Quaternary glaciation of Muztag Ata and Kongur Shan: Evidence for glacier response to rapid climate changes throughout the late glacial and holocene in westernmost Tibet

Bulletin of the Geological Society of America

Volumn 121, Issue 3-4, 2009, Pages 348-365

  Seong, Yeong Bae ^a   Owen, Lewis A ^a   Yi, Chaolu ^b   Finkel, Robert C ^c  

^a UNIVERSITY OF CINCINNATI   (United States)

^b INSTITUTE OF GEOLOGY AND GEOPHYSICS   (China)

^c LAWRENCE LIVERMORE NATIONAL LABORATORY   (United States)

Author keywords

Geochronology; Glacial geology; Holocene; Kongur Shan; Late Glacial; Midlatitude westerlies; Muztag Ata; Rapid climate changes; Terrestrial cosmogenic nuclide surface exposure dating; Tibet

Indexed keywords

HOLOCENE; KONGUR SHAN; LATE GLACIAL; MIDLATITUDE WESTERLIES; MUZTAG ATA; RAPID CLIMATE CHANGES; TERRESTRIAL COSMOGENIC NUCLIDE SURFACE-EXPOSURE DATING; TIBET;

ARCTIC ENGINEERING; ARID REGIONS; ATMOSPHERICS; CLIMATE CHANGE; GEOCHRONOLOGY; GLACIERS; ISOTOPES; REMOTE SENSING; TIME MEASUREMENT;

GLACIAL GEOLOGY;

GEOCHRONOLOGY; GLACIATION; GLACIER ADVANCE; HOLOCENE; LATE GLACIAL; MORAINE; PALEOCLIMATE; REMOTE SENSING; SEMIARID REGION; VALLEY GLACIER;

ASIA; CHINA; EURASIA; FAR EAST; MUZTAGATA; PAMIRS; XINJIANG UYGUR; XIZANG;

EID: 67349177889     PISSN: 00167606     EISSN: 00167606     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1130/B26339.1     Document Type: Article

References (92)

1. Aizen, V., and Aizen, E., 1997, Hydrological cycles on the north and south peripheries of mountain-glacial basins of Central Asia: Hydrological Processes, v. 11, p. 451-469, doi:10.1002/ (SICI)1099-1085(199704)11:5<451::AID-HYP448>3.0.CO;2-M.
2. Alley, R.B., and Ágústsdóttir, A.M., 2005, The 8 ka event: Cause and consequence of a major Holocene abrupt climate change: Quaternary Science Reviews, v. 24, p. 1123-1149, doi:10.1016/ j.quascirev.2004.12.004.
3. Alley, R.B., Mayewski, P.A., Sowers, T., Stuiver, M., Taylor, K.C., and Clark, P.U., 1997, Holocene climatic instability: A prominent, widespread event 8200 years ago: Geology, v. 25, p. 483-486, doi:10.1130/ 0091-7613(1997)025<0483:HCIAPW>2.3.CO;2.
4. An Zhisheng, and Porter, S.C., 1997, Millennial-scale climatic oscillations during the last interglaciation in central China: Geology, v. 25, p. 603-606, doi:10.1130/0091-7613(1997)025<0603: MSCODT>2.3.CO;2.
5. 39Ar alkali feldspar thermochronology: Tectonics, v. 12, p. 1335-1346, doi:10.1029 /93TC00767.
6. Barber, D.C., Dyke, A., Hillaire-Marcel, C., Jennings, A.E., Andrews, J.T., Kerwin, M.W., Bilodeau, G., McNeely, R., Southon, J., Morehead, M.D., and Gagnon, J.-M., 1999, Forcing of the cold event of 8,200 years ago by catastrophic drainage of Laurentide lakes: Nature, v. 400, p. 344-348, doi:10.1038/22504.
7. Barrows, T.T., Stone, J.O., Fifield, L.K., and Cresswell, R.G., 2002, The timing of the Last Glacial Maximum in Australia: Quaternary Science Reviews, v. 21, p. 159-173, doi:10.1016/S0277-3791(01)00109-3.
8. Barry, R.G., and Chorley, R.J., 2003, Atmosphere, weather, and climate (8th edition): New York, Routledge, 279 p.
9. Benn, D.I., and Lehmkuhl, F., 2000, Mass balance and equilibrium-line altitudes of glaciers in high-mountain environments: Quaternary International, v. 65-66, p. 15-30, doi:10.1016/S1040-6182(99)00034-8.
10. Benn, D.I., and Owen, L.A., 2002, Himalayan glacial sedimentary environments: A framework for reconstructing and dating former glacial extents in high mountain regions: Quaternary International, v. 97-98, p. 3-26, doi:10.1016/S1040-6182(02)00048-4.
11. Benson, L., Madole, R., Phillips, W., Landis, G., Thomas, T., and Kubik, P., 2004, The probable importance of snow and sediment shielding on cosmogenic ages of north-central Colorado Pinedale and pre-Pinedale moraines: Quaternary Science Reviews, v. 23, no. 2, p. 193-206, doi:10.1016/j.quascirev.2003.07.002.
12. Bond, G., Showers, W., Cheseby, M., Lotti, R., Almasi, P., deMenocal, P., Priore, P., Cullen, H., Hajdas, I., and Bonani, G., 1997, A pervasive millennial-scale cycle in North Atlantic Holocene and glacial climates: Science, v. 278, p. 1257-1266, doi:10.1126/ science.278.5341.1257.
13. Bond, G., Kromer, B., Beer, J., Muscheler, R., Evans, M., Showers, W., Hoffmann, S., Lotti-Bond, R., Hajdas, I., and Bonani, G., 2001, Persistent solar influence on North Atlantic climate during the Holocene: Science, v. 294, p. 2130-2136, doi:10.1126/science.1065680.
14. Brunel, M., Arnaud, N., Tapponnier, P., Pan, Y., and Wang, Y., 1994, Kongur Shan normal fault: Type example of mountain building assisted by extension (Karakoram fault, eastern Pamir): Geology, v. 22, p. 707-710, doi:10.1130/0091-7613(1994)022<0707:KSNFTE>2.3.CO;2.
15. Denton, G.H., and Karlén, W., 1973, Holocene climatic variations: Their pattern and possible cause: Quaternary Research, v. 3, p. 155-205, doi:10.1016/0033-5894(73)90040-9.
16. Denton, G.H., Heusser, C.J., Lowell, T.V., Moreno, P.I., Anderson, B.G., Heusser, L.E., Schlüchter, C., and Marchant, D.R., 1999, Interhemispheric linkage of paleoclimate during the last glaciation: Geografiska Annaler, v. 81A, p. 107-154, doi:10.1111/ j.0435-3676.1999.00055.x.
17. Derbyshire, E., 1981, Glacier regime and glacial sediment facies: A hypothetical framework for the Qinghai-Xizang Plateau, in Geological and ecological studies of Qinghai-Xizang Plateau: Beijing, Proceedings of Symposium on Qinghai-Xizang (Tibet) Plateau, Science Press, v. 2, p. 1649-1656.
18. Derbyshire, E., 1983, The Lushan dilemma: Pleistocene glaciation south of the Chang Jiang (Yangtze River): Zeitschrift für Geomorphologie, v. 27, p. 445-471.
19. Enzel, Y., Ely, L.L., Mishra, S., Ramesh, R., Amit, R., Lazar, B., Rajaguru, S.N., Baker, B.R., and Sandler, A., 1999, High-resolution Holocene environmental changes in the Thar Desert, northwestern India: Science, v. 284, p. 125-128, doi:10.1126/science.284.5411.125.
20. Finkel, R.C., and Nishiizumi, K., 1997, Beryllium-10 concentrations in the Greenland Ice Sheet Project 2 ice core from 3-40 ka: Journal of Geophysical Research, v. 102, p. 26,699-26,706, doi:10.1029/97JC01282.
21. Finkel, R.C., Owen, L.A., Barnard, P.L., and Caffee, M.W., 2003, Beryllium-10 dating of Mount Everest moraines indicates a strong monsoonal influence and glacial synchroneity throughout the Himalaya: Geology, v. 31, p. 561-564.
22. Fort, M., and Peulvast, J., 1995, Catastrophic mass-movements and morphogenesis in the peri-Tibetan Ranges: Examples for West Kunlun, East Pamir and Ladakh, in Slaymaker, O., ed., Steepland Geomorphology: Chichester, UK, Wiley, p. 171-198.
23. Furbish, D.J., and Andrews, J.T., 1984, The use of hypsometry to indicate long-term stability and response of valley glaciers to changes in mass transfer: Journal of Glaciology, v. 105, p. 199-211.
24. Gillespie, A., and Molnar, P., 1995, Asynchronous maximum advances of mountain and continental glaciers: Reviews of Geophysics, v. 33, p. 311-364, doi: 10.1029/95RG00995.
25. Gosse, J.C., and Phillips, F.M., 2001, Terrestrial in situ cosmogenic nuclides: Theory and application: Quaternary Science Reviews, v. 20, p. 1475-1560, doi:10.1016/S0277-3791(00)00171-2.
26. Gupta, A.K., Anderson, D.M., and Overpeck, J.T., 2003, Abrupt changes in the Asian southwest monsoon during the Holocene and their links to the North Atlantic Ocean: Science, v. 421, p. 354-357.
27. Herzschuh, U., 2006, Paleo-moisture evolution in monsoonal Central Asia during the last 50,000 years: Quaternary Science Reviews, v. 25, p. 163-178, doi:10.1016/j.quascirev.2005.02.006.
28. Hewitt, K., 1999, Quaternary moraines vs catastrophic avalanches in the Karakoram Himalaya, northern Pakistan: Quaternary Research, v. 51, p. 220-237, doi:10.1006/qres.1999.2033.
29. Hodell, D.A., Brenner, M., Curtis, J.H., and Guilderson, T., 2001, Solar forcing of drought frequency in the Maya Lowlands: Science, v. 292, p. 1367-1370, doi:10.1126/science.1057759.
30. Hughes, P.D., Gibbard, P.L., and Woodward, J.C., 2005, Quaternary glacial records in mountain regions: A formal stratigraphical approach: Episodes, v. 28, no. 2, p. 85-92.
31. Kaufman, D.S., Porter, S.C., and Gillespie, A.R., 2004, Quaternary alpine glaciations in Alaska, the Pacific Northwest, Sierra Nevada, and Hawaii, in Gillespie, A.R., Porter, S.C., and Atwater, B.F., eds., The Quaternary Period in the United States: Developments in Quaternary Science, v. 1: Amsterdam, Netherlands, Elsevier p. 77-104.
32. Kerr, A., 1993, Topography, climate and ice masses: A review: Terra Nova, v. 5, p. 332-342.
33. Kohl, C. P., and Nishiizumi, K., 1992, Chemical isolation of quartz for measurement of in-situ produced cosmogenic nuclides: Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, v. 56, p. 3583-3587.
34. Kuhle, M., 1985, Glaciation research in the Himalayas: A new ice age theory: Universitas, v. 27, p. 281-294.
35. Kuhle, M., 1988, Geomorphological findings on the build-up of Pleistocene glaciation in southern Tibet and on the problem of inland ice: Results of the Shisha Pangma and Mt. Everest: Geojournal, v. 17, p. 457-511.
36. Kuhle, M., 1991, Observations supporting the Pleistocene inland glaciation of High Asia: GeoJournal, v. 25, p. 131-231, doi:10.1007/ BF02682190.
37. Kuhle, M., 1995, Glacial isostatic uplift of Tibet as a consequence of a former ice sheet: GeoJournal, v. 37, p. 431-449, doi:10.1007/BF00806933.
38. Lal, D., 1991, Cosmic ray labeling of erosion surfaces: in situ nuclide production rates and erosion models: Earth and Planetary Science Letters, v. 104, p. 424-439, doi: 10.1016/0012-821X(91)90220-C.
39. 10Be from Tibetan bedrock: Earth and Planetary Science Letters, v. 217, p. 33-42, doi:10.1016/S0012-821X(03)00600-9.
40. Mayewski, P.A., Rohling, E.E., Stager, C.J., Karlen, W., Maasch, A., Meeker, L.D., Meyerson, E.A., Gasse, F., Van Kreveld, S., Holmgren, K., Lee-Thorp, J., Rosqvist, G., Rack, F., Staubwasser, M., Schneider, R.R., and Steig, E.J., 2004, Holocene climate variability: Quaternary Research, v. 62, p. 243-255, doi:10.1016/j.yqres.2004.07.001.
41. Meeker, L.D., and Mayewski, P.A., 2002, A 1400-year high-resolution record of atmospheric circulation over the North Atlantic and Asia: The Holocene, v. 12, p. 257-266, doi:10.1191/0959683602hl542ft.
42. Miehe, G., Winiger, M., Bohner, J., and Yili, Z., 2001, Climatic diagram map of High Asia: Purpose and concepts: Erdkunde, v. 55, p. 94-97, doi:10.3112/erdkunde.2001.01.06.
43. Mix, A.C., Bard, E., and Schneider, R., 2001, Environmental processes of the ice age: Land, ocean, glaciers (EPILOG): Quaternary Science Reviews, v. 20, p. 627-657, doi:10.1016/S0277-3791(00)00145-1.
44. Molnar, P., and England, P., 1990, Late Cenozoic uplift and global climate change: Chicken or egg?: Nature, v. 346, p. 29-34, doi:10.1038/ 346029a0.
45. 26Al in quartz from glacially polished rocks: Journal of Geophysical Research, v. 94, p. 17,907-17,915, doi:10.1029/JB094iB12p17907.
46. 10Be AMS Standards: Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physical Research Section, v. 258, no. 2, p. 403-413, doi:10.1016/j.nimb.2007.01.297.
47. Ono, Y., Liu, D., and Zhao, Y., 1997, Paleoenvironment of Tibetan Plateau from glacial fluctuations in the northern foot of the West Kunlun Mountains: The Journal of Geography, v. 106, p. 184-198.
48. Owen, L.A., 1991, Mass movement deposits in the Karakoram Mountains: Their sedimentary characteristics, recognition and role in Karakoram landform evolution: Zeitschrift für Geomorphologie, v. 35, p. 401-424.
49. Owen, L.A., and Benn, D.I., 2005, Equilibrium-line altitudes of the Last Glacial Maximum for the Himalaya and Tibet: An assessment and evaluation of results: Quaternary International, v. 138-139, p. 55-78, doi:10.1016/ j.quaint.2005.02.006.
50. Owen, L.A., Derbyshire, E., and Fort, M., 1998, The Quaternary glacial history of the Himalaya; a review, in Owen, L.A., ed., Mountain Glaciation: Quaternary Proceedings, Cambridge, UK: Quaternary Research Association, v. 6, p. 91-120.
51. Owen, L.A., Gualtieri, L., Finkel, R.C., Caffee, M.W., Benn, D.I., and Sharma, M.C., 2001, Cosmogenic radionuclide dating of glacial landforms in the Lahul Himalaya, northern India: Defining the timing of Late Quaternary glaciation: Journal of Quaternary Science, v. 16, p. 555-563, doi:10.1002/jqs.621.
52. Owen, L.A., Finkel, R.C., and Caffee, M.W., 2002a, A note on the extent of glaciation in the Himalaya during the global Last Glacial Maximum: Quaternary Science Reviews, v. 21, p. 147-157, doi:10.1016/ S0277-3791(01)00104-4.
53. Owen, L.A., Finkel, R.C., Caffee, M.W., and Gualtieri, L., 2002b, Timing of multiple Late Quaternary glaciations in the Hunza Valley, Karakoram Mountains, northern Pakistan: Defined by cosmogenic radionuclide dating of moraines: Geological Society of America Bulletin, v. 114, p. 593-604, doi:10.1130/0016-7606(2002)114<0593:TOMLQG>2.0.CO;2.
54. Owen, L.A., Kamp, U., Spencer, J.Q., and Haserodt, K., 2002c, Timing and style of Late Quaternary glaciation in the eastern Hindu Kush, Chitral, northern Pakistan: A review and revision of the glacial chronology based on new optically stimulated luminescence dating: Quaternary International, v. 97-98, p. 41-55, doi:10.1016/S1040-6182(02)00050-2.
55. Owen, L.A., Spencer, J.Q., Ma, H., Barnard, P.L., Derbyshire, E., Finkel, R.C., Caffee, M.W., and Zeng, Y.N., 2003a, Timing of Late Quaternary glaciation along the southwestern slopes of the Qilian Shan: Tibet: Boreas, v. 32, p. 281-291, doi:10.1080/03009480310001632.
56. Owen, L.A., Finkel, R.C., Ma, H., Spencer, J.Q., Derbyshire, E., Barnard, P.L., and Caffee, M.W., 2003b, Timing and style of Late Quaternary glaciations in NE Tibet: Geological Society of America Bulletin, v. 115, p. 1356-1364, doi:10.1130/B25314.1.
57. Owen, L.A., Finkel, R.C., Minnich, R., and Perez, A., 2003c, Extreme southern margin of Late Quaternary glaciation in North America: Timing and controls: Geology, v. 31, p. 729-732, doi:10.1130/G19561.1.
58. 10Be cosmogenic radionuclide surface exposure dating: Quaternary Science Reviews, v. 24, p. 1391-1411, doi:10.1016/j.quascirev.2004.10.014.
59. Owen, L.A., Caffee, M.W., Bovard, K.R., Finkel, R.C., and Sharma, M.C., 2006, Terrestrial cosmogenic nuclide surface exposure dating of the oldest glacial successions in the Himalayan orogen: Ladakh Range, northern India: Geological Society of America Bulletin, v. 118, no. 3-4, p. 383-392, doi:10.1130/B25750.1.
60. Phillips, W.M., Sloan, V.F., Shroder, J.F., Jr., Sharma, P., Clarke, M.L., and Rendell, H.M., 2000, Asynchronous glaciation at Nanga Parbat, northwestern Himalaya Mountains, Pakistan: Geology, v. 28, p. 431-434, doi:10.1130/0091-7613(2000)28<431:AGANPN>2.0.CO;2.
61. 10Be: Earth and Planetary Science Letters, v. 226, p. 193-205, doi:10.1016/j.epsl.2004.07.031.
62. Porter, S.C., 1970, Quaternary glacial record in Swat Kohistan, West Pakistan: Geological Society of America Bulletin, v. 81, p. 1421-1446, doi:10.1130/0016-7606(1970)81[1421:QGRISK]2.0.CO;2.
63. Prell, W.L., and Kutzbach, J.F., 1992, Sensitivity of the Indian monsoon to forcing parameters and implications for its evolution: Nature, v. 360, p. 647-652, doi: 10.1038/360647a0.
64. Richards, B.W.M., Owen, L.A., and Rhodes, E.J., 2000a, Timing of Late Quaternary glaciations in the Himalayas of northern Pakistan: Journal of Quaternary Science, v. 15, p. 283-297, doi:10.1002/ (SICI)1099-1417(200003)15:3<283::AID-JQS525>3.0.CO;2-X.
65. Richards, B.W.M., Benn, D., Owen, L.A., Rhodes, E.J., and Spencer, J.Q., 2000b, Timing of Late Quaternary glaciations south of Mount Everest in the Khumbu Himal, Nepal: Geological Society of America Bulletin, v. 112, p. 1621-1632, doi:10.1130/0016-7606(2000)112<1621:TOLQGS>2.0.CO;2.
66. Robinson, A.C., Yin, A., Manning, C.E., Harrison, T.M., Zhang, S.H., and Wang, X.F., 2004, Tectonic evolution of the north eastern Pamir: Constraints from the portion of the Cenozoic Kongur Shan extensional system, western China: Geological Society of America Bulletin, v. 116, no. 7-8, p. 953-973, doi:10.1130/B25375.1.
67. Rohling, E.J., and Pälike, H., 2005, Centennial-scale climate cooling with a sudden cold event around 8,200 years ago: Nature, v. 434, p. 975-979, doi:10.1038/nature03421.
68. Rose, J., and Menzies, J., 1995, Glacial stratigraphy, in Menzies, J., ed., Past glacial environments: Sediments, forms and techniques: Oxford, Butterworth Heinemann, p. 253-284.
69. Ruddiman, W.F., and Kutzbach, J.E., 1989, Late Cenozoic plateau uplift and climate change: Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh: Earth Sciences, v. 81, p. 301-341.
70. Schäfer, J.M., Tshudi, S., Zhizhong, Z., Sihao, W., Ivyochs, S., Wieler, R., Baur, H., Kubik, P.W., and Schluchter, C., 2002, The limited influence of glaciation in Tibet on global climate over the past 170,000 yr: Earth and Planetary Science Letters, v. 194, p. 287-297, doi:10.1016/ S0012-821X(01)00573-8.
71. Schoenbohm, L., Chen, J., Sobel, E., Thiede, R., and Strecker, M., 2005, Glacial erosion, deep exhumation and the development of high topography along the Kongur detachment, Pamir Mountains, Western China: Eos (Transactions, American Geophysical Union), v. 86, no. 52, p. T23C-0576.
72. Seong, Y.B., Owen, L.A., Yi, C., Finkel, R.C., and Schoenbohm, L., 2008, Geomorphology of anomalously high glaciated mountains at the northwestern end of Tibet: Muztag Ata and Kongur Shan: Geomorphology, doi: 10.1016/j.geomorph.2008.04.025 (in press).
73. Sharma, M.C., and Owen, L.A., 1996, Quaternary glacial history of the Garhwal Himalaya, India: Quaternary Science Reviews, v. 15, p. 335-365, doi:10.1016/0277-3791(95)00061-5.
74. Shi, Y., 2002, Characteristics of late Quaternary monsoonal glaciation on the Tibetan Plateau and in East Asia: Quaternary International, v. 97-98, p. 79-91, doi:10.1016/S1040-6182(02)00053-8.
75. Shroder, J.F., Owen, L.A., and Derbyshire, E., 1993, Quaternary glaciation of the Karakoram and Nanga Parbat Himalaya, in Shroder, J.F., ed., Himalaya to the sea: Geology, geomorphology and the Quaternary: London, Routledge, p. 132-158.
76. 39Ar and K-Ar chronology of Pleistocene glaciations in Patagonia: Geological Society of America Bulletin, v. 116, p. 434-450, doi:10.1130/B25177.1.
77. Skrine, C.P., 1925, The alps of Qungur: The Geographical Journal, v. 66, no. 5, p. 385-407, doi:10.2307/1782660.
78. Small, E.E., Anderson, R.S., Repka, J.L., and Finkel, R.C., 1997, Erosion rates of alpine bedrock summit surfaces deduced from in situ Be-10 and Al-26: Earth and Planetary Science Letters, v. 150, p. 413-425, doi:10.1016/S0012-821X(97)00092-7.
79. Smith, J.A., Farber, D.L., Seltzer, G.O., Finkel, R.C., and Rodbell, D.T., 2002, Chronology of tropical glaciation from cosmogenic dating: Eos (Transactions, American Geophysical Union), v. 83, no. 47, p. F922.
80. Staiger, J., Gosse, J., Toracinta, R., Oglesby, B., Fastook, J., and Johnson, J.V., 2007, Atmospheric scaling of cosmogenic nuclide production: Climate effect: Journal of Geophysical Research-Solid Earth: v. 112, B02205, doi: 10.1029/2005JB003811.
81. Stone, J.O., 2000, Air pressure and cosmogenic isotope production: Journal of Geophysical Research, v. 105, no. B10, p. 23,753-23,759, doi:10.1029/2000JB900181.
82. Thackray, G., Owen, L.A., and Yi, C., 2008, eds., Late Quaternary mountain glaciation: Journal of Quaternary Science, v. 23, p. 503-702.
83. Tapponnier, P., Peltzer, G., Le Dain, A.Y., Armijo, R., and Cobbold, P., 1982, Propagating extrusion tectonics in Asia: New insights from simple experiments with plasticity: Geology, v. 10, p. 611-616, doi:10.1130/ 0091-7613(1982)10<611:PETIAN>2.0.CO;2.
84. Thompson, L.G., 2000, Ice core evidence for climate change in the Tropics: Implications for our future: Quaternary Science Reviews, v. 19, p. 19-35, doi:10.1016/S0277-3791(99)00052-9.
85. Thompson, L.G., Mosley-Thompson, E., Davis, M.E., Bolzan, J.F., Dai, J., Yao, T., Gundestrup, N., Wu, X., Klein, L., and Xie, Z., 1989, Holocene-Late Pleistocene climatic ice core records from Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau: Science, v. 246, p. 474-477, doi:10.1126/science.246.4929.474.
86. Thompson, L.G., Yao, T., Davis, M.E., Henderson, K.A., Mosley-Thompson, E., Lin, P.-N., Beer, J., Synal, H.A., Cole-Dai, J., and Bolzan, J.F., 1997, Tropical climate instability: The last glacial cycle from a Qinghai-Tibetan ice core: Science, v. 276, p. 1821-1825, doi:10.1126/ science.276.5320.1821.
87. Thompson, L.G., Davis, M.E., Mosley-Thompson, E., Lin, P.-N., Henderson, K.A., and Mashiotta, T.A., 2005, Tropical ice core records: Evidence for asynchronous glaciation on Milankovitch timescales: Journal of Quaternary Science, v. 20, no. 7-8, p. 723-733, doi: 10.1002/jqs.972.
88. Tsukamoto, S., Asdahi, K., Watanabe, T., Kondo, R., and Rink, W.J., 2002, Timing of past glaciation in Kanchenjunga Himal, Nepal by optically stimulated luminescence dating of tills: Quaternary International, v. 97-98, p. 57-68, doi:10.1016/S1040-6182(02)00051-4.
89. Wake, C.P., Mayewski, P.A., and Han, J., 1994, Modern eolian dust deposition in Central Asia: Tellus, v. 46B, p. 220-233.
90. 10Be surface exposure dating: Earth and Planetary Science Letters, v. 237, p. 453-461, doi: 10.1016/j.epsl.2005.06.031.
91. 10Be exposure ages: Quaternary Research, v. 64, p. 212-220, doi:10.1016/j.yqres.2005.06.002.
92. 26Al and soil development on fan surfaces: Geological Society of America Bulletin, v. 113, p. 241-255, doi:10.1130 /0016-7606(2001)113<0241:SROTFS>2.0.CO;2.