Advances in childhood vasculitis

Current Opinion in Rheumatology

Volumn 21, Issue 4, 2009, Pages 411-418

  Eleftheriou, Despina ^a   Dillon, Michael J ^a   Brogan, Paul A ^a  

^a GREAT ORMOND STREET HOSPITAL   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

Biologic therapy; Child; Genetic polymorphisms; Henoch Sch nlein purpura; Kawasaki disease; Vasculitis

Indexed keywords

ACETYLSALICYLIC ACID; ANALGESIC AGENT; ANTITHROMBOCYTIC AGENT; AZATHIOPRINE; COLCHICINE; CORTICOSTEROID; COTRIMOXAZOLE; CYCLOPHOSPHAMIDE; CYCLOSPORIN A; DIPYRIDAMOLE; HYDROXYCHLOROQUINE; IMMUNOGLOBULIN; IMMUNOSUPPRESSIVE AGENT; INFLIXIMAB; METHOTREXATE; METHYLPREDNISOLONE; MYCOPHENOLIC ACID 2 MORPHOLINOETHYL ESTER; PREDNISOLONE; PREDNISOLONE SODIUM SUCCINATE; PREDNISONE; RITUXIMAB; TUMOR NECROSIS FACTOR ALPHA INHIBITOR; WARFARIN;

ANAPHYLACTOID PURPURA; ANCA ASSOCIATED VASCULITIS; ANGIOCARDIOGRAPHY; AORTA ARCH SYNDROME; ARTHROPATHY; BEHCET DISEASE; BRAIN VASCULITIS; CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE; CHILD; CHILDHOOD; CHURG STRAUSS SYNDROME; CLINICAL FEATURE; COGAN SYNDROME; COMPUTER ASSISTED TOMOGRAPHY; CORONARY ARTERY ANEURYSM; CUTANEOUS POLYARTERITIS; DISEASE PREDISPOSITION; GENETIC POLYMORPHISM; HEART INFARCTION; HEMATURIA; HUMAN; INFLAMMATION; LOW DRUG DOSE; MAGNETIC RESONANCE ANGIOGRAPHY; MARFAN SYNDROME; MORBIDITY; MUCOCUTANEOUS LYMPH NODE SYNDROME; NEPHRITIS; NEPHROTIC SYNDROME; PATHOGENESIS; PLASMAPHERESIS; POLYARTERITIS; POLYARTERITIS NODOSA; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PROTEINURIA; REVIEW; SINGLE DRUG DOSE; STRESS ECHOCARDIOGRAPHY; SYSTEMIC VASCULITIS; THROMBOSIS; TREATMENT OUTCOME; TWO DIMENSIONAL ECHOCARDIOGRAPHY; VASCULITIS; WEGENER GRANULOMATOSIS;

AGE OF ONSET; BIOLOGICAL MARKERS; BIOLOGICAL THERAPY; BLOOD VESSELS; CHILD; GENETIC PREDISPOSITION TO DISEASE; HUMANS; IMMUNOLOGIC FACTORS; IMMUNOSUPPRESSIVE AGENTS; PEDIATRICS; VASCULITIS;

EID: 67149139741     PISSN: 10408711     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1097/BOR.0b013e32832c49f2     Document Type: Review

References (103)

1. Brogan PA, Dillon MJ. Vasculitis from the pediatric perspective. Curr Rheumatol Rep 2000; 2:411-416.
2. Ozen S, Ruperto N, Dillon MJ, et al. EULAR/PReS endorsed consensus criteria for the classification of childhood vasculitides. Ann Rheum Dis 2006; 65:936-941.
3. Gardner-Medwin JM, Dolezalova P, Cummins C, Southwood TR. Incidence of Henoch-Schonlein purpura, Kawasaki disease, and rare vasculitides in children of different ethnic origins. Lancet 2002; 360:1197-1202.
4. Gedalia A. Henoch-Schonlein purpura. Curr Rheumatol Rep 2004; 6:195-202.
5. Yang YH, Hung CF, Hsu CR, et al. A nationwide survey on epidemiological characteristics of childhood Henoch-Schonlein purpura in Taiwan. Rheumatology (Oxford) 2005; 44:618-622. (Pubitemid 41487230)
6. Shin JI, Kim JH, Lee JS. The diagnostic value of IgA deposition in Henoch-Schonlein purpura. Pediatr Dermatol 2008; 25:140-141.
7. Lau KK, Wyatt RJ, Moldoveanu Z, et al. Serum levels of galactose-deficient IgA in children with IgA nephropathy and Henoch-Schonlein purpura. Pediatr Nephrol 2007; 22:2067-2072. (Pubitemid 350090713)
8. Brogan PA. What's new in the aetiopathogenesis of vasculitis? Pediatr Nephrol 2007; 22:1083-1094.
9. Amoli MM, Thomson W, Hajeer AH, et al. Interleukin 1 receptor antagonist gene polymorphism is associated with severe renal involvement and renal sequelae in Henoch-Schonlein purpura. J Rheumatol 2002; 29: 1404-1407. (Pubitemid 34755605)
10. Gershoni-Baruch R, Broza Y, Brik R. Prevalence and significance of mutations in the familial Mediterranean fever gene in Henoch-Schonlein purpura. J Pediatr 2003; 143:658-661. (Pubitemid 37452797)
11. Rueda B, Perez-Armengol C, Lopez-Lopez S, et al. Association between functional haplotypes of vascular endothelial growth factor and renal complications in Henoch-Schonlein purpura. J Rheumatol 2006; 33:69-73. (Pubitemid 43054282)
12. Huber AM, King J, McLaine P, et al. A randomized, placebo-controlled trial of prednisone in early Henoch Schonlein Purpura [ISRCTN85109383]. BMC Med 2004; 2:7. (Pubitemid 39111871)
13. Ronkainen J, Koskimies O, la-Houhala M, et al. Early prednisone therapy in Henoch-Schonlein purpura: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. J Pediatr 2006; 149:241-247. (Pubitemid 44144490)
14. Chartapisak W, Opastirakul S, Willis N, et al. Prevention and treatment of renal disease in Henoch-Schonlein purpura: a systematic review. Arch Dis Child 2009; 94:132-137. Systematic review of RCTs for therapies used to prevent or treat renal involvement in Henoch-Schönlein purpura.
15. Dudley J, Smith G, Llewellyn-Edwards A, Tizard E. Randomised placebo controlled trial to assess the role of early prednisolone on the development and progression of Henoch-Schonlein purpura nephritis. Pediatric Nephrol 2007; 22:1457.
16. Zaffanello M, Brugnara M, Franchini M. Therapy for children with Henoch-Schonlein purpura nephritis: a systematic review. Scientific World Journal 2007; 7:20-30. (Pubitemid 46104911)
17. Ronkainen J, utio-Harmainen H, Nuutinen M. Cyclosporin A for the treatment of severe Henoch-Schonlein glomerulonephritis. Pediatr Nephrol 2003; 18:1138-1142.
18. Singh S, Devidayal, Kumar L, et al. Severe Henoch-Schonlein nephritis: resolution with azathioprine and steroids. Rheumatol Int 2002; 22:133-137. (Pubitemid 35002202)
19. Shenoy M, Ognjanovic MV, Coulthard MG. Treating severe Henoch-Schonlein and IgA nephritis with plasmapheresis alone. Pediatr Nephrol 2007; 22:1167-1171.
20. Narchi H. Risk of long term renal impairment and duration of follow up recommended for Henoch-Schonlein purpura with normal or minimal urinary findings: a systematic review. Arch Dis Child 2005; 90:916-920. (Pubitemid 41232341)
21. Rees L, Webb NJA, Brogan PA Henoch-Schonlein purpura. In Oxford specialist handbook in paediatrics. Paediatric nephrology. 1st ed. Oxford Press; 2007. pp. 310-313.
22. Ronkainen J, Nuutinen M, Koskimies O. The adult kidney 24 years after childhood Henoch-Schonlein purpura: a retrospective cohort study. Lancet 2002; 360:666-670. (Pubitemid 35232334)
23. Counahan R, Winterborn MH, White RH, et al. Prognosis of Henoch-Schonlein nephritis in children. Br Med J 1977; 2:11-14.
24. Burns JC, Kushner HI, Bastian JF, et al. Kawasaki disease: a brief history. Pediatrics 2000; 106:E27.
25. Park YW, Han JW, Park IS, et al. Kawasaki disease in Korea. Pediatr Infect Dis J 2007; 26:821-823.
26. Hamden A, Alves B, Sheikh A. Rising incidence of Kawasaki disease in England: analysis of hospital admission data. Br Med J 2002; 324:1424-1425. (Pubitemid 34634234)
27. Cheung YF, Huang GY, Chen SB, et al. Inflammatory gene polymorphisms and susceptibility to Kawasaki disease and its arterial sequelae. Pediatrics 2008; 122:e608-e614.
28. Hsueh KC, Lin YJ, Chang JS, et al. Influence of interleukin 18 promoter polymorphisms in susceptibility to Kawasaki disease in Taiwan. J Rheumatol 2008; 35:1408-1413. (Pubitemid 352000793)
29. Burgner D, Davila S, Breunis WB, et al. A genome-wide association study identifies novel and functionally related susceptibility Loci for Kawasaki disease. PLoS Genet 2009; 5:e1000319. First genome-wide association study in Kawasaki disease that identified novel, plausible, and functionally related variants associated with disease susceptibility that may also be relevant to other cardiovascular diseases.
30. Onouchi Y, Gunji T, Burns JC, et al. ITPKC functional polymorphism associated with Kawasaki disease susceptibility and formation of coronary artery aneurysms. Nat Genet 2008; 40:35-42. This study provides new insights into the mechanisms of immune activation in Kawasaki disease and emphasizes the importance of activated T-cells in the pathogenesis of this vasculitis.
31. Matsubara K, Fukaya T, Miwa K, et al. Development of serum IgM antibodies against superantigens of Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus pyogenes in Kawasaki disease. Clin Exp Immunol 2006; 143:427-434.
32. Chang LY, Chiang BL, Kao CL, et al. Lack of association between infection with a novel human coronavirus (HCoV), HCoV-NH, and Kawasaki disease in Taiwan. J Infect Dis 2006; 193:283-286. (Pubitemid 43113491)
33. Wood LE, Tulloh RM. Kawasaki disease in children. Heart 2008 [Epub ahead of print].
34. Zilberman MV, Goya G, Witt SA, et al. Dobutamine stress echocardiography in the evaluation of young patients with Kawasaki disease. Pediatr Cardiol 2003; 24:338-343. (Pubitemid 37021433)
35. Kanamaru H, Karasawa K, Ichikawa R, et al. Advantages of multislice spiral computed tomography for evaluation of serious coronary complications after Kawasaki disease. J Cardiol 2007; 50:21-27.
36. Greil GF, Stuber M, Botnar RM, et al. Coronary magnetic resonance angiography in adolescents and young adults with Kawasaki disease. Circulation 2002; 105:908-911. (Pubitemid 34184565)
37. Durongpisitkul K, Gururaj VJ, Park JM, Martin CF. The prevention of coronary artery aneurysm in Kawasaki disease: a meta-analysis on the efficacy of aspirin and immunoglobulin treatment. Pediatrics 1995; 96:1057-1061.
38. Terai M, Shulman ST. Prevalence of coronary artery abnormalities in Kawasaki disease is highly dependent on gamma globulin dose but independent of salicylate dose. J Pediatr 1997; 131:888-893. (Pubitemid 28027615)
39. Newburger JW, Takahashi M, Gerber MA, et al. Diagnosis, treatment, and long-term management of Kawasaki disease: a statement for health professionals from the Committee on Rheumatic Fever, Endocarditis, and Kawasaki Disease, Council on Cardiovascular Disease in the Young, American Heart Association. Pediatrics 2004; 114:1708-1733. (Pubitemid 41754943)
40. Inoue Y, Okada Y, Shinohara M, et al. A multicenter prospective randomized trial of corticosteroids in primary therapy for Kawasaki disease: clinical course and coronary artery outcome. J Pediatr 2006; 149:336-341. (Pubitemid 44308435)
41. Newburger JW, Sleeper LA, McCrindle BW, et al. Randomized trial of pulsed corticosteroid therapy for primary treatment of Kawasaki disease. N Engl J Med 2007; 356:663-675. (Pubitemid 46257229)
42. Burns JC, Mason WH, Hauger SB, et al. Infliximab treatment for refractory Kawasaki syndrome. J Pediatr 2005; 146:662-667. (Pubitemid 40616253)
43. Burns JC, Best BM, Mejias A, et al. Infliximab treatment of intravenous immunoglobulin-resistant Kawasaki disease. J Pediatr 2008; 153:833-838.
44. Sugahara Y, Ishii M, Muta H, et al. Warfarin therapy for giant aneurysm prevents myocardial infarction in Kawasaki disease. Pediatr Cardiol 2008; 29:398-401.
45. Phillip R, Luqmani R. Mortality in systemic vasculitis: a systematic review. Clin Exp Rheumatol 2008; 26:S94-S104.
46. Ozen S, Anton J, Arisoy N, et al. Juvenile polyarteritis: results of a multicenter survey of 110 children. J Pediatr 2004; 145:517-522. (Pubitemid 39345990)
47. Rogalski C, Sticherling M. Panarteritis cutanea benigna: an entity limited to the skin or cutaneous presentation of a systemic necrotizing vasculitis? Report of seven cases and review of the literature. Int J Dermatol 2007; 46:817-821. (Pubitemid 47162781)
48. Brogan PA, Shah V, Bagga A, et al. T cell Vbeta repertoires in childhood vasculitides. Clin Exp Immunol 2003; 131:517-527. (Pubitemid 36324144)
49. Ozen S, Ben-Chetrit E, Bakkaloglu A, et al. Polyarteritis nodosa in patients with Familial Mediterranean Fever (FMF): a concomitant disease or a feature of FMF? Semin Arthritis Rheum 2001; 30:281-287.
50. Brogan PA, Davies R, Gordon I, Dillon MJ. Renal angiography in children with polyarteritis nodosa. Pediatr Nephrol 2002; 17:277-283. (Pubitemid 36097296)
51. Schmidt WA. Use of imaging studies in the diagnosis of vasculitis. Curr Rheumatol Rep 2004; 6:203-211.
52. Dillon MJ. Vasculitis treatment: new therapeutic approaches. Eur J Pediatr 2006; 165:351-357.
53. Levin M, Holland PC, Nokes TJ, et al. Platelet immune complex interaction in pathogenesis of Kawasaki disease and childhood polyarteritis. Br Med J (Clin Res Ed) 1985; 290:1456-1460. (Pubitemid 15076478)
54. Wright E, Dillon MJ, Tullus K. Childhood vasculitis and plasma exchange. Eur J Pediatr 2007; 166:145-151. (Pubitemid 46025506)
55. de Kort SW, van Rossum MA, ten CR. Infliximab in a child with therapy-resistant systemic vasculitis. Clin Rheumatol 2006; 25:769-771.
56. Sonomoto K, Miyamura T, Watanabe H, et al. A case of polyarteritis nodosa successfully treated by rituximab. Nihon Rinsho Meneki Gakkai Kaishi 2008; 31:119-123.
57. Brogan PA, Shah V, Dillon MJ. Polyarteritis nodosa in childhood [Abstract]. 10th International Vasculitis and ANCA Workshop, Cleveland, 2002.
58. Radice A, Sinico RA. Antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies (ANCA). Autoimmunity 2005; 38:93-103. (Pubitemid 40515009)
59. Zwerina J, Eger G, Englbrecht M, et al. Churg-Strauss syndrome in childhood: a systematic literature review and clinical comparison with adult patients. Semin Arthritis Rheum 2008 [Epub ahead of print].
60. Harper L, Savage CO. Pathogenesis of ANCA-associated systemic vasculitis. J Pathol 2000; 190:349-359. (Pubitemid 30141381)
61. Akikusa JD, Schneider R, Harvey EA, et al. Clinical features and outcome of pediatric Wegener's granulomatosis. Arthritis Rheum 2007; 57:837-844. (Pubitemid 46932091)
62. Belostotsky VM, Shah V, Dillon MJ. Clinical features in 17 paediatric patients with Wegener granulomatosis. Pediatr Nephrol 2002; 17:754-761. (Pubitemid 36097360)
63. Cordier JF. Pulmonary manifestations of the vasculitides. Rev Prat 2008; 58:492-498.
64. Stassen PM, Derks RP, Kallenberg CG, Stegeman CA. Venous thromboembolism in ANCA-associated vasculitis: incidence and risk factors. Rheumatology (Oxford) 2008; 47:530-534.
65. Stegeman CA, Tervaert JW, de Jong PE, Kallenberg CG. Trimethoprim- sulfamethoxazole (co-trimoxazole) for the prevention of relapses of Wegener's granulomatosis. Dutch Co-Trimoxazole Wegener Study Group. N Engl J Med 1996;335:16-20. (Pubitemid 26230808)
66. Brogan PA, Dillon MJ. The use of immunosuppressive and cytotoxic drugs in nonmalignant disease. Arch Dis Child 2000; 83:259-264. (Pubitemid 30672165)
67. Beimler JH, Andrassy K. Cyclophosphamide treatment in systemic necrotizing vasculitis and lupus nephritis. How long? How much? Pediatr Nephrol 2004; 19:949-955. (Pubitemid 39242773)
68. Booth AD, Pusey CD, Jayne DR. Renal vasculitis: an update in 2004. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2004; 19:1964-1968.
69. Joy MS, Hogan SL, Jennette JC, et al. A pilot study using mycophenolate mofetil in relapsing or resistant ANCA small vessel vasculitis. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2005; 20:2725-2732. (Pubitemid 41672272)
70. Smith KG, Jones RB, Bums SM, Jayne DR. Long-term comparison of rituximab treatment for refractory systemic lupus erythematosus and vasculitis: remission, relapse, and re-treatment. Arthritis Rheum 2006; 54:2970-2982. (Pubitemid 44497778)
71. The European Vasculitis Study Group (accessed http://www.vasculitis.org/. 2009).
72. Lane SE, Watts R, Scott DG. Epidemiology of systemic vasculitis. Curr Rheumatol Rep 2005; 7:270-275.
73. Panja M, Mondal PC. Current status of aortoarteritis in India. J Assoc Physicians India 2004; 52:48-52. (Pubitemid 41279795)
74. Weiss PF, Corao DA, Pollock AN, et al. Takayasu arteritis presenting as cerebral aneurysms in an 18 month old: a case report. Pediatr Rheumatol Online J 2008; 6:4. (Pubitemid 351837166)
75. Sagar S, Ganguly NK, Koicha M, Sharma BK. Immunopathogenesis of Takayasu arteritis. Heart Vessels Suppl 1992; 7:85-90.
76. Chauhan SK, Tripathy NK, Nityanand S. Antigenic targets and pathogenicity of antiaortic endothelial cell antibodies in Takayasu arteritis. Arthritis Rheum 2006; 54:2326-2333. (Pubitemid 44051094)
77. Lee SW, Kwon OJ, Park MC, et al. HLA alleles in Korean patients with Takayasu arteritis. Clin Exp Rheumatol 2007; 25:S18-S22. (Pubitemid 46656589)
78. Saruhan-Direskeneli G, Bicakcigil M, Yilmaz V, et al. Interleukin (IL)-12, IL-2, and IL-6 gene polymorphisms in Takayasu's arteritis from Turkey. Hum Immunol 2006; 67:735-740.
79. Cakar N, Yalcinkaya F, Duzova A, et al. Takayasu arteritis in children. J Rheumatol 2008; 35:913-919. (Pubitemid 351747137)
80. Desai MY, Stone JH, Foo TK, et al. Delayed contrast-enhanced MRI of the aortic wall in Takayasu's arteritis: initial experience. AJR Am J Roentgenol 2005; 184:1427-1431. (Pubitemid 43821810)
81. Axel L. Blood flow effects in magnetic resonance imaging, Magn Reson Annu 1986; 237-244.
82. Webb M, Al-Nahhas A. Molecular imaging of Takayasu's arteritis and other large-vessel vasculitis with 18F-FDG PET. Nucl Med Commun 2006; 27:547-549. (Pubitemid 44305309)
83. Liang P, Hoffman GS. Advances in the medical and surgical treatment of Takayasu arteritis. Curr Opin Rheumatol 2005; 17:16-24. (Pubitemid 40075643)
84. Ozen S, Duzova A, Bakkaloglu A, et al. Takayasu arteritis in children: preliminary experience with cyclophosphamide induction and corticosteroids followed by methotrexate. J Pediatr 2007; 150:72-76. (Pubitemid 44940894)
85. Hoffman GS, Merkel PA, Brasington RD, et al. Antitumor necrosis factor therapy in patients with difficult to treat Takayasu arteritis. Arthritis Rheum 2004; 50:2296-2304. (Pubitemid 38924409)
86. Filocamo G, Buoncompagni A, Viola S, et al. Treatment of Takayasu's arteritis with tumor necrosis factor antagonists. J Pediatr 2008; 153:432-434.
87. Liang P, Tan-Ong M, Hoffman GS. Takayasu's arteritis: vascular interventions and outcomes. J Rheumatol 2004; 31:102-106. (Pubitemid 38067530)
88. Tyagi S, Kaul UA, Arora R. Endovascular stenting for unsuccessful angioplasty of the aorta in aortoarteritis. Cardiovasc Intervent Radiol 1999; 22:452-456.
89. Pektas A, Devrim I, Besbas N, et al. A child with Behcet's disease presenting with a spectrum of inflammatory manifestations including epididymoorchitis. Turk J Pediatr 2008; 50:78-80.
90. Inoue Y, Tomemori T, Suzuki S, et al. Low-dose oral methotrexate for the management of childhood Cogan's syndrome: a case report. Clin Rheumatol 2007; 26:2201-2203. (Pubitemid 350120372)
91. Elbers J, Benseler SM. Central nervous system vasculitis in children. Curr Opin Rheumatol 2008; 20:47-54. (Pubitemid 351339431)
92. Revenga AF, Diaz DR, Iglesias DL, et al. Cryoglobulinemic vasculitis associated with hepatitis C virus infection: a report of eight cases. Acta Derm Venereol 1995; 75:234-236.
93. Renard M, Wouters C, Proesmans W. Rapidly progressive glomerulonephritis in a boy with hypocomplementaemic urticarial vasculitis. Eur J Pediatr 1998; 157:243-245. (Pubitemid 28113881)
94. Watanabe Y, Sakai H, Nishimura A, et al. Paternal somatic mosaicism of a TGFBR2 mutation transmitting to an affected son with Loeys-Dietz syndrome. Am J Med Genet A 2008; 146A:3070-3074. (Pubitemid 352774648)
95. Kalluri R, Han Y. Targeting TGF-beta and the extracellular matrix in Marfan's syndrome. Dev Cell 2008; 15:1-2.
96. Clarke LA, Shah V, Melo M, et al. Circulating endothelial cells and endothelial progenitor cells in primary systemic vasculitis. Clin Exp Rheumatol 2006; 25:86-87.
97. Brogan PA, Shah V, Brachet C, et al. Endothelial and platelet microparticles in vasculitis of the young. Arthritis Rheum 2004; 50:927-936. (Pubitemid 38331967)
98. Woywodt A, Goldberg C, Kirsch T, et al. Circulating endothelial cells in relapse and limited granulomatous disease due to ANCA associated vasculitis. Ann Rheum Dis 2006; 65:164-168. (Pubitemid 43131988)
99. Clarke LA, Hong Y, Eleftheriou D, et al. Endothelial progenitor cells and vasculogenic responses to therapy in children with primary systemic vasculitis. Pediatric Rheumatol 2008; 6:S22.
100. de GK, Goldberg C, Bahlmann FH, et al. Vascular endothelial damage and repair in antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibody-associated vasculitis. Arthritis Rheum 2007; 56:3847-3853. (Pubitemid 350100717)
101. McCrindle BW, McIntyre S, Kim C, et al. Are patients after Kawasaki disease at increased risk for accelerated atherosclerosis? J Pediatr 2007; 151:244-248.
102. Booth A, Harper L, Hammad T, et al. Prospective study of TNFalpha blockade with infliximab in antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibody-associated systemic vasculitis. J Am Soc Nephrol 2004; 15:717-721. (Pubitemid 38294802)
103. Green J, Upjohn E, McCormack C, et al. Successful treatment of Behcet's disease with lenalidomide. Br J Dermatol 2008; 158:197-198. (Pubitemid 350221917)