Steady-state model for methane condensation in Titan's troposphere

Planetary and Space Science

Volumn 45, Issue 8, 1997, Pages 949-958

  Samuelson, R E ^a   Mayo, L A ^b  

^a NASA GODDARD SPACE FLIGHT CENTER   (United States)

^b HUGHES STX CORPORATION   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 30244447496     PISSN: 00320633     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/S0032-0633(97)00089-5     Document Type: Article

References (39)

1. Awal, M. and Lunine, J. I. (1994) Moist convective clouds in Titan's atmosphere. Geophys. Res. Lett. 21, 2491-2494.
2. Byers, H. R. (1965) Elements of Cloud Physics. University of Chicago Press, Chicago.
3. Courtin, R., Gautier, D. and McKay, C. P. (1994) Titan's thermal emission spectrum : re-analysis of the Voyager infrared measurements. Bull. Am. Astron. Soc. 26, 1182
4. Courtin et al. (1995) Icarus 114, 144-162.
5. Coustenis, A. and Bézard, B. (1995) Titan's atmosphere from Voyager infrared observations IV. Latitudinal variations of temperature and composition. Icarus 115, 126-140.
6. Eshleman, V. R., Lindal, G. F. and Tyler, G. L. (1983) Is Titan wet or dry?. Science 221, 53-55.
7. Flasar, F. M. (1983) Oceans on Titan. Science 221, 55-57.
8. Hunten, D. M., Tomasko, M. G., Flasar, F. M., Samuelson, R. E., Strobel, D. F. and Stevenson, D. J. (1984) Titan. In Saturn, eds T. Gehrels and M. S. Matthews. University of Arizona Press, Tucson.
9. Kouvaris, L. C. and Flasar, F. M. (1991) Phase equilibrium of methane and nitrogen at low temperatures : application to Titan. Icarus 91, 112-124.
10. Lara, L. M., Lellouch, E., López-Moreno, J. J. and Rodrigo, R. (1996) Vertical distribution of Titan's atmospheric neutral constituents. J. Geophys. Res. - Planets 101, 23261-23283.
11. Lindal, G. F., Wood, G. E., Hotz, H. B., Sweetnam, D. N., Eshleman, V. R. and Tyler, G. L. (1983) The atmosphere of Titan : an analysis of the Voyager 1 radio-occultation measurements. Icarus 53, 348-363.
12. Lorenz, R. (1993) The life, death, and afterlife of a raindrop on Titan. Planet. Space Sci. 41, 647-655.
13. Lunine, J. I. (1993) Does Titan have an ocean? A review of current understanding of Titan's surface. Rev. Geophys. 31, 131-149.
14. Lunine, J. I., Stevenson, D. J. and Yung, Y. L. (1983) Ethane ocean on Titan. Science 222, 1229-1230.
15. McIntosh, D. H. and Thom, A. S. (1969) Essentials of Meteorolgy, eds N. Mott and G. R. Noakes, Wykeham Science Series. Wykeham Publications Ltd, London.
16. McKay, C. P. (1996) Elemental composition, solubility, and optical properties of Titan's organic haze. Planet. Space Sci. 44, 741-747.
17. McKay, C. P., Pollack, J. B. and Courtin, R. (1989) The thermal structure of Titan's atmosphere. Icarus 80, 23-53.
18. 4 in Titan's atmosphere. Nature 292, 683-686.
19. Mayo, L. A. and Samuelson, R. E. (1996) Condensation and precipitation in Titan's atmosphere. Bull. Am. Astron. Soc. 26, 1132.
20. Moses, J. I., Allen, M. and Yung, Y. L. (1992) Hydrocarbon nucleation and aerosol formation in Neptune's atmosphere. Icarus 99, 318-346.
21. Muhleman, D. O., Grossman, A. W., Butler, B. J. and Slade, M. A. (1990) Radar reflectivity of Titan. Science 248, 975-980.
22. Muhleman, D. O., Grossman, A. W., Slade, M. A. and Butler, B. J. (1992) The surface of Titan and Titan's rotation : what is radar telling us?. Bull. Am. Astron. Soc. 24, 954-955.
23. Pruppacher, H. R. and Klett, J. D. (1978) Microphysics of Clouds and Precipitation. D. Reidel, Dordrecht.
24. Raulin, F. (1987) Organic chemistry in the oceans of Titan. Adv. Space Res. 7, (5)71-(5)81.
25. Raulin, F., Frère, C., Do, L., Khlifi, M., Paillous, P. and de Vanssay, E. (1992) Organic chemistry on Titan versus terrestrial prebiotic chemistry : exobiological implications. Proceedings, Symposium on Titan, ESA SP-338, pp. 149-160.
26. Sagan, C. and Thompson, W. C. (1984) Production and condensation of organic gases in the atmosphere of Titan. Icarus 59, 133-161.
27. Samuelson, R. E. (1983) Radiative equilibrium model of Titan's atmosphere. Icarus 53, 364-387.
28. Samuelson, R. E. (1992) Evidence for ethane haze in Titan's lower stratosphere. Bull. Am. Astron. Soc. 24, 947-948.
29. Samuelson, R. E. (1992b) IR properties of Titan's clouds and aerosols. Proceedings, Symposium on Titan, ESA SP-338, pp. 191-195.
30. Samuelson, R. E. and Nath, N. R. (1994) Methane supersaturation in Titan's troposphere. Bull. Am. Astron. Soc. 26, 1183-1184.
31. 2 ice in Titan's north polar stratosphere. Planet. Space Sci. 45, 941-948.
32. Samuelson, R. E., Nath, N. and Borysow, A. (1997b) Gaseous abundances and methane supersaturation in Titan's troposphere. Planet. Space Sci. 45, 959-980.
33. Strobel, D. F., Summers, M. E. and Zhu, X. (1992) Titan's upper atmosphere : structure and ultraviolet emissions. Icarus 100, 512-526.
34. 2-hydrocarbon systems : application to Titan. The Atmospheres of Saturn and Titan, ESA SP-241, pp. 109-119.
35. 4 : model and Titan applications. Icarus 97, 187-199.
36. Toon, O, B., McKay, C. P., Courtin, R. and Ackerman, T. P. (1988) Methane rain on Titan. Icarus 75, 255-284.
37. Whalley, E. and McLaurin, G. E. (1984) Reflection halos in the solar system. I. Halos from cubic crystals that may occur in atmospheres in the solar system. J. Opt. Soc. Am. A 1, 1166-1170.
38. Yung, Y. L. (1987) An update of nitrile photochemistry on Titan. Icarus 72, 468-472.
39. Yung, Y. L., Allen, M. and Pinto, J. C. (1984) Photochemistry of the atmosphere of Titan : comparison between model and observations. Astrophys. J. Suppl. 55, 465-506.