Somatostatin and dopamine receptors as targets for medical treatment of Cushing's Syndrome

Reviews in Endocrine and Metabolic Disorders

Volumn 10, Issue 2, 2009, Pages 91-102

  De Bruin, C ^a   Feelders, R A ^a   Lamberts, S W J ^a   Hofland, L J ^a  

^a ERASMUS MEDICAL CENTER   (Netherlands)

Author keywords

ACTH; Adrenal; Corticotroph adenoma; Cortisol; Cushing's disease; Pituitary

Indexed keywords

ANGIOPEPTIN; BIM 23 A 370; BIM 23 A 387; BIM 23 A 760; BIM 23244; BROMOCRIPTINE; CABERGOLINE; DEXAMETHASONE; DOPAMINE 2 RECEPTOR; DOPAMINE DERIVATIVE; DOPAMINE RECEPTOR; GLUCOCORTICOID RECEPTOR; HYDROCORTISONE; KETOCONAZOLE; METYRAPONE; MIFEPRISTONE; OCTREOTIDE; PASIREOTIDE; PERGOLIDE; SOMATOSTATIN 14; SOMATOSTATIN DERIVATIVE; SOMATOSTATIN RECEPTOR; SOMATOSTATIN RECEPTOR 2; SOMATOSTATIN RECEPTOR 5; UNCLASSIFIED DRUG;

ABDOMINAL PAIN; ACTH SECRETING ADENOMA; ADRENAL INSUFFICIENCY; ADRENALECTOMY; BINDING AFFINITY; CUSHING SYNDROME; DIARRHEA; DRUG HALF LIFE; DRUG RECEPTOR BINDING; DRUG TARGETING; DRUG TOLERABILITY; ECTOPIC CORTICOTROPIN PRODUCTION; GASTROINTESTINAL SYMPTOM; GLUCOSE BLOOD LEVEL; GROWTH HORMONE DEFICIENCY; GROWTH HORMONE SECRETING ADENOMA; HEART VALVE REGURGITATION; HUMAN; HYPERPROLACTINEMIA; HYPERTENSION; HYPOKALEMIA; NAUSEA; NELSON SYNDROME; NONHUMAN; PARKINSON DISEASE; PROLACTINOMA; PROTEIN EXPRESSION; PROTEIN FUNCTION; REVIEW; SIDE EFFECT; TOXIC HEPATITIS; TRANSSPHENOIDAL SURGERY;

ACTH-SECRETING PITUITARY ADENOMA; ADRENOCORTICOTROPIC HORMONE; ANIMALS; ANTINEOPLASTIC AGENTS; CUSHING SYNDROME; HUMANS; RECEPTORS, DOPAMINE D2; RECEPTORS, SOMATOSTATIN;

EID: 67349112176     PISSN: 13899155     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1007/s11154-008-9082-4     Document Type: Review

References (115)

1. DN Orth 1995 Cushing's syndrome N Engl J Med 332 12 791 803
2. J Lindholm 2001 Incidence and late prognosis of cushing's syndrome: a population-based study J Clin Endocrinol Metab 86 1 117 123 (Pubitemid 32111743)
3. J Newell-Price 2006 Cushing's syndrome Lancet. 367 9522 1605 1617 (Pubitemid 43674231)
4. AB Atkinson 2005 Long-term remission rates after pituitary surgery for Cushing's disease: the need for long-term surveillance Clin Endocrinol 63 5 549 559 (Pubitemid 41626751)
5. RJ Benveniste 2005 Repeated transsphenoidal surgery to treat recurrent or residual pituitary adenoma J Neurosurg 102 6 1004 1012 (Pubitemid 43193968)
6. M Locatelli ML Vance ER Laws 2005 Clinical review: the strategy of immediate reoperation for transsphenoidal surgery for Cushing's disease J Clin Endocrinol Metab 90 9 5478 5482 (Pubitemid 41262319)
7. AS Mahmoud-Ahmed JH Suh 2002 Radiation therapy for Cushing's disease: a review Pituitary 5 3 175 180 (Pubitemid 36656430)
8. ML Vance 2005 Pituitary radiotherapy Endocrinol Metab Clin North Am 34 2 479 487 (Pubitemid 40602733)
9. J Jagannathan 2007 Gamma Knife surgery for Cushing's disease J Neurosurg 106 6 980 987 (Pubitemid 46871110)
10. I Ilias 2005 Cushing's syndrome due to ectopic corticotropin secretion: twenty years' experience at the National Institutes of Health J Clin Endocrinol Metab 90 8 4955 4962 (Pubitemid 41159396)
11. AM Isidori 2006 The ectopic adrenocorticotropin syndrome: clinical features, diagnosis, management, and long-term follow-up J Clin Endocrinol Metab 91 2 371 377
12. D Morris A Grossman 2002 The Medical management of Cushing's syndrome Ann NY Acad Sci 970 1 119 133 (Pubitemid 35286089)
13. F Castinetti 2008 Ketoconazole revisited: a preoperative or postoperative treatment in Cushing's disease Eur J Endocrinol 158 1 91 99
14. LK Nieman 2002 Medical therapy of Cushing's disease Pituitary 5 2 77 82 (Pubitemid 36336012)
15. P Barnett 2003 Somatostatin and somatostatin receptor physiology Endocrine 20 3 255 264 (Pubitemid 36571027)
16. SW Lamberts EP Krenning JC Reubi 1991 The role of somatostatin and its analogs in the diagnosis and treatment of tumors Endocr Rev 12 4 450 482
17. YC Patel 1999 Somatostatin and its receptor family Front Neuroendocrinol 20 3 157 198 (Pubitemid 29362641)
18. C Missale 1998 Dopamine receptors: from structure to function Physiol Rev 78 1 189 225 (Pubitemid 28070979)
19. JC Reubi 1987 Somatostatin receptors in human endocrine tumors Cancer Res 47 2 551 558 (Pubitemid 17009625)
20. R Pivonello D Ferone G Lombardi A Colao SW Lamberts LJ Hofland 2007 Novel insights in dopamine receptor physiology Eur J Endocrinol 156 Supplement 1 S13 S21 (Pubitemid 46797839)
21. G Giustina 1975 Dose-response study of the inhibiting effect of somatostatin on growth hormone and insulin secretion in normal subjects and acromegalic patients Metabolism 24 7 807 815
22. SW Lamberts 1988 The role of somatostatin in the regulation of anterior pituitary hormone secretion and the use of its analogs in the treatment of human pituitary tumors Endocr Rev 9 4 417 436
23. SW Lamberts 1985 The somatostatin analog SMS 201-995 induces long-acting inhibition of growth hormone secretion without rebound hypersecretion in acromegalic patients J Clin Endocrinol Metab 60 6 1161 1165 (Pubitemid 15064776)
24. SW Lamberts 1985 Long-term treatment of acromegaly with the somatostatin analogue SMS 201-995 N Engl J Med 313 25 1576 1580 (Pubitemid 16177397)
25. A Saveanu 2001 Bim-23244, a somatostatin receptor subtype 2- and 5-selective analog with enhanced efficacy in suppressing growth hormone (GH) from octreotide-resistant human GH-secreting adenomas J Clin Endocrinol Metab 86 1 140 145 (Pubitemid 32109787)
26. C Bruns 2002 SOM230: a novel somatostatin peptidomimetic with broad somatotropin release inhibiting factor (SRIF) receptor binding and a unique antisecretory profile Eur J Endocrinol 146 5 707 716 (Pubitemid 34552506)
27. ME Molitch 1985 Bromocriptine as primary therapy for prolactin-secreting macroadenomas: results of a prospective multicenter study J Clin Endocrinol Metab 60 4 698 705 (Pubitemid 15147556)
28. A Colao G Lombardi L Annunziato 2000 Cabergoline Expert Opin Pharmacother 1 3 555 574
29. M Rocheville 2000 Receptors for dopamine and somatostatin: formation of hetero-oligomers with enhanced functional activity Science 288 5463 154 157 (Pubitemid 30203051)
30. D Ferone 2005 Somatostatin and dopamine receptor expression in lung carcinoma cells and effects of chimeric somatostatin-dopamine molecules on cell proliferation Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 289 6 E1044 1050 (Pubitemid 43671055)
31. P Brazeau 1973 Hypothalamic polypeptide that inhibits the secretion of immunoreactive pituitary growth hormone Science 179 68 77 79
32. AM O'Carroll K Krempels 1995 Widespread distribution of somatostatin receptor messenger ribonucleic acids in rat pituitary Endocrinology 136 11 5224 5227
33. R Day 1995 Expression of mRNA for somatostatin receptor (sstr) types 2 and 5 in individual rat pituitary cells. A double labeling in situ hybridization analysis Endocrinology 136 11 5232 5235
34. E Mezey 1998 Cell specific expression of the sst2A and sst5 somatostatin receptors in the rat anterior pituitary Endocrinology 139 1 414 419 (Pubitemid 28166336)
35. MR Brown C Rivier W Vale 1984 Central nervous system regulation of adrenocorticotropin secretion: role of somatostatins Endocrinology 114 5 1546 1549 (Pubitemid 14140301)
36. J Kraicer TC Gajewski BC Moor 1985 Release of pro-opiomelanocortin- derived peptides from the pars intermedia and pars distalis of the rat pituitary: effect of corticotrophin-releasing factor and somatostatin Neuroendocrinology 41 5 363 373 (Pubitemid 16228283)
37. SW Lamberts 1989 Studies on the conditions determining the inhibitory effect of somatostatin on adrenocorticotropin, prolactin and thyrotropin release by cultured rat pituitary cells Neuroendocrinology 50 1 44 50 (Pubitemid 19152163)
38. PJ Stafford 1989 The pituitary-adrenal response to CRF-41 is unaltered by intravenous somatostatin in normal subjects Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 30 6 661 666 (Pubitemid 19152823)
39. R Hall 1973 Action of growth-hormone-release inhibitory hormone in healthy men and in acromegaly Lancet 2 7829 581 584
40. SL Lightman P Fox MJ Dunne 1986 The effect of SMS 201-995, a long-acting somatostatin analogue, on anterior pituitary function in healthy male volunteers Scand J Gastroenterol Suppl 119 84 95 (Pubitemid 16057847)
41. C Invitti 1991 Effect of sandostatin on CRF-stimulated secretion of ACTH, beta-lipotropin and beta-endorphin Horm Metab Res 23 5 233 235
42. HL Fehm 1976 Somatostatin: a potent inhibitor of ACTH-hypersecretion in adrenal insufficiency Klin Wochenschr 54 4 173 175
43. D Cervia 2003 Pharmacological characterisation of native somatostatin receptors in AtT-20 mouse tumour corticotrophs Br J Pharmacol 139 1 109 121 (Pubitemid 36645314)
44. UI Richardson A Schonbrunn 1981 Inhibition of adrenocorticotropin secretion by somatostatin in pituitary cells in culture Endocrinology 108 1 281 290 (Pubitemid 11212830)
45. M Tallent 1996 Somatostatin receptor subtypes SSTR2 and SSTR5 couple negatively to an L-type Ca2 + current in the pituitary cell line AtT-20 Neuroscience 71 4 1073 1081 (Pubitemid 126339991)
46. MZ Strowski 2002 Somatostatin receptor subtypes 2 and 5 inhibit corticotropin-releasing hormone-stimulated adrenocorticotropin secretion from AtT-20 cells Neuroendocrinology 75 6 339 346 (Pubitemid 34639038)
47. D Cervia D Fehlmann D Hoyer 2003 Native somatostatin sst2 and sst5 receptors functionally coupled to Gi/o-protein, but not to the serum response element in AtT-20 mouse tumour corticotrophs Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol 367 6 578 587 (Pubitemid 36829455)
48. J van der Hoek 2005 Distinct functional properties of native somatostatin receptor subtype 5 compared with subtype 2 in the regulation of ACTH release by corticotroph tumor cells Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 289 2 E278 287 (Pubitemid 41076629)
49. A Schonbrunn 1982 Glucocorticoids down-regulate somatostatin receptors on pituitary cells in culture Endocrinology 110 4 1147 1154
50. GK Stalla 1994 Octreotide exerts different effects in vivo and in vitro in Cushing's disease Eur J Endocrinol 130 2 125 131 (Pubitemid 24112380)
51. LJ Hofland 2005 The multi-ligand somatostatin analogue SOM230 inhibits ACTH secretion by cultured human corticotroph adenomas via somatostatin receptor type 5 Eur J Endocrinol 152 4 645 654 (Pubitemid 40575811)
52. DL Batista 2006 The effects of SOM230 on cell proliferation and adrenocorticotropin secretion in human corticotroph pituitary adenomas J Clin Endocrinol Metab 91 11 4482 4488
53. DC Danila 2001 Somatostatin Receptor-Specific Analogs: Effects on Cell Proliferation and Growth Hormone Secretion in Human Somatotroph Tumors 10.1210/jc.86.7.2976 J Clin Endocrinol Metab 86 7 2976 2981 (Pubitemid 32673451)
54. SW Lamberts P Uitterlinden JM Klijn 1989 The effect of the long-acting somatostatin analogue SMS 201-995 on ACTH secretion in Nelson's syndrome and Cushing's disease Acta Endocrinol (Copenh) 120 6 760 766 (Pubitemid 19148444)
55. B Ambrosi 1990 Failure of somatostatin and octreotide to acutely affect the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal function in patients with corticotropin hypersecretion J Endocrinol Invest 13 3 257 261 (Pubitemid 20159184)
56. JB Tyrrell 1975 Inhibition by somatostatin of ACTH secretion in Nelson's syndrome J Clin Endocrinol Metab 40 6 1125 1127
57. L Petrini 1994 Long-term treatment of Nelson's syndrome by octreotide: a case report J Endocrinol Invest 17 2 135 139 (Pubitemid 24280435)
58. F Kelestimur 1996 The effects of octreotide in a patient with Nelson's syndrome Postgrad Med J 72 843 53 54 (Pubitemid 26018011)
59. J van der Hoek SW Lamberts LJ Hofland 2004 The role of somatostatin analogs in Cushing's disease Pituitary 7 4 257 264 (Pubitemid 43115862)
60. Boscaro M, Petersenn S, Atkinson AB, Bertherat J, Findling J, Snyder P, McBride K, Reincke M, Ludlam W, Gao B, Melmed S, Freda P, Frohman L, Grossman A, Biller B, Glusman JE. Pasireotide (SOM230), the novel multi-ligand somatostatin analogue, is a promising medical therapy for patients with Cushing's disease: preliminary safety and efficacy results of a phase II study. Presented at ENDO 2006, abstr OR9-1, 2006,. Boston, USA.
61. P Ma 2005 Pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic comparison of a novel multiligand somatostatin analog, SOM230, with octreotide in patients with acromegaly Clin Pharmacol Ther 78 1 69 80 (Pubitemid 40956933)
62. G Weckbecker 2002 SOM230: a new somatostatin peptidomimetic with potent inhibitory effects on the growth hormone/insulin-like growth factor-I axis in rats, primates, and dogs Endocrinology 143 10 4123 4130 (Pubitemid 35244391)
63. T Antakly 1985 Induced expression of the glucocorticoid receptor in the rat intermediate pituitary lobe Science 229 4710 277 279 (Pubitemid 15229302)
64. J Stack A Surprenant 1991 Dopamine actions on calcium currents, potassium currents and hormone release in rat melanotrophs J Physiol 439 37 58
65. JM Farah Jr. DS Malcolm GP Mueller 1982 Dopaminergic inhibition of pituitary beta-endorphin-like immunoreactivity secretion in the rat Endocrinology 110 2 657 659 (Pubitemid 12162966)
66. A Saiardi E Borrelli 1998 Absence of dopaminergic control on melanotrophs leads to Cushing's-like syndrome in mice Mol Endocrinol 12 8 1133 1139 (Pubitemid 30659040)
67. SW Lamberts SA de Lange SZ Stefanko 1982 Adrenocorticotropin-secreting pituitary adenomas originate from the anterior or the intermediate lobe in Cushing's disease: differences in the regulation of hormone secretion J Clin Endocrinol Metab 54 2 286 291
68. RJ Croughs 1989 Bromocriptine-responsive Cushing's disease associated with anterior pituitary corticotroph hyperplasia or normal pituitary gland J Clin Endocrinol Metab 68 2 495 498 (Pubitemid 19052898)
69. WE Farrell 1992 Bromocriptine inhibits pro-opiomelanocortin mRNA and ACTH precursor secretion in small cell lung cancer cell lines J Clin Invest 90 3 705 710
70. D Yin 1994 Induction of apoptosis in murine ACTH-secreting pituitary adenoma cells by bromocriptine FEBS Lett 339 1-2 73 75 (Pubitemid 24086654)
71. R Pivonello 2004 Dopamine receptor expression and function in corticotroph pituitary tumors J Clin Endocrinol Metab 89 5 2452 2462 (Pubitemid 38619889)
72. L Stefaneanu 2001 Dopamine D2 receptor gene expression in human adenohypophysial adenomas Endocrine 14 3 329 336 (Pubitemid 32547815)
73. JW Miller L Crapo 1993 The medical treatment of Cushing's syndrome Endocr Rev 14 4 443 458 (Pubitemid 23238926)
74. SW Lamberts 1980 The mechanism of the suppressive action of bromocriptine on adrenocorticotropin secretion in patients with Cushing's disease and Nelson's syndrome J Clin Endocrinol Metab 51 2 307 311 (Pubitemid 10007639)
75. R Pivonello 1999 Complete remission of Nelson's syndrome after 1-year treatment with cabergoline J Endocrinol Invest. 22 11 860 865 (Pubitemid 30083180)
76. P Petrossians 2001 ACTH silent adenoma shrinking under cabergoline Eur J Endocrinol 144 1 51 57 (Pubitemid 32126912)
77. T Miyoshi 2004 Effect of cabergoline treatment on Cushing's disease caused by aberrant adrenocorticotropin-secreting macroadenoma J Endocrinol Invest. 27 11 1055 1059
78. LA Casulari 2004 Nelson's syndrome: complete remission with cabergoline but not with bromocriptine or cyproheptadine treatment Horm Res. 62 6 300 305 (Pubitemid 40069629)
79. I Shraga-Slutzky I Shimon R Weinshtein 2006 Clinical and biochemical stabilization of Nelson's syndrome with long-term low-dose cabergoline treatment Pituitary. 9 2 151 154 (Pubitemid 44463446)
80. F Illouz 2006 [Use of cabergoline in persisting Cushing's disease] Ann Endocrinol (Paris) 67 4 353 356
81. C Garcia 2007 [Nelson's syndrome management: current knowledge] Rev Med Interne. 28 11 766 769 (Pubitemid 47600432)
82. Godbout A, B.H., Babin S, Sabourin A, Lacroix A. Cabergoline in the long-term treatment of Cushing's disease. in The Endocrine Society's 89th Annual Meeting, June 2-5. 2007, Toronto, Canada.
83. Pivonello R, D.M.M., Faggiano A, De Leo M, Lombardi G, Hofland L, Lamberts S, Colao A. Cabergoline treatment in Cushing's disease: Effect on hypertension, glucose intolerance and dyslipidemia. in P4-50, Endocrine Society's 89th Annual Meeting, June 2-5. 2007, Toronto, Canada.
84. R Schade 2007 Dopamine agonists and the risk of cardiac-valve regurgitation N Engl J Med 356 1 29 38 (Pubitemid 46041751)
85. R Zanettini 2007 Valvular heart disease and the use of dopamine agonists for Parkinson's disease N Engl J Med 356 1 39 46 (Pubitemid 46041752)
86. VG Rasmussen 2008 Heart valve disease associated with treatment with ergot-derived dopamine agonists: a clinical and echocardiographic study of patients with Parkinson's disease J Intern Med 263 1 90 98
87. A Colao 2007 Combined therapy of somatostatin analogues and dopamine agonists in the treatment of pituitary tumours Eur J Endocrinol 156 Suppl 1 S57 63 (Pubitemid 46797845)
88. A Saveanu 2006 Somatostatin and dopamine-somatostatin multiple ligands directed towards somatostatin and dopamine receptors in pituitary adenomas Neuroendocrinology 83 3-4 258 263 (Pubitemid 44578880)
89. P Jaquet 2005 BIM-23A760, a chimeric molecule directed towards somatostatin and dopamine receptors, vs universal somatostatin receptors ligands in GH-secreting pituitary adenomas partial responders to octreotide J Endocrinol Invest 28 11 Suppl International 21 27
90. HA Schmid 2008 Pasireotide (SOM230): Development, mechanism of action and potential applications Mol Cell Endocrinol 286 69 74
91. SW Lamberts 1994 A role of (labeled) somatostatin analogs in the differential diagnosis and treatment of Cushing's syndrome J Clin Endocrinol Metab 78 1 17 19 (Pubitemid 24026739)
92. M Phlipponneau 1994 Somatostatin analogs for the localization and preoperative treatment of an adrenocorticotropin-secreting bronchial carcinoid tumor J Clin Endocrinol Metab 78 1 20 24 (Pubitemid 24026740)
93. X Bertagna 1989 Suppression of ectopic adrenocorticotropin secretion by the long-acting somatostatin analog octreotide J Clin Endocrinol Metab 68 5 988 991 (Pubitemid 19127421)
94. F Vignati P Loli 1996 Additive effect of ketoconazole and octreotide in the treatment of severe adrenocorticotropin-dependent hypercortisolism J Clin Endocrinol Metab 81 8 2885 2890 (Pubitemid 26323880)
95. WW de Herder 1994 Somatostatin receptor scintigraphy: its value in tumor localization in patients with Cushing's syndrome caused by ectopic corticotropin or corticotropin-releasing hormone secretion Am J Med 96 4 305 312 (Pubitemid 24127265)
96. DW Ray 1994 Human small cell lung cancer cell lines expressing the proopiomelanocortin gene have aberrant glucocorticoid receptor function J Clin Invest 93 4 1625 1630 (Pubitemid 24116401)
97. D Gaitan 1995 Glucocorticoid receptor structure and function in an adrenocorticotropin-secreting small cell lung cancer Mol Endocrinol 9 9 1193 1201
98. GI Uwaifo 2003 Is there a therapeutic role for octreotide in patients with ectopic Cushing's syndrome? J Endocrinol Invest 26 8 710 717 (Pubitemid 37441498)
99. SW Lamberts 1988 Successful treatment with SMS 201-995 of Cushing's syndrome caused by ectopic adrenocorticotropin secretion from a metastatic gastrin-secreting pancreatic islet cell carcinoma J Clin Endocrinol Metab 67 5 1080 1083 (Pubitemid 18277234)
100. LJ Hofland SW Lamberts 2003 The pathophysiological consequences of somatostatin receptor internalization and resistance Endocr Rev 24 1 28 47 (Pubitemid 36223278)
101. R Pivonello 2007 Dopamine receptor expression and function in corticotroph ectopic tumors J Clin Endocrinol Metab 92 1 65 69 (Pubitemid 46067510)
102. R Pivonello 2004 Dopamine receptor expression and function in clinically nonfunctioning pituitary tumors: comparison with the effectiveness of cabergoline treatment J Clin Endocrinol Metab 89 4 1674 1683 (Pubitemid 38507920)
103. R Pivonello 2005 Cabergoline plus lanreotide for ectopic Cushing's syndrome N Engl J Med 352 23 2457 2458 (Pubitemid 40958451)
104. N Unger 2008 Immunohistochemical localization of somatostatin receptor subtypes in benign and malignant adrenal tumors Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 68 850 857
105. B Ueberberg 2005 Differential expression of the human somatostatin receptor subtypes sst1 to sst5 in various adrenal tumors and normal adrenal gland Horm Metab Res 37 12 722 728 (Pubitemid 43028072)
106. N Unger 2004 Immunohistochemical determination of somatostatin receptor subtypes 1, 2A, 3, 4, and 5 in various adrenal tumors Endocr Res 30 4 931 934 (Pubitemid 40070196)
107. WW de Herder SW Lamberts 1996 Is there a role for somatostatin and its analogs in Cushing's syndrome? Metabolism 45 8 Suppl 1 83 85 (Pubitemid 26281951)
108. C Missale 1989 Dopaminergic receptor mechanisms modulating the renin-angiotensin system and aldosterone secretion: an overview J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 14 Suppl 8 S29 39 (Pubitemid 20056575)
109. F Amenta 1994 Pharmacological characterization and autoradiographic localization of dopamine receptors in the human adrenal cortex Eur J Endocrinol 131 1 91 96 (Pubitemid 24230558)
110. KD Wu 2001 Expression and localization of human dopamine D2 and D4 receptor mRNA in the adrenal gland, aldosterone-producing adenoma, and pheochromocytoma J Clin Endocrinol Metab 86 9 4460 4467 (Pubitemid 32848575)
111. R Pivonello 2004 Dopamine receptor expression and function in human normal adrenal gland and adrenal tumors J Clin Endocrinol Metab 89 9 4493 4502 (Pubitemid 39244461)
112. HA Schmid P Schoeffter 2004 Functional activity of the multiligand analog SOM230 at human recombinant somatostatin receptor subtypes supports its usefulness in neuroendocrine tumors Neuroendocrinology 80 Suppl 1 47 50 (Pubitemid 39382369)
113. A Newman-Tancredi 2002 Differential actions of antiparkinson agents at multiple classes of monoaminergic receptor. II. Agonist and antagonist properties at subtypes of dopamine D(2)-like receptor and alpha(1)/alpha(2)- adrenoceptor J Pharmacol Exp Ther 303 2 805 814 (Pubitemid 35231257)
114. P Jaquet 2005 Efficacy of chimeric molecules directed towards multiple somatostatin and dopamine receptors on inhibition of GH and prolactin secretion from GH-secreting pituitary adenomas classified as partially responsive to somatostatin analog therapy Eur J Endocrinol 153 1 135 141 (Pubitemid 41030524)
115. LJ Hofland 2004 The novel somatostatin analog SOM230 is a potent inhibitor of hormone release by growth hormone- and prolactin-secreting pituitary adenomas in vitro J Clin Endocrinol Metab 89 4 1577 1585 (Pubitemid 38507905)