A review of Titan's atmospheric phenomena

Astronomy and Astrophysics Review

Volumn 17, Issue 2, 2009, Pages 105-107

  Hirtzig, Mathieu ^a   Tokano, Tetsuya ^b   Rodriguez, Sébastien ^c   Le Mouélic, Stéphane ^d   Sotin, Christophe ^e  

^a SERVICE D AÉRONOMIE DU CNRS   (France)

^b UNIVERSITY OF COLOGNE   (Germany)

^c CEA SACLAY   (France)

^d UNIVERSITÉ DE NANTES   (France)

^e CALIFORNIA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY   (United States)

Author keywords

Clouds; Imagery, spectroscopy, spectro imagery; Near infrared; Titan, satellites

Indexed keywords

CLOUDS; INFRARED DEVICES; METHANE; TROPOSPHERE;

ATMOSPHERIC CHANGES; ATMOSPHERIC PHENOMENA; CASSINI-HUYGENS MISSION; IMAGERY, SPECTROSCOPY, SPECTRO-IMAGERY; NEAR INFRARED; NORTH-SOUTH ASYMMETRY; TITAN'S ATMOSPHERE; TROPOSPHERIC CLOUDS;

SATELLITES;

EID: 67349155273     PISSN: 09354956     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1007/s00159-009-0018-0     Document Type: Review

References (180)

1. MC Abrams 1996 ATMOS/ATLAS-3 observations of long-lived tracers and descent in the Antarctic vortex in November 1994 Geophys Res Lett 23 2341 2344 10.1029/96GL00705
2. MC Abrams 1996 Trace gas transport in the Arctic vortex inferred from ATMOS ATLAS-2 observations during April 1993 Geophys Res Lett 23 2345 2348 10.1029/96GL00704
3. Ádámkovics M, de Pater I, Hartung M, Eisenhauer F, Genezl R, Griffith CA (2005) The 3-dimensionnal distribution of Titan haze from near-infrared integral field spectroscopy. J Geophys Res
4. M Ádámkovics MH Wong C Laver I de Pater 2007 Widespread morning drizzle on Titan Science 318 962 965 10.1126/science.1146244
5. 4 in the region from 0 to 4800 cm-1. Chem Phys (in Press). Corrected proof. doi: 10.1016/j.chemphys.2008.10.019
6. CM Anderson NJ Chanover CP McKay P Rannou DA Glenar JJ Hillman 2004 Titan's haze structure in 1999 from spatially-resolved narrowband imaging surrounding the 0.94 μm methane window Geophys Res Lett 31 17
7. CM Anderson EF Young NJ Chanover CP McKay 2008 HST spectral imaging of Titan's haze and methane profile between 0.6 and 1 μm during the 2000 opposition Icarus 194 721 745 10.1016/j.icarus.2007.11.008
8. Andrews DG, Holton JR, Leovy CB (1987) Middle atmosphere dynamics. In: Andrews DG, Holton JR, Leovy CB (eds) Middle atmosphere dynamics. Academic Press, New York, pp 489, Price US $34.95
9. HW Babcock 1953 The possibility of compensating astronomical seeing Publ Astron Soc Pac 65 229 236
10. KH Baines 2005 The atmospheres of Saturn and Titan in the near-infrared first results of Cassini/vims Earth Moon Planets 96 119 147 10.1007/s11038-005- 9058-2
11. A Bar-Nun V Dimitrov M Tomasko 2008 Titan's aerosols: comparison between our model and DISR findings Planet Space Sci 56 708 714 10.1016/j.pss.2007.11. 014
12. EL Barth SCR Rafkin 2007 TRAMS: a new dynamic cloud model for Titan's methane clouds Geophys Res Lett 34 3203 10.1029/2006GL028652
13. EL Barth OB Toon 2003 Microphysical modeling of ethane ice clouds in titan's atmosphere Icarus 162 94 113 (Pubitemid 36412360)
14. EL Barth OB Toon 2004 Properties of methane clouds on Titan: results from microphysical modeling Geophys Res Lett 31 17
15. EL Barth OB Toon 2006 Methane, ethane, and mixed clouds in Titan's atmosphere: properties derived from microphysical modeling Icarus 182 230 250 10.1016/j.icarus.2005.12.017
16. S Bauerecker E Dartois 2009 Ethane aerosol phase evolution in Titan's atmosphere Icarus 199 564 567 10.1016/j.icarus.2008.09.014
17. J-M Bernard 2006 Reflectance spectra and chemical structure of Titan's tholins: application to the analysis of Cassini Huygens observations Icarus 185 301 307 10.1016/j.icarus.2006.06.004
18. Bouchez AH (2003) Seasonal trends in Titan's atmosphere: haze, wind, and clouds, Ph.D. Thesis
19. AH Bouchez ME Brown 2005 Statistics of Titan's south polar tropospheric clouds Astrophys J 618 L53 L56
20. V Boudon M Rey M Loete 2006 The vibrational levels of methane obtained from analyses of high-resolution spectra J Quant Spectrosc Radiat Transf 98 394 404 (Pubitemid 43055538)
21. E Bratsolis M Sigelle 2001 A spatial regularization method preserving local photometry for Richardson-Lucy restoration Astron Astrophys 375 1120 1128 (Pubitemid 34192010)
22. Brown ME (2005) The seasonal hydrological cycle on Titan. In: Proceedings of the conference "Titan after the Huygens and First Cassini Encounters", Crete, Greece, 30 May-3 June 2005. http://www.lpl.arizona.edu/ titanconference/index.html
23. ME Brown 2000 The solar system up close: AO spectroscopy from Palomar Bull Am Astron Soc 32 1508
24. ME Brown AH Bouchez CA Griffith 2002 Direct detection of variable tropospheric clouds near Titan's south pole Nature 420 795 797 (Pubitemid 36019622)
25. ME Brown EL Schaller HG Roe C Chen J Roberts RH Brown KH Baines RN Clark 2009 Discovery of lake-effect clouds on Titan Geophys Res Lett 36 1103 10.1029/2008GL035964
26. RH Brown 2006 Observations in the Saturn system during approach and orbital insertion, with Cassini's Visual and Infrared Mapping Spectrometer (VIMS) Astron Astrophys 446 707 716 10.1051/0004-6361:20053054
27. M Cabane E Chassefiere G Israel 1992 Formation and growth of photochemical aerosols in Titan's atmosphere Icarus 96 176 189
28. J Caldwell 1992 Titan: evidence for seasonal change-a comparison of hubble Space telescope and voyager images Icarus 97 1 9
29. NJ Chanover CM Anderson CP McKay P Rannou DA Glenar JJ Hillman WE Blass 2003 Probing Titan's lower atmosphere with acousto-optic tuning Icarus 163 150 163 (Pubitemid 36668292)
30. Coll P, Jolly A, Bernard J-M, Ramirez SI, da Silva A, Navarro-Gonzalez R, Lafait J, Rannou P, Raulin F (2003) Optical properties of Titan's aerosol analogues (in the 200 nm-2.5 μm range). In: EGS-AGU-EUG Joint Assembly, Abstracts from the meeting held in Nice, France, 6-11 April 2003, abstract #12426, pp 12,426
31. M Combes L Vapillon E Gendron A Coustenis O Lai R Wittemberg R Sirdey 1997 Spatially resolved images of Titan by means of adaptive optics Icarus 129 482 497 (Pubitemid 127175007)
32. Conan JM, Fusco T, Mugnier L, Kesralé E, Michau V (1998) Deconvolution of adaptive optics images with imprecise knowledge of the point spread function: results on astronomical objects. In: Astronomy with adaptive optics: present results and future programs, ESO/OSA Workshop, September 1998, Sonthofen, Germany
33. R Courtin 1982 The spectrum of Titan in the far-infrared and microwave regions Icarus 51 466 475
34. R Courtin D Gautier CP McKay 1995 Titan's thermal emission spectrum: reanalysis of the Voyager infrared measurements Icarus 114 144 162
35. A Coustenis B Bezard 1995 Titan's atmosphere from Voyager infrared observations. 4: latitudinal variations of temperature and composition Icarus 115 126 140
36. A Coustenis E Lellouch JP Maillard CP McKay 1995 Titan's surface: composition and variability from the near-infrared albedo Icarus 118 87 104
37. A Coustenis M Hirtzig E Gendron P Drossart O Lai M Combes A Negrão 2005 Maps of Titan's surface from 1 to 2.5 μm Icarus 177 89 105 10.1016/j.icarus.2005.03.012
38. A Coustenis 2001 Images of Titan at 1.3 and 1.6 μm with Adaptive optics at the CFHT Icarus 154 501 515
39. A Coustenis 2007 The composition of Titan's stratosphere from Cassini/CIRS mid-infrared spectra Icarus 189 35 62 10.1016/j.icarus.2006.12.022
40. A Crespin S Lebonnois S Vinatier B Bézard A Coustenis NA Teanby RK Achterberg P Rannou F Hourdin 2008 Diagnostics of Titan's stratospheric dynamics using Cassini/CIRS data and the 2-dimensional IPSL circulation model Icarus 197 556 571 10.1016/j.icarus.2008.05.010
41. R de Kok PGJ Irwin NA Teanby 2008 Condensation in Titan's stratosphere during polar winter Icarus 197 572 578 10.1016/j.icarus.2008.05.024
42. de Pater I et al (2005) Keck observations of Titan during probe entry and during the days following touch-down. In: EUROPLANET N3 activity Kick-off meeting, Graz, 8 March. http://europlanet.oeaw.ac.at/N3-Meeting-09032005.html
43. I de Pater M Ádámkovics AH Bouchez ME Brown SG Gibbard F Marchis HG Roe EL Schaller E Young 2006 Titan imagery with Keck adaptive optics during and after probe entry J Geophys Res (Planets) 111 7 10.1029/2005JE002620
44. KF Evans 1998 The spherical harmonics discrete ordinate method for three-dimensional atmospheric radiative transfer J Atmos Sci 55 429 446 10.1175/1520-0469(1998)055
45. U Fink HP Larson 1979 The infrared spectra of Uranus, Neptune, and Titan from 0.8 to 2.5 microns Astrophys J 233 1021 1040
46. FM Flasar 1983 Oceans on Titan? Science 221 55 57 (Pubitemid 16282955)
47. FM Flasar 1998 The dynamic meteorology of Titan Planet Space Sci 46 1125 1147 (Pubitemid 128411524)
48. FM Flasar 1998 The composition of Titan atmosphere: a meteorological perspective Planet Space Sci 46 1109 1124 (Pubitemid 128411523)
49. FM Flasar RK Achterberg 2008 The structure and dynamics of Titan's middle atmosphere Philos Trans R Soc A Math Phys Eng Sci 367 1889 649 664 10.1098/rsta.2008.0242
50. FM Flasar BJ Conrath 1990 Titan's stratospheric temperatures-a case for dynamical inertia? Icarus 85 346 354
51. FM Flasar RE Samuelson BJ Conrath 1981 Titan's atmosphere-temperature and dynamics Nature 292 693 698
52. WM Folkner 2006 Winds on Titan from ground-based tracking of the Huygens probe J Geophys Res (Planets) 111 7 10.1029/2005JE002649
53. E Gendron 2004 VLT/NACO adaptive optics imaging of Titan Astron Astrophys 417 L21 L24
54. SG Gibbard B Macintosh D Gavel CE Max I de Pater AM Ghez EF Young CP McKay 1999 Titan: high-resolution speckle images from the keck telescope Icarus 139 189 201
55. Gibbard SG, de Pater I, Macintosh BA, Grossman A, Adamkovics M (2003) Spatially-resolved 2 micron spectroscopy of Titan from the W.M. Keck telescope. In: AAS/Division for Planetary Sciences Meeting Abstracts 35
56. SG Gibbard I de Pater BA Macintosh HG Roe CE Max EF Young CP McKay 2004 Titan's 2 μm surface albedo and haze optical depth in 1996-2004 Geophys Res Lett 31 17
57. SG Gibbard B Macintosh D Gavel CE Max I de Pater HG Roe AM Ghez EF Young CP McKay 2004 Speckle imaging of Titan at 2 microns: surface albedo, haze optical depth, and tropospheric clouds 1996-1998 Icarus 169 429 439 (Pubitemid 38750284)
58. R Goody R West L Chen D Crisp 1989 The correlated-k method for radiation calculations in nonhomogeneous atmospheres J Quant Spectrosc Radiat Transf 42 539 550 10.1016/0022-4073(89)90044-7
59. CA Griffith T Owen R Wagener 1991 Titan's surface and troposphere, investigated with ground-based, near-infrared observations Icarus 93 362 378
60. CA Griffith T Owen GA Miller T Geballe 1998 Transient clouds in Titan's lower atmosphere Nature 395 575 578 (Pubitemid 28475704)
61. CA Griffith JL Hall TR Geballe 2000 Detection of daily clouds on Titan Science 290 509 513
62. CA Griffith T Owen TR Geballe J Rayner P Rannou 2003 Evidence for the exposure of water ice on Titan's surface Science 300 628 630 (Pubitemid 36520584)
63. CA Griffith CP McKay F Ferri 2008 Titan's tropical storms in an evolving atmosphere Astrophys J Lett 687 L41 L44 10.1086/593117
64. CA Griffith 2005 The evolution of Titan's mid-latitude clouds Science 310 474 477 10.1126/science.1117702
65. CA Griffith 2006 Evidence for a polar ethane cloud on Titan Science 313 1620 1622 10.1126/science.1128245
66. Hinson DP (1983) Radio scintillations observed during atmospheric occultations of Voyager: internal gravity waves at Titan and magnetic field orientations at Jupiter and Saturn, Ph.D. Thesis
67. Hirtzig M (2005) Etude de Titan dans l'Infrarouge Proche par Spectro-Imagerie couplée à l'Optique Adaptative, Ph.D. Thesis
68. M Hirtzig A Coustenis O Lai E Emsellem A Pecontal-Rousset P Rannou A Negrão B Schmitt 2005 Near-infrared study of Titan's resolved disk in spectro-imaging with CFHT/OASIS Planet Space Sci 53 535 556 10.1016/j.pss.2004. 08.006
69. M Hirtzig A Coustenis E Gendron P Drossart M Hartung A Negrão P Rannou M Combes 2007 Titan: Atmospheric and surface features as observed with nasmyth adaptive optics system near-infrared imager and spectrograph at the time of the Huygens mission J Geophys Res (Planets) 112 2 10.1029/2005JE002650
70. M Hirtzig 2006 Monitoring atmospheric phenomena on Titan Astron Astrophys 456 761 774 10.1051/0004-6361:20053381
71. F Hourdin O Talagrand R Sadourny R Courtin D Gautier CP McKay 1995 Numerical simulation of the general circulation of the atmosphere of Titan Icarus 117 358 374
72. F Hourdin S Lebonnois D Luz P Rannou 2004 Titan's stratospheric composition driven by condensation and dynamics J Geophys Res (Planets) 109 E18 12,005
73. WB Hubbard DM Hunten HJ Reitsema N Brosch Y Nevo E Carreira F Rossi LH Wasserman 1990 Results for Titan's atmosphere from its occultation of 28 Sagittarii Nature 343 353 355
74. WB Hubbard 1993 The occultation of 28 SGR by Titan Astron Astrophys 269 541 563
75. R Hueso A Sánchez-Lavega 2006 Methane storms on Saturn's moon Titan Nature 442 428 431 10.1038/nature04933
76. Hunten DM, Tomasko MG, Flasar FM, Samuelson RE, Strobel DF, Stevenson DJ (1984) Titan, pp 671-759, Saturn
77. WT Hutzell CP McKay OB Toon 1993 Effects of time-varying haze production on Titan's geometric albedo Icarus 105 162 174
78. WT Hutzell CP McKay OB Toon F Hourdin 1996 Simulations of Titan's brightness by a two-dimensional haze model Icarus 119 112 129 (Pubitemid 126161857)
79. 1 and implications for interpretation of outer planet spectra Icarus 181 309 319 10.1016/j.icarus.2005.11.003
80. N Jacquinet-Husson 2005 The 2003 edition of the GEISA/IASI spectroscopic database J Quant Spectrosc Radiat Transf 95 429 467 (Pubitemid 40706596)
81. E Karkoschka 1998 Methane, ammonia, and temperature measurements of the jovian planets and Titan from CCD-spectrophotometry Icarus 133 134 146 (Pubitemid 128345268)
82. E Karkoschka MG Tomasko 2009 Rain and dewdrops on titan based on in situ imaging Icarus 199 442 448 10.1016/j.icarus.2008.09.020
83. E Karkoschka MG Tomasko LR Doose C See EA McFarlane SE Schröder B Rizk 2007 DISR imaging and the geometry of the descent of the Huygens probe within Titan's atmosphere Planet Space Sci 55 1896 1935 10.1016/j.pss.2007.04. 019
84. BN Khare 1984 The organic aerosols of Titan Advances in Space Research 4 59 68
85. SJ Kim LM Trafton TR Geballe 2008 No evidence of morning or large-scale drizzle on Titan Astrophys J Lett 679 L53 L56 10.1086/588839
86. K Kondo Y Ichioka T Suzuki 1977 Image restoration by Wiener filtering in the presence of signal-dependant noise Appl Opt 16 2554 2558 (Pubitemid 8164902)
87. T Kostiuk KE Fast TA Livengood T Hewagama JJ Goldstein F Espenak D Buhl 2001 Direct measurement of winds of Titan Geophys Res Lett 28 2361 2364 (Pubitemid 32693112)
88. T Kostiuk 2005 Titan's stratospheric zonal wind, temperature, and ethane abundance a year prior to Huygens insertion Geophys Res Lett 32 22,205 10.1029/2005GL023897
89. T Kostiuk 2006 Stratospheric global winds on Titan at the time of Huygens descent J Geophys Res (Planets) 111 7 10.1029/2005JE002630
90. GP Kuiper 1944 Titan: a satellite with an atmosphere Astrophys J 100 378
91. A Labeyrie 1970 Attainment of diffraction limited resolution in large telescopes by Fourier analysing speckle patterns in Star Images Astron Astrophys 6 85
92. S Lebonnois D Toublanc F Hourdin P Rannou 2001 Seasonal variations of Titan's atmospheric composition Icarus 152 384 406 (Pubitemid 33668220)
93. S Lebonnois F Hourdin P Rannou D Luz D Toublanc 2003 Impact of the seasonal variations of composition on the temperature field of Titan's stratosphere Icarus 163 164 174 (Pubitemid 36668293)
94. E Lellouch A Coustenis D Gautier F Raulin N Dubouloz C Frere 1989 Titan's atmosphere and hypothesized ocean-a reanalysis of the Voyager 1 radio-occultation and IRIS 7.7-micron data Icarus 79 328 349
95. MT Lemmon E Karkoschka M Tomasko 1993 Titan's rotation-surface feature observed Icarus 103 329 332
96. MT Lemmon E Karkoschka M Tomasko 1995 Titan's rotational light-curve Icarus 113 27 38
97. GF Lindal GE Wood HB Hotz DN Sweetnam VR Eshleman GL Tyler 1983 The atmosphere of Titan-an analysis of the Voyager 1 radio occultation measurements Icarus 53 348 363
98. GW Lockwood BL Lutz DT Thompson 1979 Spectrophotometry of temporal and spatial variations of the atmospheres of the outer planets and Titan Bull Am Astron Soc 11 554
99. RD Lorenz 1993 The life, death and afterlife of a raindrop on Titan Planet Space Sci 41 647 655
100. RD Lorenz 2002 Thermodynamics of geysers: application to Titan Icarus 156 176 183
101. RD Lorenz PH Smith MT Lemmon E Karkoschka GW Lockwood J Caldwell 1997 Titan's north-south asymmetry from HST and Voyager imaging: comparison with models and ground-based photometry Icarus 127 173 189 (Pubitemid 127165760)
102. Lorenz RD, Lemmon MT, Simth Ph (1999a) Evidence for clouds on Titan from HST WFPC-2. AAS/Division for Planetary Sciences Meeting 31
103. RD Lorenz MT Lemmon PH Smith GW Lockwood 1999 Seasonal change on Titan observed with the hubble space telescope WFPC-2 Icarus 142 391 401
104. Lorenz RD, Lemmon MT, Smith PH (2000) Variable and constant features on Titan from HST. In: Highlights of planetary exploration from space and from Earth, 24th meeting of the IAU, Joint Discussion 12, August 2000, Manchester, England, 12
105. RD Lorenz EF Young MT Lemmon 2001 Titan's smile and collar: HST observations of seasonal change 1994-2000 Geophys Res Lett 28 4453
106. RD Lorenz PH Smith MT Lemmon 2004 Seasonal change in Titan's haze 1992-2002 from hubble space telescope observations Geophys Res Lett 31 10702
107. RD Lorenz CA Griffith JI Lunine CP McKay NO Rennò 2005 Convective plumes and the scarcity of Titan's clouds Geophys Res Lett 32 1201
108. RD Lorenz MT Lemmon PH Smith 2006 Seasonal evolution of Titan's dark polar hood: midsummer disappearance observed by the Hubble Space Telescope Mon Notices R Astron Soc 369 4 1683 1687
109. RD Lorenz JC Zarnecki MC Towner MR Leese AJ Ball B Hathi A Hagermann NAL Ghafoor 2007 Descent motions of the Huygens probe as measured by the Surface Science Package (SSP): turbulent evidence for a cloud layer Planet Space Sci 55 1936 1948 10.1016/j.pss.2007.04.007
110. RD Lorenz BW Stiles RL Kirk MD Allison P Persidel Marmo L Iess JI Lunine SJ Ostro S Hensley 2008 Titan's rotation reveals an internal ocean and changing zonal winds Science 319 1649 10.1126/science.1151639
111. RD Lorenz RD West WTK Johnson 2008 Cassini RADAR constraint on Titan's winter polar precipitation Icarus 195 812 816 10.1016/j.icarus.2007.12.025
112. JI Lunine SK Atreya 2008 The methane cycle on Titan Nature Geoscience 1 3 159 163 10.1038/ngeo125
113. D Luz F Hourdin 2003 Latitudinal transport by barotropic waves in Titan's stratosphere. I. General properties from a horizontal shallow-water model Icarus 166 328 342 (Pubitemid 38023766)
114. Luz D, Hourdin F, Rannou P, Lebonnois S (2003) Latitudinal transport by barotropic waves in Titan's stratosphere. II. Results from a coupled dynamics-microphysics-photochemistry GCM. Icarus 166:343-358. doi: 10.1016/S0019-1035(03)00263-X. http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2003Icar..166.. 343L. Provided by the SAO/NASA Astrophysics Data System (Pubitemid 38023767)
115. D Luz 2005 Characterization of zonal winds in the stratosphere of Titan with UVES Icarus 179 497 510 10.1016/j.icarus.2005.07.021
116. P Magain F Courbin S Sohy 1998 Deconvolution with correct sampling Astrophys J 494 472 10.1086/305187
117. K Matthews AM Ghez AJ Weinberger G Neugebauer 1996 The first diffraction-limited images from the WM Keck Telescope Publ Astron Soc Pac 108 615
118. LA Mayo RE Samuelson 2005 Condensate clouds in Titan's north polar stratosphere Icarus 176 316 330 10.1016/j.icarus.2005.01.020
119. CP McKay JB Pollack R Courtin 1989 The thermal structure of Titan's atmosphere Icarus 80 23 53
120. R Meier BA Smith TC Owen RJ Terrile 2000 The surface of Titan from NICMOS observations with the Hubble Space Telescope Icarus 145 462 473
121. JL Mitchell RT Pierrehumbert DM Frierson R Caballero 2006 The dynamics behind Titan's methane clouds Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 103 18421 18426 (Pubitemid 44913426)
122. G Mitri AP Showman JI Lunine RD Lorenz 2007 Hydrocarbon lakes on Titan Icarus 186 385 394 10.1016/j.icarus.2006.09.004
123. R Moreno A Marten T Hidayat 2005 Interferometric measurements of zonal winds on Titan Astron Astrophys 437 319 328 10.1051/0004-6361:20042117
124. Negrão A (2007) The characterisation of Titan's lower atmosphere and surface from near-infrared spectra, Ph.D. Thesis
125. A Negrão A Coustenis E Lellouch J-P Maillard P Rannou B Schmitt CP McKay V Boudon 2006 Titan's surface albedo variations over a Titan season from near-infrared CFHT/FTS spectra Planet Space Sci 54 1225 1246 10.1016/j.pss.2006.05.031
126. A Negrão M Hirtzig A Coustenis E Gendron P Drossart P Rannou M Combes V Boudon 2007 The 2-μm spectroscopy of Huygens probe landing site on Titan with very large telescope/nasmyth adaptive optics system near-infrared imager and spectrograph J Geophys Res (Planets) 112 2 10.1029/2005JE002651
127. CC Porco 2005 Imaging of Titan from the Cassini spacecraft Nature 434 159 168 (Pubitemid 40388040)
128. Pruppacher HR, Klett JD (1978) Microphysics of clouds and precipitation, D. Reidel, Dordrecht, p 714
129. K Rages JB Pollack 1983 Vertical distribution of scattering hazes in Titan's upper atmosphere Icarus 55 50 62
130. P Rannou F Hourdin CP McKay 2002 A wind origin for Titan's haze structure Nature 418 853 856 (Pubitemid 34966299)
131. P Rannou CP McKay RD Lorenz 2003 A model of Titan's haze of fractal aerosols constrained by multiple observations Planet Space Sci 51 963 976
132. P Rannou F Hourdin CP McKay D Luz 2004 A coupled dynamics-microphysics model of Titan's atmosphere Icarus 170 443 462 (Pubitemid 38990019)
133. P Rannou S Lebonnois F Hourdin D Luz 2005 Titan atmosphere database Adv Space Res 36 2194 2198 10.1016/j.asr.2005.09.041
134. P Rannou F Montmessin F Hourdin S Lebonnois 2006 The Latitudinal distribution of clouds on Titan Science 311 201 205 10.1126/science.1118424
135. MI Richardson AD Toigo CE Newman 2007 PlanetWRF: a general purpose, local to global numerical model for planetary atmospheric and climate dynamics J Geophys Res 112 E09,001 10.1029/2006JE002825
136. Rodriguez S et al (2009) Cloud activity on Titan: seasonal changes and tidal effects. Nature
137. HG Roe I de Pater SG Gibbard B Macintosh CE Max CP McKay 2000 Near- and mid-infrared resolved imaging of Titan's atmosphere Bull Am Astron Soc 32 1023
138. HG Roe I de Pater BA Macintosh SG Gibbard CE Max CP McKay 2002 NOTE: Titan's atmosphere in late southern spring observed with adaptive optics on the WM Keck II 10-meter telescope Icarus 157 254 258
139. HG Roe I de Pater BA Macintosh CP McKay 2002 Titan's clouds from Gemini and Keck adaptive optics imaging Astrophys J 581 1399 1406 (Pubitemid 37104238)
140. HG Roe AH Bouchez CA Trujillo EL Schaller ME Brown 2005 Discovery of temperate latitude clouds on Titan Astrophys J 618 L49 L52
141. HG Roe ME Brown EL Schaller AH Bouchez CA Trujillo 2005 Geographic control of Titan's mid-latitude clouds Science 310 477 479 10.1126/science. 1116760
142. Roos-Serote M (2004) The Changing Face of Titan's Haze: Is it all Dynamics? Space Sci Rev 116(1):201-210. doi: 10.1007/s11214-005-1956-0. http://www.springerlink.com/content/n2k18248t7303851
143. LS Rothman 2005 The HITRAN 2004 molecular spectroscopic database J Quant Spectrosc Radiat Transf 96 139 204 (Pubitemid 41056933)
144. TL Roush JB Dalton 2004 Reflectance spectra of hydrated Titan tholins at cryogenic temperatures and implications for compositional interpretation of red objects in the outer solar system Icarus 168 158 162 10.1016/j.icarus.2003.11. 001
145. C Sagan WR Thompson 1982 Production and condensation of organic gases in the atmosphere of Titan Bull Am Astron Soc 14 714
146. C Sagan WR Thompson 1984 Production and condensation of organic gases in the atmosphere of Titan Icarus 59 133 161
147. O Saint-Pé M Combes F Rigaut M Tomasko M Fulchignoni 1993 Demonstration of adaptive optics for resolved imagery of solar system objects-preliminary results on Pallas and Titan Icarus 105 263
148. RE Samuelson 1983 Radiative equilibrium model of Titan's atmosphere Icarus 53 364 387 10.1016/0019-1035(83)90156-2
149. RE Samuelson LA Mayo 1997 Steady-state model for methane condensation in Titan's troposphere Planet Space Sci 45 949 958 (Pubitemid 127398805)
150. 2 ice in Titan's north polar stratosphere Planet Space Sci 45 941 948 (Pubitemid 127398804)
151. RE Samuelson NR Nath A Borysow 1997 Gaseous abundances and methane supersaturation in Titan's troposphere Planet Space Sci 45 959 980 (Pubitemid 127398806)
152. Schaller EL, Brown ME, Bouchez AH, Roe HG, Trujillo CA (2004) Continuous monitoring of Titan for large cloud outbursts. In: AAS/Division for Planetary Sciences Meeting Abstracts 36
153. Schaller EL, Brown ME, Roe HG, Bouchez AH, Trujillo CA (2005) Cloud activity on Titan during the Cassini mission. In: 36th Annual lunar and planetary science conference, p 1989
154. EL Schaller ME Brown HG Roe AH Bouchez 2006 A large cloud outburst at Titan's south pole Icarus 182 224 229 10.1016/j.icarus.2005.12.021
155. EL Schaller ME Brown HG Roe AH Bouchez CA Trujillo 2006 Dissipation of Titan's south polar clouds Icarus 184 517 523 10.1016/j.icarus.2006.05.025
156. B Sicardy 1990 Probing Titan's atmosphere by stellar occultation Nature 343 350 353
157. B Sicardy 1999 The Structure of Titan's Stratosphere from the 28 Sgr Occultation Icarus 142 357 390
158. B Sicardy 2006 The two Titan stellar occultations of 14 November 2003 J Geophys Res (Planets) 111 11 10.1029/2005JE002624
159. BA Smith 1981 Encounter with Saturn-Voyager 1 imaging science results Science 212 163 191
160. BA Smith 1982 A new look at the Saturn system-the Voyager 2 images Science 215 504 537
161. PH Smith MT Lemmon RD Lorenz LA Sromovsky JJ Caldwell MD Allison 1996 Titan's surface, revealed by HST imaging Icarus 119 336 349 (Pubitemid 126159579)
162. LA Sromovsky VE Suomi JB Pollack RJ Krauss SS Limaye T Owen HE Revercomb C Sagan 1981 Implications of Titan's north-south brightness asymmetry Nature 292 698 702
163. DJ Stevenson BE Potter 1986 Titan's latitudinal temperature distribution and seasonal cycle Geophys Res Lett 13 93 96 10.1029/GL013i002p00093
164. BW Stiles 2008 Determining Titan's spin state from Cassini radar images Astron J 135 1669 1680 10.1088/0004-6256/135/5/1669
165. ER Stofan 2007 The lakes of Titan Nature 445 61 64 10.1038/nature05438
166. DF Strobel 2006 Gravitational tidal waves in Titan's upper atmosphere Icarus 182 251 258 10.1016/j.icarus.2005.12.015
167. T Tokano 2005 Meteorological assessment of the surface temperatures on Titan: constraints on the surface type Icarus 173 222 242 (Pubitemid 40111519)
168. T Tokano 2008 Dune-forming winds on Titan and the influence of topography Icarus 194 243 262 10.1016/j.icarus.2007.10.007
169. T Tokano 2008 The dynamics of Titan's troposphere Philos Trans R Soc A Math Phys Eng Sci 367 1889 633 648 10.1098/rsta.2008.0163
170. T Tokano FM Neubauer M Laube CP McKay 1999 Seasonal variation of Titan atmospheric structuresimulated by a general circulation model Planet Space Sci 47 493 520 (Pubitemid 128636695)
171. T Tokano F Ferri G Colombatti T Mäkinen M Fulchignoni 2006 Titan's planetary boundary layer structure at the Huygens landing site J Geophys Res (Planets) 111 8007 10.1029/2006JE002704
172. T Tokano CP McKay FM Neubauer SK Atreya F Ferri M Fulchignoni HB Niemann 2006 Methane drizzle on Titan Nature 442 432 435 10.1038/nature04948
173. MG Tomasko B Bézard L Doose S Engel E Karkoschka 2008 Measurements of methane absorption by the descent imager/spectral radiometer (DISR) during its descent through Titan's atmosphere Planet Space Sci 56 624 647 10.1016/j.pss.2007.10.009
174. MG Tomasko L Doose S Engel LE Dafoe R West M Lemmon E Karkoschka C See 2008 A model of Titan's aerosols based on measurements made inside the atmosphere Planet Space Sci 56 669 707 10.1016/j.pss.2007.11.019
175. MG Tomasko 2005 Results from the Descent Imager/Spectral Radiometer (DISR) Instrument on the Huygens probe of Titan Nature 438 765 778 10.1038/nature04126
176. OB Toon CP McKay R Courtin TP Ackerman 1988 Methane rain on Titan Icarus 75 255 284
177. EP Turtle JE Perry AS McEwen AD DelGenio J Barbara RA West DD Dawson CC Porco 2009 Cassini imaging of Titan's high-latitude lakes, clouds, and south-polar surface changes Geophys Res Lett 36 2204 10.1029/2008GL036186
178. RL Walterscheid G Schubert 2006 A tidal explanation for the Titan haze layers Icarus 183 471 478 10.1016/j.icarus.2006.03.001
179. EF Young P Rannou CP McKay CA Griffith K Noll 2002 A three-dimensional map of Titan's tropospheric haze distribution based on Hubble Space Telescope imaging Astrophys J 123 3473 3486 (Pubitemid 37189797)
180. YL Yung 1987 An update of nitrile photochemistry on Titan Icarus 72 468 472