIOLÓGICAS   (Brazil)

^c UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ARTICLE; BRAZIL; CLADISTICS; CONTROLLED STUDY; DISEASE COURSE; DISEASE SEVERITY; DISEASE TRANSMISSION; GENOTYPE; GEOGRAPHIC DISTRIBUTION; HUMAN; LEISHMANIA BRAZILIENSIS; LEISHMANIASIS; MAJOR CLINICAL STUDY; MORBIDITY;

AGRICULTURE; ANIMALS; BRAZIL; CLUSTER ANALYSIS; GENOTYPE; HUMANS; INCIDENCE; LEISHMANIA BRAZILIENSIS; LEISHMANIASIS, CUTANEOUS; LEISHMANIASIS, DIFFUSE CUTANEOUS; LEISHMANIASIS, MUCOCUTANEOUS; PREVALENCE;

EID: 67449095286     PISSN: 10806040     EISSN: 10806059     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.3201/eid1506.080406     Document Type: Article

References (22)

1. Leishmaniasis. Burden of disease. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2007 [cited 2009 Mar 19]. Available from http://www.who.int/ leishmaniasis/burden/en
2. Locksley RM, Pingel S, Lacy D, Wakil AE, Bix M, Fowell DJ. Susceptibility to infectious diseases: Leishmania as a paradigm. J Infect Dis. 1999;179 Suppl 2:S305-8. DOI: 10.1086/513843
3. Wilson ME, Jeronimo SM, Pearson RD. Immunopathogenesis of infection with the visceralizing Leishmania species. Microb Pathog. 2005;38:147-160 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2004.11.002
4. Scott P, Artis D, Uzonna J, Zaph C. The development of effector and memory T cells in cutaneous leishmaniasis: the implications for vaccine development. Immunol Rev. 2004;201:318-338 DOI: 10.1111/j.0105-2896.2004.00198.x (Pubitemid 39318461)
5. Coler RN, Reed SG. Second-generation vaccines against leishmaniasis. Trends Parasitol. 2005;21:244-249 DOI: 10.1016/j. pt.2005.03.006 (Pubitemid 40544642)
6. Calvopina M, Armijos RX, Hashiguchi Y. Epidemiology of leishmaniasis in Ecuador: current status of knowledge: a review. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz. 2004;99:663-672 DOI: 10.1590/S0074- 02762004000700001 (Pubitemid 40278156)
7. Lucas CM, Franke ED, Cachay MI, Tejada A, Cruz ME, Kreutzer RD, et al. Geographic distribution and clinical description of leishmaniasis cases in Peru. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 1998;59:312-317 (Pubitemid 28418995)
8. Schriefer A, Schriefer ALF, Góes-Neto A, Guimarães LH, Carvalho LP, Almeida RP, et al. Multiclonal Leishmania braziliensis population structure and its clinical implication in a region of endemic American tegumentary leishmaniasis (ATL). Infect Immun. 2004;72:508-514 DOI: 10.1128/IAI.72.1.508-514.2004
9. Miranda JC, Reis E, Schriefer A, Gonçalves M, Galvão dos Reis M, Carvalho LP, et al. Frequency of infection of Lutzomyia phlebotomines with Leishmania braziliensis in a Brazilian endemic area as assessed by pinpoint capture and polymerase chain reaction. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz. 2002;97:185-188 DOI: 10.1590/S0074- 02762002000200006
10. Vexenat JA, Barretto AC, Cuba CC, Marsden PD. Epidemiological characteristics of American cutaneous leishmaniasis in an endemic region of the State of Bahia. III. Phlebotomine fauna. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz. 1986;81:293-301.
11. Baker JR. The subspecific taxonomy of Trypanosoma brucei. Parasite. 1995;2:3-12.
12. Barrett MP, Burchmore RJS, Stich A, Lazzari JO, Frasch AC, Cazzulo JJ, et al. The trypanosomiases. Lancet. 2003;362:1469-80. DOI: 10.1016/S0140-6736(03) 14694-14696
13. Scott JA. The incidence and distribution of human schistosomiasis in Egypt. American Journal of Hygiene. 1937;25:566-614.
14. El-Khoby T, Galal N, Fenwick A, Barakat R, El-Hawey A, Nooman Z, et al. The epidemiology of schistosomiasis in Egypt: summary findings in nine governorates. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2000;62(2 Suppl):88-99. (Pubitemid 30263067)
15. Abdel-Wahab MF, Strickland GT, El-Sahly A, El-Kady N, Zakaria S, Ahmed L. Changing pattern of schistosomiasis in Egypt, 1935-1979. Lancet. 1979;2:242-4. DOI: 10.1016/S0140-6736(79)90249-90256
16. Cline BL, Richards FO, El Alamy MA, El Hak S, Ruiz-Tiben E, Hughes JM, et al. 1983 Nile Delta schistosomiasis survey: 48 years after Scott. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 1989;41:56-62.
17. Michelson MK, Aziz FA, Gamil FM, Wahid AA, Richards FO, Juranek DD, et al. Recent trends in the prevalence and distribution of schistosomiasis in the Nile delta region. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 1993;49:76-87. (Pubitemid 23242760)
18. Turetz ML, Machado PRL, Ko AI, Alves F, Bittencourt A, Almeida RP, et al. Disseminated leishmaniasis: a new and emerging form of leishmaniasis observed in northeastern Brazil. J Infect Dis. 2002;186:1829-1834 DOI: 10.1086/345772 (Pubitemid 35463517)
19. Jeronimo SM, Duggal P, Braz RF, Cheng C, Monteiro GR, Nascimento ET, et al. An emerging peri-urban pattern of infection with Leishmania chagasi, the protozoan causing visceral leishmaniasis in northeast Brazil. Scand J Infect Dis. 2004;36:443-449 DOI: 10.1080/00365540410020451
20. Franke CR, Staubach C, Ziller M, Schluter H. Trends in the temporal and spatial distribution of visceral and cutaneous leishmaniasis in the state of Bahia, Brazil, from 1985 to 1999. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg. 2002;96:236-41. DOI: 10.1016/S0035-9203(02)90087-90088
21. Arias JR, Monteiro PS, Zicker F. The reemergence of visceral leishmaniasis in Brazil. Emerg Infect Dis. 1996;2:145-146 (Pubitemid 126444981)
22. Franke CR, Ziller M, Staubach C, Latif M. Impact of the El Niño/ Southern Oscillation on visceral leishmaniasis, Brazil. Emerg Infect Dis. 2002;8:914-917