Extensive clinical experience - The ectopic adrenocorticotropin syndrome: Clinical features, diagnosis, management, and long-term follow-up

Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism

Volumn 91, Issue 2, 2006, Pages 371-377

  Isidori, Andrea M ^a,c   Kaltsas, Gregory A ^a   Pozza, Carlotta ^a   Frajese, Vanni ^a   Newell Price, John ^b   Reznek, Rodney H ^a   Jenkins, Paul J ^a   Monson, John P ^a   Grossman, Ashley B ^a   Besser, G Michael ^a  

^a ST BARTHOLOMEW S HOSPITAL   (United Kingdom)

^b UNIVERSITY OF SHEFFIELD   (United Kingdom)

^c SAPIENZA UNIVERSITY OF ROME   (Italy)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ADRENERGIC RECEPTOR BLOCKING AGENT; ETOMIDATE; KETOCONAZOLE; METYRAPONE; MITOTANE; OCTREOTIDE; CORTICOTROPIN;

ABSENCE OF SIDE EFFECTS; ACCURACY; ADOLESCENT; ADRENALECTOMY; ADULT; AGED; ARTICLE; BLOOD ANALYSIS; BRONCHUS CARCINOID; CLINICAL ARTICLE; CLINICAL FEATURE; CONTROLLED STUDY; DIAGNOSTIC IMAGING; DIAGNOSTIC PROCEDURE; ECTOPIC CORTICOTROPIN PRODUCTION; FEMALE; FOLLOW UP; HISTOLOGY; HUMAN; HUMAN TISSUE; HYPERCORTISOLISM; LONG TERM CARE; MALE; METASTASIS; NEUROENDOCRINE TUMOR; PRIORITY JOURNAL; SCINTIGRAPHY; SURGICAL TECHNIQUE; SURVIVAL; BLOOD; BRONCHUS TUMOR; CARCINOID; CUSHING SYNDROME; DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS; MIDDLE AGED; NEOPLASM; PATHOLOGY; RETROSPECTIVE STUDY; SECRETION;

ACTH SYNDROME, ECTOPIC; ADOLESCENT; ADRENOCORTICOTROPIC HORMONE; ADULT; AGED; AGED, 80 AND OVER; BRONCHIAL NEOPLASMS; CARCINOID TUMOR; CUSHING SYNDROME; DIAGNOSIS, DIFFERENTIAL; FEMALE; FOLLOW-UP STUDIES; HUMANS; MALE; MIDDLE AGED; NEOPLASMS; NEUROENDOCRINE TUMORS; RETROSPECTIVE STUDIES; SURVIVAL ANALYSIS;

EID: 32544450461     PISSN: 0021972X     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1210/jc.2005-1542     Document Type: Article

References (37)

1. Newell-Price J, Grossman A 1999 Diagnosis and management of Cushing's syndrome. Lancet 353:2087-2088
2. Newell-Price J, Trainer P, Besser M, Grossman A 1998 The diagnosis and differential diagnosis of Cushing's syndrome and pseudo-Cushing's states. Endocr Rev 19:647-672
3. Findling JW, Raff H 2001 Diagnosis and differential diagnosis of Cushing's syndrome. Endocrinol Metab Clin North Am 30:729-747
4. Kaltsas GA, Giannulis MG, Newell-Price JD, Dacie JE, Thakkar C, Afshar F, Monson JP, Grossman AB, Besser GM, Trainer PJ 1999 A critical analysis of the value of simultaneous inferior petrosal sinus sampling in Cushing's disease and the occult ectopic adrenocorticotropin syndrome. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 84:487-492
5. Raff H, Findling JW 2003 A physiologic approach to diagnosis of the Cushing syndrome. Ann Intern Med 138:980-991
6. Findling JW, Tyrrell JB 1986 Occult ectopic secretion of corticotropin. Arch Intern Med 146:929-933
7. Limper AH, Carpenter PC, Scheithauer B, Staats BA 1992 The Cushing syndrome induced by bronchial carcinoid tumors. Ann Intern Med 117:209-214
8. Oldfield EH, Doppman JL, Nieman LK, Chrousos GP, Miller DL, Katz DA, Cutler Jr GB, Loriaux DL 1991 Petrosal sinus sampling with and without corticotropin-releasing hormone for the differential diagnosis of Cushing's syndrome. N Engl J Med 325:897-905
9. Wajchenberg BL, Mendonca BB, Liberman B, Pereira MA, Carneiro PC, Wakamatsu A, Kirschner MA 1994 Ectopic adrenocorticotropic hormone syndrome. Endocr Rev 15:752-787
10. Beuschlein F, Hammer GD 2002 Ectopic pro-opiomelanocortin syndrome. Endocrinol Metab Clin North Am 31:191-234
11. Sarlis NJ, Chanock SJ, Nieman LK 2000 Cortisolemic indices predict severe infections in Cushing syndrome due to ectopic production of adrenocorticotropin. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 85:42-47
12. Ilias I, Torpy DJ, Pacak K, Mullen N, Wesley RA, Nieman LK 2005 Cushing's syndrome due to ectopic corticotropin secretion: twenty years' experience at the National Institutes of Health. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 90:4955-4962
13. Newell-Price J, Morris DG, Drake WM, Korbonits M, Monson JP, Besser GM, Grossman AB 2002 Optimal response criteria for the human CRH test in the differential diagnosis of ACTH-dependent Cushing's syndrome. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 87:1640-1645
14. Newell-Price J, Perry L, Medbak S, Monson J, Savage M, Besser M, Grossman A 1997 A combined test using desmopressin and corticotropin-releasing hormone in the differential diagnosis of Cushing's syndrome. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 82:176-181
15. Howlett TA, Drury PL, Perry L, Doniach I, Rees LH, Besser GM 1986 Diagnosis and management of ACTH-dependent Cushing's syndrome: comparison of the features in ectopic and pituitary ACTH production. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 24:699-713
16. Trainer PJ, Besser GM, St. Bartholomew's Hospital 1995 The Bart's endocrine protocols. Edinburgh: Churchill Livingstone
17. Kaltsas GA, Besser GM, Grossman AB 2004 The diagnosis and medical management of advanced neuroendocrine tumors. Endocr Rev 25:458-511
18. Kelly PA, Samandouras G, Grossman AB, Afshar F, Besser GM, Jenkins PJ 2002 Neurosurgical treatment of Nelson's syndrome. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 87:5465-5469
19. Newell-Price J, Trainer P, Perry L, Wass J, Grossman A, Besser M 1995 A single sleeping midnight cortisol has 100% sensitivity for the diagnosis of Cushing's syndrome. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 43:545-550
20. Isidori AM, Kaltsas GA, Mohammed S, Morris DG, Jenkins P, Chew SL, Monson JP, Besser GM, Grossman AB 2003 Discriminatory value of the low-dose dexamethasone suppression test in establishing the diagnosis and differential diagnosis of Cushing's syndrome. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 88:5299-5306
21. Woo SY, Isidori AM, Wat WZ, Kaltsas GA, Afshar F, Sabin I, Jenkins P, Monson JP, Besser GM, Grossman AB 2005 The clinical and biochemical characteristics of ACTH-secreting macroadenomas. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 90:4963-4969
22. Drake WM, Perry LA, Hinds CJ, Lowe DG, Reznek RH, Besser GM 1998 Emergency and prolonged use of intravenous etomidate to control hypercortisolemia in a patient with Cushing's syndrome and peritonitis. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 83:3542-3544
23. Warren WH, Faber LP, Gould VE 1989 Neuroendocrine neoplasms of the lung. A clinicopathologic update. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 98:321-332
24. Graham BS, Tucker Jr WS 1984 Opportunistic infections in endogenous Cushing's syndrome. Ann Intern Med 101:334-338
25. Dimopoulos MA, Fernandez JF, Samaan NA, Holoye PY, Vassilopoulou-Sellin R 1992 Paraneoplastic Cushing's syndrome as an adverse prognostic factor in patients who die early with small cell lung cancer. Cancer 69:66-71
26. Swearingen B, Katznelson L, Miller K, Grinspoon S, Waltman A, Dorer DJ, Klibanski A, Biller BM 2004 Diagnostic errors after inferior petrosal sinus sampling. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 89:3752-3763
27. Kuhn JM, Proeschel MF, Seurin DJ, Bertagna XY, Luton JP, Girard FL 1989 Comparative assessment of ACTH and lipotropin plasma levels in the diagnosis and follow-up of patients with Cushing's syndrome: a study of 210 cases. Am J Med 86:678-684
28. Yamamoto Y, Davis DH, Nippoldt TB, Young Jr WF, Huston J, III, Parisi JE 1995 False-positive inferior petrosal sinus sampling in the diagnosis of Cushing's disease. Report of two cases. J Neurosurg 83:1087-1091
29. Hermus AR, Pieters GF, Pesman GJ, Smals AG, Benraad TJ, Kloppenborg PW 1986 The corticotropin-releasing-hormone test versus the high-dose dexamethasone test in the differential diagnosis of Cushing's syndrome. Lancet 2:540-544
30. Nieman LK, Chrousos GP, Oldfield EH, Avgerinos PC, Cutler Jr GB, Loriaux DL 1986 The ovine corticotropin-releasing hormone stimulation test and the dexamethasone suppression test in the differential diagnosis of Cushing's syndrome. Ann Intern Med 105:862-867
31. Aron DC, Raff H, Findling JW 1997 Effectiveness versus efficacy: the limited value in clinical practice of high dose dexamethasone suppression testing in the differential diagnosis of adrenocorticotropin-dependent Cushing's syndrome. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 82:1780-1785
32. Flack MR, Oldfield EH, Cutler GB, Zweig MH, Malley JD, Chrousos GP, Loriaux DL, Nieman LK 1992 Urine free cortisol in the high-dose dexamethasone suppression test for the differential diagnosis of the Cushing syndrome. Ann Intern Med 116:211-217
33. Invitti C, Giraldi FP, de Martin M, Cavagnini F 1999 Diagnosis and management of Cushing's syndrome: results of an Italian multicentre study. Study Group of the Italian Society of Endocrinology on the Pathophysiology of the Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal Axis. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 84:440-448
34. Liddle GW, Nicholson WE, Island DP, Orth DN, Abe K, Lowder SC 1969 Clinical and laboratory studies of ectopic humoral syndromes. Recent Prog Horm Res 25:283-314
35. Reimondo G, Paccotti P, Minetto M, Termine A, Stura G, Bergui M, Angeli A, Terzolo M 2003 The corticotrophin-releasing hormone test is the most reliable noninvasive method to differentiate pituitary from ectopic ACTH secretion in Cushing's syndrome. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 58:718-724
36. Tyrrell JB, Findling JW, Aron DC, Fitzgerald PA, Forsham PH 1986 An overnight high-dose dexamethasone suppression test for rapid differential diagnosis of Cushing's syndrome. Ann Intern Med 104:180-186
37. Kaye TB, Crapo L 1990 The Cushing syndrome: an update on diagnostic tests. Ann Intern Med 112:434-444