Observations of ultra-long period normal modes from the 2004 Sumatra-Andaman earthquake

Physics of the Earth and Planetary Interiors

Volumn 175, Issue 1-2, 2009, Pages 53-62

  Okal, Emile A ^a   Stein, Seth ^a  

^a NORTHWESTERN UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

Normal modes; Splitting; Sumatra Andaman earthquake

Indexed keywords

BODY WAVES; DIGITAL SEISMOMETERS; MOMENT MAGNITUDES; NORMAL MODES; RADIAL MODES; SPLITTING; SPLITTING PATTERNS; SUMATRA-ANDAMAN EARTHQUAKE; SURFACE WAVE DATUM; TORSIONAL MODES;

SURFACE WAVES;

EARTHQUAKES;

EARTHQUAKE MAGNITUDE; EARTHQUAKE PREDICTION; EARTHQUAKE RECURRENCE; EARTHQUAKE RUPTURE; OBSERVATIONAL METHOD; SEISMOGRAPH; SUMATRA EARTHQUAKE 2004; TSUNAMI;

EID: 67349130830     PISSN: 00319201     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.pepi.2009.03.002     Document Type: Article

References (66)

1. Agnew D., Berger B., Buland R., Farrell W., and Gilbert F. International deployment of accelerom-eters: A network for very long period seismology. Eos Trans. Am. Geophys. Union 51 (1976) 180-188
2. Alsop L.E., Sutton G., and Ewing M. Free oscillations of the Earth observed on strain and pendulum seismographs. J. Geophys. Res. 66 (1961) 631-641
3. Alterman Z.S., Jarosch H., and Pekeris C.L. Oscillations of the Earth. Proc. Roy. Soc. Lond. Ser. A 252 (1959) 80-95
4. Backus G., and Gilbert F. The rotational splitting of the free oscillations of the Earth. Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. USA 47 (1961) 362-371
5. Banerjee P., Pollitz F.F., and Biirgmann R. The size and duration of the Sumatra-Andaman earthquake from far-field static offsets. Science 308 (2005) 1769-1772
6. Banerjee P., Pollitz F., Nagarajan B., and Biirgmann R. Coseismic slip distributions of the 26 December 2004 Sumatra-Andaman and 28 March 2005 Nias earthquakes from GPS static offsets. Bull. Seismol. Soc. Amer. 97 (2007) S86-S102
7. Båth M. Ultra-long-period motions from the Alaska earthquake of July 10, 1958. Pure Appl. Geophys. 41 (1958) 91-100
8. Benioff H. Long waves observed in the Kamchatka earthquake of November 4, 1952. J. Geophys. Res. 63 (1958) 589-593
9. Benioff H., Press F., and Smith S. Excitation of the free oscillations of the Earth by earthquakes. J. Geophys. Res. 66 (1961) 605-619
10. Ben-Menahem A., and Rosenman M. Amplitude patterns of tsunami waves from submarine earthquakes. J. Geophys. Res. 11 (1972) 3097-3128
11. Boatwright J., and Choy G.L. Teleseismic estimates of the energy radiated by shallow earthquakes. J. Geophys. Res. 91 (1986) 2095-2112
12. Braitenberg C., and Zadro M. Comparative analysis of free oscillations generated by the Sumatra-Andaman Islands 2004 and the Chile 1960 earthquakes. Bull. Seismol. Soc. Amer. 97 (2007) S6-S17
13. Buland R., Berger J., and Gilbert F. Observations from the IDA network of attenuation and splitting during a recent earthquake. Nature 277 (1979) 358-362
14. Cifuentes I., and Silver P.G. Low-frequency source characteristics of the great 1960 Chilean earthquake. J. Geophys. Res. 94 (1989) 643-663
15. Dahlen F.A. The normal modes of a rotating, elliptical Earth. Geophys. J. Roy. Astr. Soc. 16 (1968) 329-367
16. Dahlen F.A., and Sailor R.V. Rotational and elliptical splitting of the free oscillations of the Earth. Geophys. J. R. Astr. Soc. 58 (1979) 609-623
17. de Groot-Hedlin, C.D., 2005. Estimation of the rupture length and velocity of the great Sumatra earthquake of December 26, 2004 using hydroacoustic signals, Geophys. Res. Lett. 32 (11), LI 1303, 4 pp.
18. Durek J.J., and Ekström G. A radial model of anelasticity consistent with long-period surf ace-wave attenuation. Bull. Seismol. Soc. Am. 86 (1996) 144-158
19. Dziewonski A.M., and Gilbert F. Observations of normal modes from 84 recordings of the Alaskan earthquake of 1964 March 28. Geophys. J. Roy. Astr. Soc. 27 (1972) 393-446
20. Ekström G. Static deformation following the Bolivia earthquake by summation of Earth's normal modes. Geophys. Res. Lett. 22 (1995) 2289-2292
21. w = 8.7 Nias Island great earthquakes. Bull. Seismol. Soc. Am. 97 (2007) S43-S61
22. Fritz H.M., and Borrero J.C. Somalia field survey after the December 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami. Earthquake Spectra 22 (2006) S219-S233
23. 28) for the 1977 Indonesian earthquake. Bull. Seismol. Soc. Am. 69 (1979) 1671-1691
24. Gilbert F. Excitation of the normal modes of the Earth by earthquake sources. Geophys. J. R. Astr. Soc. 22 (1970) 223-226
25. Gilbert F., and Dziewonski A.M. An application of normal mode theory to the retrieval of structural parameters and source mechanisms from seismic spectra. Phil. Trans. R. Soc. Lond., Ser. A 278 (1975) 187-269
26. Guilbert J., Vergoz J., Schisselé E., Roueff A., and Cansi Y. Use of hydroacoustic and seismic arrays to observe rupture propagation and source extent of the Mw = 9. 0 Sumatra earthquake. Geophys. Res. Lett. 32 15 (2005) L15310, 4 pp., doi:10.1029/2005GL022966
27. Ishii M., Shearer P.M., Houston H., and Vidale J.E. extent, duration, and speed of the 2004 Sumatra-Andaman earthquake imaged by the Hi-Net array. Nature 435 Kamchatka (2005) 933-936
28. Ji, C., 2005. http://www.llneic.usgs.govlneisleq_depotl2004leq_041226lneic_slavjf.html.
29. Kanamori H. The Alaska earthquake of 1964: Radiation of long-period surface waves and source mechanism. J. Geophys. Res. 75 (1970) 5029-5040
30. Kanamori H., and Cipar J.J. Focal process of the great Chilean earthquake May 22, 1960. Phys. Earth Planet Int. 9 (1974) 128-136
31. Kanamori H., and Stewart G.S. Mode of the strain release along the Gibbs Fracture Zone, Mid-Atlantic Ridge. Phys. Earth Planet Int. 11 (1976) 312-332
32. Krüger F., and Ohrnberger M. Spatio-temporal source characteristics of the 26 December 2004 Sumatra earthquake as imaged by teleseismic broadband arrays. Geophys. Res. Lett. 32 24 (2005) L24312, 4pp.
33. López A.M., and Okal E.A. A seismological reassessment of the source of the 1946 Aleutian "tsunami" earthquake. Geophys. J. Int. 165 (2006) 835-849
34. McCaffrey R. The next great earthquake. Science 315 (2007) 1675-1676
35. McCloskey J., Nalbant S.S., and Steacey S. Earthquake risk from coseismic stress. Nature 434 (2005) 291
36. Nettles M., Ekström G., Dziewohski A., and Maternovskaya M. Source characteristics of the great Sumatra earthquake and its aftershocks. Eos Trans. Amer. Geophys. Union 86 18 (2005) U43A-01 [abstract]
37. Ness N.F., Harrison J.C., and Slichter L.B. Observations of the free oscillations of the Earth. J. Geophys. Res. 66 (1961) 621-629
38. o discriminant for tsunami earthquakes. J. Geophys. Res. 103 (1998) 26885-26898
39. Ni S., Kanamori H., and Helmberger D. Energy radiation from the Sumatra earthquake. Nature 434 (2005) 582
40. 2 (1055 s) excited by the 2004 great Sumatra-Andaman earthquake, Japan Geoscience Union meeting, Chiba, Japan, Abstract 1143-001, 2006.
41. Okal E.A. Radial modes from the great 1994 Bolivian earthquake: no evidence of an isotropic component to the source. Geophys. Res. Lett. 23 (1996) 431-434
42. Okal E.A., and Synolakis C.E. Source discriminants for near-field tsunamis. Geophys. J. Int. 158 (2004) 899-912
43. Okal E.A., and Synolakis C.E. Far-field tsunami risk from mega-thrust earthquakes in the Indian Ocean. Geophys. J. Int. 172 (2008) 995-1015
44. Park J., Song T.-R.A., Tromp J., Okal E., Stein S., Roult G., Clévédé E., Laske G., Kanamori H., Davis P., Berger J., Braitenberg C., van Camp M., Lei X., Sun H., Xu H., and Rosat S. Earth's free oscillations excited by the 26 December 2004 Sumatra-Andaman earthquake. Science 308 (2005) 1139-1144
45. Pekeris C.L., Alterman Z., and Jarosch H. Rotational multiplets in the spectrum of the Earth. Phys. Rev. 122 (1961) 1692-1700
46. Polet J., and Kanamori H. Shallow subduction zone earthquakes and their tsunamigenic potential. Geophys. J. Int. 142 (2000) 684-702
47. Reymond D., and Okal E.A. Rapid, yet robust source estimates for challenging events: tsunami earthquakes and mega-thrusts. Eos Trans. Am. Geophys. Union 87 52 (2006) S14A-02, (abstract)
48. Richter C.E. An instrumental earthquake magnitude scale. Bull. Seismol. Soc. Am. 25 (1935) 1-32
49. 0. Geophys. J. Roy. Astr. Soc. 62 (1980) 457-471
50. Rieutord M. Slichter modes of the Earth revisited. Phys. Earth Planet Int. 131 (2002) 269-278
51. Ruff L.J., and Kanamori H. Seismicity and the subduction process. Phys. Earth Planet Int. 23 (1980) 240-252
52. Sailor R.V., and Dziewonski A.M. Measurements and interpretation of normal mode attenuation. Geophys. J. R. Astr. Soc. 53 (1978) 559-581
53. Saito M. Excitation of free oscillations and surface waves by a point source in a vertically heterogeneous Earth. J. Geophys. Res. 72 (1967) 3689-3699
54. Slichter L.B. The fundamental free mode of the Earth's inner core. Proc Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 47 (1961) 186-190
55. Stein S., and Geller R.J. Amplitudes of the split normal modes of a rotating, elliptical Earth excited by a double couple. J. Phys. Earth 25 (1977) 117-142
56. Stein S., and Geller R.J. Time-domain observation and synthesis of split spheroidal and torsional free oscillations of the 1960 Chilean earthquake: Preliminary results. Bull. Seismol. Soc. Am. 68 (1978) 325-332
57. Stein S., and Nunn J.A. Analysis of split normal modes for the 1977 Indonesian earthquake. Bull. Seismol. Soc. Am. 71 (1981) 1031-1047
58. Stein S., and Okal E.A. Speed and size of the Sumatra earthquake. Nature 434 (2005) 581-582
59. Stein S., and Okal E.A. Ultra-long period seismic study of the December 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake and implications for regional tectonics and the subduction process. Bull. Seismol. Soc. Am. 87 (2007) S279-S295
60. Synolakis C.E., Borrero J.C., Fritz H.M., Titov V.V., and Okal E.A. Inundation during the 26 December 2004 tsunami. In: McKee Smith J. (Ed). Coastal Engineering 2006 (2007), Word Scientific, Singapore 1625-1637
61. Tolstoy M., and Bohnenstiehl D.B. Hydroacoustic constraints on the rupture duration, length, and speed of the great Sumatra-Andaman earthquake. Seis. Res. Lett. 76 (2005) 419
62. Tsai V.C., Nettles M., Ekström G., and Dziewonski A.M. Multiple CMT source analysis of the 2004 Sumatra earthquake. Geophys. Res. Lett. 32 17 (2005) L17304 4 pp., doi:10.1029/2005GL023813
63. Vigny C., Simons W.J.F., Abu S., Bamphenyu R., Satirapod C., Choosakul N., Subarya C., Socquet A., Omar K., Abidin H.Z., and Ambrosius B.A.C. Insight into the 2004 Sumatra-Andaman earthquake from GPS measurements in Southeast Asia. Nature 436 (2005) 201-206
64. Wessel P., and Smith W.H.F. Free software helps map and display data, Eos. Trans. Am. Geophys. Union 72 (1991) pp. 441 and 445-446
65. Widmer R., Masters G., and Gilbert F. Spherically symmetric attenuation within the Earth from normal mode data. Geophys. J. Int. 104 (1991) 541-553
66. Widmer R., Masters G., and Gilbert F. Observably-split multiplets - data analysis and interpretation in terms of large-scale aspherical structure. Geophys. J. R. Astr. Soc. 111 (1992) 559-576