Political graft and education corruption in Ukraine: Compliance, collusion, and control

Demokratizatsiya

Volumn 16, Issue 4, 2008, Pages 323-342

  Osipian, Ararat ^a,b,c,d  

^a VANDERBILT UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^b V N KARAZIN KHARKIV NATIONAL UNIVERSITY   (Ukraine)

^c VANDERBILT UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^d U S DEPARTMENT OF STATE   (United States)

Author keywords

Bribery; Corruption; Graft; Higher education; Reform; Ukraine

Indexed keywords

CORRUPTION; EDUCATION POLICY; HIGHER EDUCATION; INSTITUTIONAL REFORM; POLITICAL SYSTEM; STANDARDIZATION; STATE ROLE;

EASTERN EUROPE; EURASIA; EUROPE; UKRAINE;

EID: 67449085617     PISSN: 10746846     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.3200/DEMO.16.4.323-344     Document Type: Article

References (87)

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3. The CPI score relates to perceptions of the degree of corruption, as seen by businesspeople and analysts, and ranges between 10 (highly clean) and 0 (highly corrupt). The lower the numerical value of the country's score, the higher the perceived level of corruption in the country. See "Corruption Perceptions Index 2006."
4. Roman Woronowycz, "Nationwide Survey Reveals Culture of Corruption in Ukraine," Ukrainian Weekly, January 26, 2003.
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7. Ararat Osipian, "Corruption Hierarchies in Higher Education in the Former Soviet Bloc," Science Direct, October 14, 2008, http://www. sciencedirect.com/science?-ob=ArticleURL&-udi=B6VD7-4TNTN43-1&-user= 10&-rdoc=1&-fmt=&-orig=search&-sort=d&view=c&-ver sion=1&-urlVersion=0&-userid=10&md5= 0796ebd2db428aa2db6d50d522413989 (accessed October 27, 2008); "Higher Education Corruption in Ukraine: Opinions and Estimates," International Higher Education, 2008, no. 49:20-21.
8. See, for example, Olesya Shadnaya, "Vzyatka: mif, o kotorom vse slyshali, no nikto ne videl?" Context, February 2, 2006, http://www.osvita.org.ua/articles/50.html (accessed June 12, 2007).
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10. UAH10,000 is worth about $2,000.
11. Grishina and Korchinskij, "Kak postupit v VUZ, ne davaya na 'lapu'?"
12. Osipian, "Higher Education Corruption in Ukraine," 21.
13. Alina Bazhal, Tetjana Galkovska, Olga Skripnik, and Lidija Surzhik, "Znannya optom i vrozdrib, abo Nezruchni zapytannja do ministra osvity i nauky," Dilovyj Tyzhden, June 5, 2006, http://www.osvita.org.ua/ articles/218.html (accessed June 12, 2007).
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16. Philip Shaw, "The Determinants of Educational Corruption in Higher Education: The Case of Ukraine" (paper, NEUDC Conference, Yale University, New Haven, CT, September 24, 2005), 6.
17. MAUP is one of the largest private for-profit providers of educational services in Ukraine.
18. "Byvshy rector luganskogo filiala MAUP prisvoila 831,9 tysyach griven," CityNews, December 25, 2006, http://www.citynews.net.ua/5/8925-1. html (accessed March 24, 2007).
19. Bazhal, Galkovska, Skripnik, and Surzhik, "Znannya optom i vrozdrib."
20. Tatyana Katrichenko, "'Zachistka' vuzov ili borba za kachestvo obrazovaniya?" Glavred, October 9, 2006, http://glavred.info/ archive/2006/10/09/134003-4.html (accessed June 16, 2007).
21. Ibid.
22. Mykola Golovaty, "Pro korruptsijni dii ministra osvity S. Nikolaenko, zastupnyka golovy zaporizkoi oblderzhadministratsii V. Kaltseva, ta rektora Zaporizkogo Tehnichnogo Universytetu S. Belikova" [About the Corrupt Activities of the Minister of Education, S. Nikolaenko, Deputy Head of the Obladministration of Zaporizhzhia, V. Kaltseva, and Rector of Zaporizhzhe Technical Unviersity, S. Belikova], Mizhregionalna Akademiya Upravlinnya Personalom, http://www.maup .com.ua/news/news.php?idn=613 (accessed May 20, 2008). This was an open letter to the attorney general of Ukraine, Oleksandr Medvedko.
23. Liudmila Ksenz, "Zolotoj diplom: Stoimost obucheniya v stolichnyh vuzah bet vse rekordy" [The Golden Diploma: The Cost of Education in the Capital's HEIs Hits a Record High], Delovaya stolitsa, June 19, 2006, http://www.osvita.org.ua/articles/77.html (accessed June 13, 2007).
24. Ibid.
25. Ibid.
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29. Moghaddam, "Coding Issues in Grounded Theory." See also Barnet Glaser and Anselm Strauss, The Discovery of Grounded Theory: Strategies for Qualitative Research (Chicago: Aldine Publishing, 1967).
30. Rahmat Samik-Ibrahim, "Grounded Theory Methodology as the Research Strategy for a Developing Country," Forum: Qualitative Social Research 1, no. 1 (2000), http://www.qualitative research.net/index.php/fqs/ article/view/1129/2512 (accessed October 27, 2008).
31. John Creswell, Educational Research: Planning, Conducting, and Evaluating Quantitative and Qualitative Research (Upper Saddle Creek, NJ: Merrill, 2002).
32. Frank Anechiarico and James Jacobs, The Pursuit of Absolute Integrity: How Corruption Control Makes Government Ineffective (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1996), xiii.
33. Alexander Callow, The City Boss in America: An Interpretive Reader (New York: Oxford University Press, 1976), 144.
34. Susan Rose-Ackerman, Corruption: A Study in Political Economy (New York: Academic Press, 1978), 2.
35. Michael Johnston, Political Corruption and Public Policy in America (Monterey, CA: Brooks/ Cole, 1982).
36. Joseph Nye, "Corruption and Political Development: A Cost-Benefit Analysis," American Political Science Review 61, no. 2 (1967): 419.
37. Arnold Rogow and Harold Lasswell, Corruption, Power, and Rectitude (Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall, 1963), 320.
38. Mushtaq Khan, "Patron-Client Networks and the Economic Effects of Corruption in Asia," in Corruption and Development, ed. Mark Robinson, 16 (London: F. Cass, 1998).
39. See also Mushtaq Khan, "The Role of Patron-Client Networks and the Analysis of Corruption," in Corruption and Integrity Improvement Initiatives in Developing Countries, ed. G. Shabbir Cheema and Jean Bonvin, 111-27 (New York: UNDP, Management Development and Governance Division, 1998).
40. Peter deLeon, Thinking about Political Corruption (Armonk, NY: M. E. Sharpe, 1993), 25.
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42. Verkhovna Rada is the name of the Ukrainian parliament.
43. Stephen Handelman, "Thieves in Power: The New Challenge of Corruption," Nations in Transit (May 2001): 47, http://www. freedomhouse.org/pdf-docs/research/nitransit/2001/05-thieves.pdf (accessed September 28, 2007).
44. See, for instance, Anders Aslund, Russia's Capitalist Revolution: Why Market Reform Succeeded and Democracy Failed (Washington, DC: Peterson Institute for International Economics, 2007).
45. On issues of the managed democracy in the Russian Federation and the decline in Russian political opposition, see David White, "Victims of a Managed Democracy? Explaining the Electoral Decline of the Yabloko Party," Demokratizatsiya 15, no. 2 (2007): 209-29.
46. On major forms of corruption, see Rasma Karklins, "Typology of Post-Communist Corruption," Problems of Post-Communism 49, no. 4 (2002): 22-32; Louise Shelley, "Organized Crime and Corruption in Ukraine: Impediments to the Development of a Free Market Economy," Demokratizatsiya 6, no. 4 (1998): 648-63.
47. Derzhal v ezhovyh rukavitsah means "held in the iron fist" in Ukrainian.
48. See, for instance, Ararat Osipian and Alexandr Osipian, "Why Donbass Votes for Yanukovych: Confronting the Ukrainian Orange Revolution," Demokratizatsiya 14, no. 4 (2006): 495-517.
49. Valdimer Key, The Techniques of Political Graft in the United States (Chicago: University of Chicago Libraries, 1936), 87.
50. See Gabriel Almond and James Coleman, The Politics of the Developing Areas (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1960); Anechiarico and Jacobs, The Pursuit of Absolute Integrity; "Panopticism and Financial Controls: The Anticorruption Project in Public Administration," Crime, Law, and Social Change 22, no. 4 (1995): 361-79; George White, "Corruption and the Transition from Socialism in China," Journal of Law and Society 23, no. 1 (1996): 149-69.
51. Ivan Zhdanov, "Corruption in Ukraine: Essence, Scale, and Influence," Connections, 2002, no. 1:33.
52. Vladimir Shlapentokh, "Russia's Acquiescence to Corruption Makes the State Machine Inept," Communist and Post-Communist Studies 36, no. 2 (2003): 151-61; "Are Today's Authoritarian Leaders Doomed to Be Indicted When They Leave Office? The Russian and Other Post-Soviet Cases," Communist and Post-Communist Studies 39, no. 4 (2006): 447-73.
53. Keith Darden, "Blackmail as a Tool of State Domination," East European Constitutional Review 10, no. 3 (2001): 67-71; "Graft and Governance: Corruption as an Informal Mechanism of State Control" (working paper, Department of Political Science, Yale University, New Haven, CT, 2002), 5.
54. Robert Payne, The Corrupt Society: From Ancient Greece to Present-Day America (New York: Praeger, 1975).
55. Juan Carrillo, "Corruption in Hierarchies," Annales d'Economie et de Statistique, 2000, no. 59:39.
56. Bryon MacWilliams, "Ukraine Leader Seeks Rectors' Resignations," Chronicle of Higher Education, April 8, 2005, A22.
57. Ararat Osipian, "Corruption in Higher Education: Conceptual Approaches and Measurement Techniques," Research in Comparative and International Education 4, no. 2 (2007): 317.
58. The chief of the Center of Public Relations of the Ministry of the Interior in Ternopilska Oblast, Sergij Shvornikov, reports that a forty-year-old associate professor in one of the region's universities was detained for demanding bribes from the students. The professor allegedly distributed the students a price list before the spring examination session. "In order to receive C or 'satisfactory' one would have to pay UAH50, B or 'good' - UAH100, and A or 'excellent' was priced at UAH150," according to Shvornikov. The professor was caught red-handed by the agents of the Department of Economic Crimes Prevention while accepting a bribe of UAH650. The professor was investigated and prosecuted under the Part II of Provision 368 of the Criminal Code of Ukraine. A representative of the Ministry of the Interior confirmed that the professor admitted to accepting a bribe and pleaded guilty to the charges of corruption. For details, see "Rozpochavsya sezon habariv v vuzah," Unian, June 13, 2007; "V Ternopoli zatrymaly vykladachku, yaka vstanovyla 'taryfy' na otsinky v vuzi," Osvita, June 13, 2007.
59. Key, The Techniques of Political Graft in the United States, 386-87.
60. See, for instance, Lidiya Podolyan, "Chi mozhlivij ukrainskij ekvivalent PhD, abo yak unemozhliviti kupivlju disertatsii," Dzerkalo tyzhnya, October 19, 2006, http://www.osvita.org .ua/articles/138.html (accessed June 12, 2007).
61. Miroslava Antonovich and Oleksandr Merezhko, "Yak podolati koruptsiju," Dzerkalo tyzhnya, January 11, 2007, http://www.dt.ua/3000/3300/54881/ (accessed June 12, 2007).
62. For the applicability of this hypothesis to the republics of the former Soviet Union, see Yuri Gorodnichenko and Klara Sabirianova, "Public Sector Pay and Corruption: Measuring Bribery from Micro Data" (paper, NEUDC annual conference, Ithaca, N Y, September 29-30, 2006).
63. Andrei Shleifer and Daniel Treisman, "A Normal Country" (working paper, National Bureau of Educatonal Research, November 2003, no. 10057), 27-28, http://www.nber.org/papers/w10057 (accessed January 4, 2004).
64. Jacob Svensson, "Eight Questions about Corruption," Journal of Economic Perspectives 19, no. 3 (2005): 32-33.
65. Georgy Petrov and Paul Temple, "Corruption in Higher Education: Some Findings from the States of the Former Soviet Union," Higher Education Management and Policy 16, no. 1 (2004): 91.
66. Avner Greif and David Laitin, "A Theory of Endogenous Institutional Change," American Political Science Review 98, no. 4 (2004): 634.
67. Duncan Waite and David Allen, "Corruption and Abuse of Power in Educational Administration," Urban Review 35, no. 4 (2003): 294.
68. Greif and Laitin, "A Theory of Endogenous Institutional Change," 634. For details, see Emile Durkheim, The Rules of Sociological Method (New York: Free Press, 1950). The work was first published in 1895.
69. Greif and Laitin, "A Theory of Endogenous Institutional Change," 650.
70. "Ministerstvo osvity i nauky aktyvizue borotbu zi zlovzhyvannyam, protektsionizmom, pob-oramy ta habarnytstvom v osviti," Pres-sluzhba MON, Kabinet Ministriv Ukrajiny, December 6, 2006.
71. Bryon MacWilliams, "Ukraine Chief Assails Corrupt Admissions," Chronicle of Higher Education, July 8, 2005, A33; "Ukraine's President Asks Universities to End Corruption in Admissions Process," Chronicle of Higher Education, June 27, 2005, A20.
72. "Vystup Prezydenta Ukrainy pered studentamy Natsionalnogo universitetu im. Tarasa Shevchenka (9 Bereznya 2006)," Pres-sluzhba Prezydenta Ukrainy, March 27, 2006, http://www .osvita.org.ua/articles/59. html (accessed June 12, 2007).
73. Bazhal, Galkovska, Skripnik, and Surzhik, "Znannya optom i vrozdrib" (see n. 13).
74. UAH 400 equals approximately $80.
75. Bazhal, Galkovska, Skripnik, and Surzhik, "Znannya optom i vrozdrib." UAH1,370 is approximately $274.
76. Svensson, "Eight Questions about Corruption," 32-33.
77. See, for instance, Bayar Tumennasan, "Fiscal Decentralization and Corruption in Public Sector" (PhD thesis, Georgia State University, 2005); Inna Cabelkova and Jan Hanousek, "The Power of Negative Thinking: Corruption, Perception and Willingness to Bribe in Ukraine," Applied Economics 36, no. 4 (2004): 383-97; Benjamin Olken, "Corruption Perceptions vs. Corruption Reality" (NBER working paper no. 12428, National Bureau of Economic Research, August 2006), http://www.nber.org/papers/w12428 (accessed November 5, 2008).
78. Prateek Goorha, "Corruption: Theory and Evidence through Economies in Transition," International Journal of Social Economics 27, no. 12 (2000): 32.
79. Miroslava Antonovich and Oleksandr Merezhko, "Yak podolati koruptsiju," Dzerkalo tyzhnya, January 11, 2007.
80. Shamrai, "V VUZ ljuboj tsenoj" (see n. 15).
81. "Akademik NANU Volodymyr Seminozhenko: nezalezhne testuvannya vypusknikiv ne vyrishyt problemu koruptsii," Osvita, June 23, 2006.
82. Yana Adzhimuratova, "Esli v nazvanii uchebnogo uchrezhdenija est slovo 'mezhdunarodny', 'planetarny' ili drugie podobnye slovesa, to eto - vsego lish 'mylny puzyr,'" Osvita, May 4, 2006.
83. Bazhal, Galkovska, Skripnik, and Surzhik, "Znannya optom i vrozdrib."
84. Adzhimuratova, "Esli v nazvanii uchebnogo uchrezhdenija est slovo 'mezhdunarodny.'"
85. Stanislav Nikolaenko: "Ya - ministr s 'borodoy,'" Gazeta po-kievski, December 12, 2006.
86. Stephen Heyneman, Kathryn Anderson, and Nazym Nuraliyeva, "The Cost of Corruption in Higher Education," Comparative Education Review 52, no. 1 (2008): 1-26.
87. Ararat Osipian, "Misdeeds in the US Higher Education: Illegality versus Corruption," Education Resources Information Center, 2008, http://www.eric.ed.gov/ericdocs/data/ericdocs2sql/ content-storage-01/0000019b/ 80/3c/85/2f.pdf (accessed October 28, 2008).