Variation in the level of activity across the stages of the entrepreneurial startup process-evidence from 35 countries;Variación en el nivel de actividad a través de las etapas de iniciación empresarial. Evidencia de 35 países

Estudios de Economia

Volumn 35, Issue 2, 2008, Pages 133-152

  Arenius, Pia ^a   Ehrstedt, Stefan ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF TURKU   (Finland)

Author keywords

Cross country comparison; Stage prevalence rates; Startup process

Indexed keywords

EID: 67049159809     PISSN: 03042758     EISSN: 07185286     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: None     Document Type: Article

References (67)

1. Aldrich, H. E. & Argelia Martínez, M. (2001). "Many are Called but Few are Chosen: An Evolutionary Perspective for the Study of Entrepreneurship". Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 4, 41-56.
2. Allen, I. E.; Langowitz, N. & Minniti, M. (2007). Global Entrepreneurship Monitor. 2006 Report on Women and Entreprenurship. London, UK: London business School-Babson Park, MA.: Babson College.
3. Alsos, G. A. & Kolvereid, L. (1998). "The business gestation process of novice, serial, and parallel business founders". Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 22, 101-114.
4. Arenius, P. & Minniti, M. (2005). "Perceptual variables and nascent entrepreneurship". Small Business Economics, 24, 233-247.
5. Bates, T. (1995). "Self-employment entry across industry groups". Journal of Business Venturing 10, 143-156.
6. Blanchflower, D.G.; Oswald, A. & Stutzer, A. (2001). "Latent Entrepreneurship across nations". European Economic Review, 45, 680-691.
7. Boden, R. J. Jr. (1999). "Gender inequality in wage earnings and female self-employment selection". Journal of Socio-Economics, 28, 351-364.
8. Bosma, N. & Harding, R. (2006). Global Entrepreneurship. GEM 2006, Summary Results, London, UK: London Business School-Babson Park, MA.: Babson College.
9. th IECER Conference 2007, Montpellier).
10. Brush, C. G. (1990). "Women and enterprise creation: Barriers and opportunities". In Enterprising Women: Local initiatives for job creation. Gould, S. and J. Parzen eds. OECD, Paris.
11. Brush, C. G. (1992). "Research on women business owners: Past trends, a new perspective and future directions". Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice 16, 5-30.
12. Burke, A. E.; Fitz Roy, F. R.; Nolan, M. A. (2002). "Self-employment wealth and job creation: the roles of gender, non pecuniary motivation and entrepreneurial ability". Small Business Economics, 19: 255-270.
13. Carr, D. (1996). "Two paths to self-employment". Work and Occupations 23, 26-52.
14. Carter, N.; Gartner, W. & Reynolds, P. (1996). "Exploring the start-up event sequences". Journal of Business Venturing, 11, 151-166.
15. Carter, N. M.; Gartner, W. B.; Shaver, K. G. & Gatewood, E. J. (2003). "The Career Reasons of Nascent Entrepreneurs". Journal of Business Venturing, 13-39.
16. Chaganti, R. & Parasuraman, S. (1996). "A study of the impacts of gender on business performance and management patterns in small businesses". Entrepreneurship: Theory and Practice, Winter 1996, 73-75.
17. Clain, S. H. (2000). "Gender differences in full-time self-employment". Journal of Economics and Business, 52, 499-513.
18. Coate, S. & Tennyson, S. (1992). "Labor market discrimination, imperfect information, and self-employment". Oxford Economic Papers, New Series, 44, 2: 272-288.
19. Cowling, M. & Taylor, M. (2001). "Entrepreneurial Women and Men: Two Different Species?". Small Business Economics, 16, 167-175.
20. Davidsson, P. & Honig, B. (2003). "The role of social and human capital among nascent entrepreneurs". Journal of Business Venturing, 18, 301-331.
21. Delmar, F. & Davidsson, P. (2000). "Where Do They Come From? Prevalence and Characteristics of Nascent Entrepreneurs". Entrepreneurship & Regional Development, 12, 1-23.
22. Edwards, L. & Field-Hendrey, E. (1996). "Home-based workers: data from the 1990 Census of Population". Monthly Labour Review, 119 (11), 26-34.
23. Evans, D. S. & Leighton, L.S. (1989). "Some empirical aspects of entrepreneurship". American Economic Review, 79, 519-535.
24. Evans, D. S. & Leighton, L. S. (1990). "Small business formation by unemployed and employed workers". Small Business Economics, 2, 319-330.
25. Fabowale, L.; Orser, B. & Riding, A. (1995). "Gender, structural factors, and credit terms between Canadian small businesses and financial institutions". Entrepreneurship: Theory and Practice, 19, 41-65.
26. Fischer, E. M.; Reuber, A. R. & Dyke, L. S. (1993). "A theoretical overview and extension of research on sex, gender and entrepreneurship". Journal of Business Venturing 8, 151-168.
27. Gatewood, E. J.; Shaver, K. G. & Gartner, W. B. (1995). "A Longitudinal Study of Cognitive Factors Influencing Start-Up Behaviors and Success at Venture Creation". Journal of Business Venturing, 371-391.
28. George, G.; Zahra, S. A. (2002). "Culture and Its Consequence for Entrepreneurship". Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, summer, 4, 5-8.
29. Gimeno, J.; Folta, T.; Cooper, A. & Woo, C. (1997). "Survival of the fittest? Entrepeneurial human capital and the persistence of underperforming firms". Administrative Science Quarterly, 42, 750-783.
30. Greene, P. (2000). "Self-Employment as an economic behavior: An analysis of self-employed women's human and social capital". National Journal of Sociology. 12, 1-55.
31. Grilo, I. & Irigoyen, J.-M. (2006). "Entrepreneurship in the EU: To wish and not to be". Small Business Economics, 26, 305-318.
32. Hair, J. F.; Anderson, R. E.; Tatham, R. L. & Black, W. C. (1998). Multivariate Data Analysis. (New Jersey: Prentice Hall).
33. Hayton J.C.; George, G. & Zahra, S.A. (2002). "National Culture and Entrepreneurship: A Review of Behavioural Research". Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, summer, 26, 33-52.
34. Henley, A. (2007). "Entrepreneurial aspiration and transition into self-employment: evidence from British longitudinal data". Entrepreneurship & Regional Development, 19: 3, 253-280.
35. Hisrich, R. D. & Brush, C. G. (1985). "Women and minority entrepreneurs: A comparative analysis". Frontiers of Entrepreneurship Research. Babson Press, Babson Park, MA.
36. Hisrich, R. D. & Brush, C. G. (1984). "The woman entrepreneur: Management skills and business problems". Journal of Small Business Management, 22, 31-37.
37. Hofstede, G. (2001). Culture's Consequences. Comparing Values, Behaviors, Institutions and Organizations Across Nations. (Thousand Oaks: Sage).
38. Inglehart, R. & Baker, W. E. (2000). "Modernization, Cultural Change, and the Persistence of Traditional Values". American Sociological Review, 65, 19-51.
39. Kolvereid, L. & Isaksen, E. (2006). "New business startup and subsequent entry into self-employment". Journal of Business Venturing, 21, 566-885.
40. Lee, S. & Peterson, S. (2000). "Culture, Entrepreneurial Orientation, and Global Competiveness". Journal of World Business, 35, 401-416.
41. Lévesque, M.; Minniti, M. (2006). "The Effect of Aging on Entrepreneurial Behavior". Journal of Business Venturing, 21, 177-194.
42. Levie, J. & Hunt, S. (2004). "Culture, Institutions, and New Business Activity: Evidence from Global Entrepreneurship Monitor". Frontiers of Entrepreneurship Research. Babson Press, Babson Park, MA. (Working paper).
43. Lin, Z.; Picot, G. & Compton, J. (2000). "The entry and exit dynamics of self-employment in Canada". Small Business Economics, 15 (2), 105-125.
44. Ljunggren, E. & Kolvereid, L. (1996). "New Business Formation: Does Gender Make a Difference?". Women in Management Review, 4, 3-12.
45. Lombard, K. (2001). "Female self-employment and demand for flexible, non-standard work schedules". Economic Inquiry, 39, 214-237.
46. Loscocco, K. & Smith-Hunter, A. (2004). "Women home-based business owners: insights from comparative analysis". Women in Management Review, 19(3), 164-173.
47. Lundström, A. & Stevenson, L. A. (2005). Entrepreneurship Policy. Theory and Practice. (New York: Springer).
48. McGrath, R.; McMillan, J.; Yang, E. & Tsai, W. (1992). "Does culture endure, or is it malleable? Issues for entrepreneurial economic development". Journal of Business Venturing, 7, 441-458.
49. Minniti, M.; Bygrave, W. D. & Autio, E. (2006). GEM, Global Entrepreneurship Monitor, 2005, Executive Report, London, UK: London Business School-Babson Park, MA.: Babson College.
50. Mueller, S. & Thomas, A. (2000). "Culture and entrepreneurial potential: A nine country study of locus of control and innovativeness". Journal of Business Venturing, 16, 51-75.
51. Noorderhaven, N.; Thurik, R.; Wennekers, S. & van Stel, A. (2004). "The Role of dissatisfaction and per capita income in explaining self-employment across 15 European countries". Entrepreneurship Theory & Practice, 28, 447-466.
52. Parker, S. & Belghitar, Y. (2006). "what Happens to Nascent Entrepreneurs? An Econometric Analysis of the PSED". Small Business Economics, 27, 81-101.
53. Pinillos-Costa, M.-J.; Reyes-Recio, L.-E. & Pinar, I. (2007). Inferences from an Individualist-Collectivist Culture on Entrepreneurship: Evidence from GEM data. (Paper presented at the ICSB Conference 2007, Turku).
54. Reynolds, P. & White, S. B. (1997). The Entrepreneurial Process. Economic Growth, Men, Women and Minorities. (Westport: Quorom).
55. Reynolds, P.; Bosma, N.; Autio, E.; Hunt, S.; De Bono, N.; Servais, I.; Lopez-Garcia, P. & Chin, N. (2005). "Global Entrepreneurship Monitor: Data Collection Design and Implementation". Small Business Economics, 24, 205-231.
56. Reynolds, P.; Carter, N.; Gartner, W.; Greene, P. (2004). "The prevalence of nascent entrepreneurs in the United States: Evidence from the panel study of entrepreneurial dynamics". Small Business Economics, 23, 263-284.
57. Reynolds, P.; Storey, D. J. & Westhead, P. (1994). "Cross-national Comparisons of the Variation in New Firm Formation Rates". Regional Studies, 28, 443-456.
58. Riding, A. L. & Swift, C. S. (1990). "Women business owners and the terms of credit: Some empirical findings of the Canadian experience". Journal of Business Venturing, 5, 327-340.
59. Rotefoss, B. & Kolvereid, L. (2005). "Aspiring, Nascent and Fledling Entrepreneurs: An Investigation of the Start-Up Process". Entrepreneurship & Regional Development, 109-127.
60. Shane, S. (1992). "why do some societies invent more than others?". Journal of Business Venturing, 7, 29-46.
61. Starr, J. A. & McMillan, I. C. (1990). "Resource cooptation via social contracting: resource acquisition strategies for new ventures". Strategic Management Journal, 11, 79-92.
62. Storey, D. (1994). "New firm growth and bank financing". Small Business Economics, 6, 139-150.
63. Thurik, R. & Verheul, I. (2001). "Start-up capital: Does gender matter?". Small Business Economics, 16, 329-345.
64. Tiessen, J. H. (1997). "Individualism, Collectivism, and Entrepreneurship: A Framework for International Comparative Research". Journal of Business Venturing, 12, 367-384.
65. Uhlaner, L. & Thurik, R. (2007). "Postmaterialism influencing total entrepreneurial activity across nations". Journal of Evolutionary Economics, 17, 161-185.
66. Verheul, I. & Thurik, R. A. (2001). "Start-up capital: Does gender matter?". Small Business Economics, 16, pp. 329-345.
67. Wennekers, S.; Thurik, R.; van Stel, A. & Noorderhaven, N. (2004). "Uncertainty avoidance and the rate of business ownership across 21 OECD countries, 1976-2004". Journal of Evolutionary economics, 17, 133-160.