Working to avoid collateral emotional harm to clients: Cases and recommendations for the personal injury attorney

Psychological Injury and Law

Volumn 2, Issue 2, 2009, Pages 149-166

  Schatman, Michael E ^a  

^a Pain and Addiction Study Foundation   (United States)

Author keywords

Ethics; Personal injury attorneys; Traumatic injury; Vulnerability

Indexed keywords

EID: 67349089892     PISSN: 1938971X     EISSN: 19389728     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1007/s12207-009-9047-2     Document Type: Article

References (113)

1. American Bar Association. (2007a). Model Rule 1.3. ABA model rules of professional conduct and code of judicial conduct. Available at: http://www.abanet.org/cpr/mrpc/rule-1-3.html. Accessed 2 July 2008.
2. American Bar Association. (2007b). Model rule 1.2. ABA model rules of professional conduct and code of judicial conduct. Available at: http://www.abanet.org/cpr/mrpc/rule-1-2.html. Accessed 30 June 2008.
3. American Bar Association. (2007c). Model rule 1.8. ABA model rules of professional conduct and code of judicial conduct. Available at: http://www.abanet.org/cpr/mrpc/rule-1-8.html. Accessed 2 July 2008.
4. American Bar Association. (2007d). Model rule 8.4. ABA model rules of professional conduct and code of judicial conduct. Available at: http://www.abanet.org/cpr/mrpc/rule-8-4.html. Accessed 2 July 2008.
5. American Bar Association. (2007e). Model rule 1.16. ABA model rules of professional conduct and code of judicial conduct. Available at: http://www.abanet.org/cpr/mrpc/rule-1-16.html. Accessed 14 July 2008.
6. American Bar Association/Bureau of National Affairs. (1996). ABA/BNA lawyers' manual on professional conduct, 31:1201. Washington, DC: American Bar Association/Bureau of National Affairs.
7. American College of Physicians 1998 Ethics manual Annals of Internal Medicine 128 576 594
8. American Medical Association Council on Ethical and Judicial Affairs. (2006). Code of medical ethics: Current opinions with annotations, 2006-2007. Chicago, IL: American Medical Association.
9. American Psychological Association 2002 Ethical principles of psychologists and code of conduct American Psychologist 57 1060 1073
10. Aristotle. (1999). Nicomachean ethics (T. Irwin, Translator) (2nd ed.). Indianapolis, Indiana: Hackett.
11. R Avraham 2006 Putting a price on pain-and-suffering damages: A critique of the current approaches and a preliminary proposal for change Northwestern University Law Review 100 87 120
12. D Barnhizer 2004 Profession deleted: using market and liability forces to regulate the very ordinary business of law practice for profit The Georgetown Journal of Legal Ethics 17 203 266
13. PS Barth 2004 Some reflections on the national commission and its legacy Workers' Compensation Policy Review 4 4 21 27
14. HJ Beanlands JH Lipton EA [tmp] McCay AD Schimmer ME Elliott HA Messner 2003 Self-concept as a "BMT patient", illness intrusiveness, and engulfment in allogeneic bone marrow transplant recipients Journal of Psychosomatic Research 55 419 425 (Pubitemid 38198102)
15. Beauchamp, T. L., & Childress, J. F. (2001). Principles of biomedical ethics (5th ed.). New York: Oxford University Press.
16. EB Blanchard EJ Hickling BM Freidenberg LS Malta E Kuhn MA Sykes 2004 Two studies of psychiatric morbidity among motor vehicle accident survivors 1 year after the crash Behaviour Research and Therapy 42 569 583 (Pubitemid 38368906)
17. JF Blumstein RR Bovbjerg FA Sloan 1991 Beyond tort reform: Developing better tools for assessing damages for personal injury Yale Journal of Regulation 8 171 212
18. JG Bramness S Skurtveit J Morland 2004 Impairment due to intake of carisoprodol Drug and Alcohol Dependence 74 311 318 (Pubitemid 38759786)
19. Breslau, N. (1998). Epidemiology of trauma and posttraumatic stress disorder. In R. Yehuda (Ed.), Psychological trauma, pp. 1-29. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Press.
20. L Brickman 1994 On the relevance of admissibility of scientific evidence: Tort system outcomes are principally determined by lawyers' rates of return Cardozo Law Review 15 1755 1797
21. L Brickman 1996 ABA regulation of contingency fees: Money talks, ethics walks Fordham Law Review 65 247 335
22. Brodsky, S. L. (1999). The expert expert witness: More maxims and guidelines for testifying in court. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
23. DR Buchanan 2008 Autonomy, paternalism, and justice: Ethical priorities in public health American Journal of Public Health 98 15 21
24. EC Burch 2004 Unsettling efficiency: When non-class aggregation of mass torts creates second-class settlements Louisiana Law Review 65 157 252
25. DB Burt MJ Zembar G Niederehe 1995 Depression and memory impairment: A meta-analysis of the association, its pattern, and specificity Psychological Bulletin 117 285 305
26. Butcher, J. N., Dahlstrom, W. G., Graham, J. R., Tellegen, A., & Kraemmer, B. (1989). The MMPI-2. Minneapolis, MN: University of Minnesota Press.
27. Canadian Psychological Association. (2000). Canadian code of ethics for psychologists (3rd ed.). Available at: http://www.cpa.ca/cpasite/userfiles/ Documents/Canadian%20Code%20of%20Ethics%20for%20Psycho.pdf. Accessed 18 July 2008.
28. A Cano 2004 Pain catastrophizing and social support in married individuals with chronic pain: The moderating role of pain duration Pain 110 656 664 (Pubitemid 39036797)
29. AL Caplan 1988 Informed consent and provider-patient relationships in rehabilitation medicine Archives of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation 69 312 317 (Pubitemid 18131378)
30. BK Christensen ZV Segal 2001 Cognitive processing deficits associated with major depression Psychopathology Research: The Newsletter of the Society for Research in Psychopathology 11 4 10
31. P Côté JD Cassidy L Carroll JW Frank C Bombardier 2001 A systematic review of the prognosis of acute whiplash and a new conceptual framework to synthesize the literature Spine 26 E445 458
32. Crossley, M. (2008). Neuropsychological rehabilitation in later life: Special considerations, contributions and future directions. In R. Woods & L. Clare (Eds.), Handbook of the Clinical Psychology of Ageing, 2nd ed., pp. 505-522. New York: Wiley.
33. JE Dalton SL Pederson BE Blom JK Besyner 1986 Neuropsychological screening for Vietnam veterans with PTSD VA Practitioner 3 37 40 41 44, 47
34. AL Dougall RJ Ursano DM Posluszny CS Fullerton A Baum 2001 Predictors of posttraumatic stress among victims of motor vehicle accidents Psychosomatic Medicine 63 402 411 (Pubitemid 32467114)
35. A Ehlers RA Mayou B Bryant 1998 Psychological predictors of chronic posttraumatic stress disorder after motor vehicle accidents Journal of Abnormal Psychology 107 508 519 (Pubitemid 28369259)
36. BM Elzinga JD Bremner 2002 Are the neural substrates of memory the final common pathway to PTSD? Journal of Affective Disorders 70 1 17
37. Felstiner, W. L. F., & Pettit, B. (2001). Paternalism, power, and respect in lawyer-client relations. In J. Sanders & V. L. Hamilton (Eds.), Handbook of justice research in law, pp. 135-153. New York: Kluwer Academic/Plenum.
38. WE Fordyce RS Fowler B DeLateur 1968 An application of behavior modification technique to a problem of chronic pain Behavior Research and Therapy 6 105 107
39. E Gampel 2006 Does professional autonomy protect medical futility judgments? Bioethics 20 92 104 (Pubitemid 43382049)
40. RJ Gatchel C Noe N Gajraj AS Vakharia PB Polatin MD Deschner 2001 The negative impact on an interdisciplinary pain management program of insurance "treatment carve out" practices Journal of Workers Compensation 10 50 63
41. Gatchel, R. J., Kishino, N. D., & Noe, C. (2007). Carving-out services from multidisciplinary chronic pain management programs: Negative impact on therapeutic efficacy. In M. E. Schatman & A. Campbell (Eds.), Chronic pain management: Guidelines for multidisciplinary program development, pp. 39-48. New York: Informa Healthcare.
42. RJ Gatchel YB Peng ML Peters PN Fuchs DC Turk 2007 The biopsychosocial approach to chronic pain: Scientific advances and future directions Psychological Bulletin 133 581 624
43. J Giordano 2006 Moral agency in pain medicine: Philosophy, practice and virtue Pain Physician 9 41 46 (Pubitemid 43263662)
44. J Giordano 2006 Moral virtue and the pain physician: Agency, intentions and actions Practical Pain Management 6 76 80
45. JM Glass DC Park 2001 Cognitive dysfunction in fibromyalgia Current Rheumatology Reports 3 123 127
46. C Guthrie 1999 Better settle than sorry: The regret aversion theory of litigation behavior University of Illinois Law Review 1 43 90
47. S Hamanaka N Asukai Y Kamijo K Hatta J Kishimoto H Miyaoka 2006 Acute stress disorder and posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms among patients severely injured in motor vehicle accidents in Japan General Hospital Psychiatry 28 234 241
48. DR Hensler 2003 Money talks: Searching for justice through compensation for personal injury and death DePaul Law Review 53 417 455
49. J Hersch 2006 Demand for a jury trial and the selection of cases for trial The Journal of Legal Studies 35 119 142
50. MR Hibbard S Uysal K Kepler J Bogdany J Silver 1998 Axis I psychopathology in individuals with traumatic brain injury Journal of Head Trauma Rehabilitation 13 4 24 39 (Pubitemid 28419870)
51. IE Hoberg 1955 Personal injury litigation: The duties, privileges, and responsibilities of physicians (Part 1) California Medicine 83 446 449
52. TL Holbrook JP Anderson WJ Sieber D Browner DB Hoyt 1998 Outcome after major trauma: Discharge and 6-month follow-up results from the trauma recovery project Journal of Trauma-Injury Infection and Critical Care 45 315 323
53. AJ Hurder 1996 Negotiating the lawyer-client relationship: A search for equality and collaboration Buffalo Law Review 44 71 99
54. Insurance Research Council. (2004). Auto injury insurance claims: Countrywide patterns in treatment, cost, and compensation. Malvern, PA: Insurance Research Council.
55. G Johnson 1996 Hyperextension soft tissue injuries of the cervical spine-A review Journal of Accident and Emergency Medicine 13 3 8
56. RP Kessels A Aleman WI Verhagen EL van Luijtelaar 2000 Cognitive functioning after whiplash injury: A meta-analysis Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society 6 271 278 (Pubitemid 30303639)
57. JH King Jr 2004 Pain and suffering, noneconomic damages, and the goals of tort law SMU Law Review 47 163 209
58. D Koren I Arnon E Klein 1999 Acute stress response and posttraumatic stress disorder in traffic accident victims: A one-year prospective, follow-up study American Journal of Psychiatry 156 367 373 (Pubitemid 29124156)
59. HM Kritzer 1998 Contingent fee lawyers and their clients: Settlement expectations, settlement realities, and issues of control in the lawyer-client relationship Law & Social Inquiry 23 795 821 (Pubitemid 128641728)
60. HM Kritzer 2002 Litigation in a free society: Seven dogged myths concerning contingency fees Washington University Law Quarterly 80 739 794
61. Larson, L. K., & Larson, A. (2000). Workers' compensation law: Cases, materials and text (3rd ed.). New York: Matthew Bender & Company.
62. H Lewin 1968 Rehabilitation after head injury British Medical Journal 1 5590 465 470
63. EA Lind 1994 Procedural justice and culture: Evidence for ubiquitous process concerns Zeitschift für Rechtssoziologie 15 24 36
64. J Ling C Campbell TM Heffernan CG Greenough 2007 Short-term prospective memory deficits in chronic back pain patients Psychosomatic Medicine 69 144 148 (Pubitemid 46667981)
65. EA Lind RJ [tmp] MacCoun PA Ebener WLF Felstiner DR Hensler J Resnick 1990 In the eye of the beholder: Tort litigants' evaluations of their experiences in the civil justice system Law and Society Review 24 953 996
66. J Lyles 2003 The buying of justice: Perversion of the legal system through interest groups' involvement with the partisan election of judges Law & Psychology Review 27 121 133
67. C [tmp] MacLeod 1991 Clinical anxiety and the selective encoding of threatening information International Review of Psychiatry 3 279 292
68. C [tmp] MacLeod A Mathews P Tata 1986 Attentional bias in emotional disorders Journal of Abnormal Psychology 95 15 20 (Pubitemid 17038587)
69. JL Madeira 2006 Lashing reason to the mast: Understanding judicial constraints on emotion in personal injury litigation U.C. Davis Law Review 40 137 198
70. Main, C. J. (1999). Medicolegal aspects of pain: The nature of psychological opinion in cases of personal injury. In R. J. Gatchel & D. C. Turk (Eds.), Psychosocial factors in pain: Critical perspectives, pp. 132-147. New York: Guilford.
71. R Martin R Kuzniecky S Ho H Hetherington J Pan K Sinclair 1999 Cognitive effects of topiramate, gabapentin, and lamotrigine in healthy young adults Neurology 52 321 327 (Pubitemid 29059059)
72. S Mason J Wardrope G Turpin A Rowlands 2002 The psychological burden of injury: An 18 month prospective cohort study Emergency Medicine Journal 19 400 404
73. RA Mayou B Bryant R Duthie 1993 Psychiatric consequences of road traffic accidents BMJ 307 647 651 (Pubitemid 23264896)
74. RA Mayou B Bryant A Ehlers 2001 Prediction of psychological outcomes one year after a motor vehicle accident American Journal of Psychiatry 158 1231 1238 (Pubitemid 32717696)
75. McCoun, R. J., Lind, E. A., & Tyler, T. R. (1992). Alternative dispute resolution in trial and appellate courts. In D. K. Kagehiro & W. S. Laufer (Eds.), The handbook of psychology and law, pp. 95-118. New York: Springer.
76. G Mendelson 1995 Compensation "neurosis" revisited: Outcome studies of the effects of litigation Journal of Psychosomatic Research 39 695 706
77. AJ Michaels CE Michaels JS Smith CH Moon C Peterson WB Long 2000 Outcome from injury: General health, work status, and satisfaction 12 months after trauma Journal of Trauma-Injury Infection and Critical Care 48 841 848 discussion 848-850
78. MB Nelson 2001 When clients become "ex-clients": The duties owed after discharge The Journal of the Legal Profession 26 233 241
79. New Hampshire Bar Association. (2001). The New Hampshire lawyer professionalism creed. Available at: http://www.nhbar.org/legal-links/nh- professionalism-creed.asp. Accessed 14 June 2008.
80. Nicholson, K., & Martelli, M. F. (2007). Section III. Malingering in psychological injury: TBI, chronic pain, and PTSD. In G. Young, A. W. Kane & K. Nicholson (Eds.), Causality of psychological injury: Presenting evidence in court, pp. 374-514. New York: Springer.
81. Nixon, M. (2005). Lawyers encouraged to stand against predatory members. (July 23). St. Louis Daily Record & St. Louis Countian. Available at: http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi-qn4185/is-20050723/ai-n14806510.
82. ML O'Donnell M Creamer P Pattison 2004 Posttraumatic stress disorder and depression following trauma: Understanding comorbidity American Journal of Psychiatry 161 1390 1396 (Pubitemid 38989091)
83. Pennsylvania Department of Labor and Industries Workers' Compensation. (2007). Bureau of workers' compensation information, section 442. Available at: http://www.dli.state.pa.us/landi/lib/landi/laws-regulations/wc/wcact.pdf. Accessed 16 July 2008.
84. A Peolsson G Kjellman 2007 Neck muscle endurance in nonspecific patients with neck pain and in patients after anterior cervical decompression and fusion Journal of Manipulative and Physiological Therapeutics 30 343 350 (Pubitemid 46908827)
85. P Perel P Edwards R Wentz I Roberts 2006 Systematic review of prognostic models in traumatic brain injury BMC Medical Informatics and Decision Making 6 38
86. MJ Phipps 2001 Attorney referral for medical treatment: A wolf in disguise? St Mary's Law Journal 32 383 423
87. PB Polatin RK Kinney RJ Gatchel E Lillo TG Mayer 1993 Psychiatric illness and chronic low-back pain. The mind and the spine-Which goes first? Spine 18 66 71 (Pubitemid 23060498)
88. J Ponsford B Hill M Karamitsios A Bahar-Fuchs 2008 Factors influencing outcome after orthopedic trauma Journal of Trauma 64 1001 1009
89. ES Pryor 2003 Rehabilitating tort compensation Georgetown Law Journal 91 659 694
90. MJ Radin 1993 Compensation and commensurability Duke Law Journal 43 56 86
91. T Relis 2007 "It's not about the money!": A theory on misconceptions of plaintiffs' litigation aims University of Pittsburgh Law Review 68 701 746
92. H Robbins RJ Gatchel C Noe N Gajraj P Polatin M Deschner 2003 A prospective one-year outcome study of interdisciplinary chronic pain management: Compromising its efficacy by managed care policies Anesthesia & Analgesia 97 156 162 (Pubitemid 36736554)
93. ME Schatman 2006 The demise of multidisciplinary pain clinics? Practical Pain Management 6 30 41
94. Schatman, M. E. (2007). The demise of the multidisciplinary chronic pain management clinic: Bioethical perspectives on providing optimal treatment when ethical principles collide. In M. E. Schatman (Ed.), Ethical issues in chronic pain management, pp. 43-62. New York: Informa Healthcare.
95. Schatman, M. E. (2009a). Psychological assessment of maldynic pain: The need for a phenomenological approach. In J. Giordano (Ed.), Maldynia: Inter-disciplinary perspectives on the illness of chronic pain. New York: Informa Healthcare. in press.
96. Schatman, M. E. (2009b). Interdisciplinary chronic pain management: Perspectives on history, current status, and future viability. In J. C. Ballantyne, J. P. Rathmell & S. M. Fishman (Eds.), Bonica's management of pain (4th ed.). Philadelphia: Lippincott, Williams & Wilkins. in press.
97. U Schnyder H Moergeli R Klaghofer C Buddeberg 2001 Incidence and prediction of posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms in severely injured accident victims American Journal of Psychiatry 158 594 599 (Pubitemid 32289822)
98. S Schreiber T Galai-Gat 1993 Uncontrolled pain following physical injury as the core-trauma in the post-traumatic stress disorder Pain 54 107 110 (Pubitemid 23200577)
99. P Sjogren AB Thomsen AK Olsen 2000 Impaired neuropsychological performance in chronic nonmalignant pain patients receiving long-term oral opioid therapy Journal of Pain and Symptom Management 19 100 108 (Pubitemid 30116799)
100. JB Sloan 1992 Quantum meruit: Residual equity in law DePaul Law Review 42 399 439
101. NK Tang PM Salkovskis M Hanna 2007 Mental defeat in chronic pain: Initial exploration of the concept Clinical Journal of Pain 23 222 232 (Pubitemid 46303727)
102. BA Teachman 2005 Information processing and anxiety sensitivity: Cognitive vulnerability to panic reflected in interpretation and memory biases Cognitive Therapy and Research 29 479 499 (Pubitemid 41225055)
103. PB Terry 2007 Informed consent in clinical medicine Chest 131 563 568 (Pubitemid 46280420)
104. DB Torrey 2001 Lump sum settlement of workers' compensation cases: Background and unanswered questions under section 449 of the Pennsylvania Act Pennsylvania Bar Association Quarterly 72 23 36
105. Torrey, D. B. (2005). Statistics (and comments) on C&R's, fiscal year 2004-2005. Pennsylvania Bar Association Workers' Compensation Section Newsletter, n.p.
106. DB Torrey 2007 Compromise settlements under state workers' compensation acts: Law, policy, practice, and ten years of the Pennsylvania experience Widener Law Journal 16 199 469
107. DS Turner H Cox 2004 Facilitating post traumatic growth Health and Quality of Life Outcomes 2 34
108. T Tyler EA Lind 1992 A relational model of authority in groups Advances in Experimental Social Psychology 25 115 191
109. Vasterling, J. J., Root, L., Brailey, K., Uddo, M., & Sutker, P. B. (1994). Attention and memory performances in post-traumatic stress disorder. Paper presented at the 22nd Annual Meeting of the International Neuropsychological Society, Cincinnati, OH.
110. Watzlawick, P., Beavin, J. H., & Jackson, D. D. (1967). Some tentative axioms of communication. In Pragmatics of human communication: A study of interactional patterns, pathologies, and paradoxes (pp. 48-71). New York, NY: W. W. Norton & Company.
111. H Weingartner RM Cohen DL Murphy J MarteUo C Gerdt 1981 Cognitive processes in depression Archives of General Psychiatry 38 42 47 (Pubitemid 11156711)
112. LR Wu GR Parkerson Jr PM Doraiswamy 2002 Health perception, pain, and disability as correlates of anxiety and depression symptoms in primary care patients Journal of the American Board of Family Practice 15 183 190
113. DF Zatzick GJ Jurkovich L Gentilello D Wisner FP Rivara 2002 Posttraumatic stress, problem drinking, and functional outcomes after injury Archives of Surgery 137 200 205 (Pubitemid 34142138)