New business formation: does gender make a difference?

Women in Management Review

Volumn 11, Issue 4, 1996, Pages 3-12

  Ljunggren, Elisabet ^a   Kolvereid, Lars ^b  

^a NORDLAND RESEARCH INSTITUTE   (Norway)

^b Bodo Graduate School of Business   (Norway)

Author keywords

Entrepreneurship; Gender; Norway; Women

Indexed keywords

EID: 84986031732     PISSN: 09649425     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1108/09649429610122096     Document Type: Article

References (41)

1. Davidsson, P., Folket om företagandet, FA publikation No. 1993:143, Umeå Business School, 1993.
2. SSB, Statistics Norway Statistical Yearbook Oslo, Official Statistics of Norway, Oslo, 1994.
3. Cuba, R., Decenzo, D. and Anish, A., “Management practices of successful female business owners”, American Journal of Small Business, Vol. 8 No. 2, 1983, pp. 40-45.
4. Hisrich, R.D. and Brush, C.G., “The woman entrepreneur: implications of family, educational and occupational experience”, in Hornaday, J.A., Timmons, J.A. and Vesper, K.H. (Eds), Frontiers of Entrepreneurship Research, Babson College, Wellesley, MA, 1983, pp. 255-70.
5. Neider, L., “A preliminary investigation of female entrepreneurs in Florida”, Journal of Small Business Management, Vol. 25 No. 3, 1987, pp. 22-9.
6. Scott, C.E., “Why more women are becoming entrepreneurs”, Journal of Small Business Management, Vol. 24 No. 4, 1986, pp. 37-44.
7. Smith, N.R., McCain, G. and Warren, A., “Women entrepreneurs really are different: a comparison of constructed ideal types of male and female entrepreneurs”, in Vesper, K. (Ed.), Frontiers of Entrepreneurship Research, Babson College, Wellesley, MA, 1982, pp. 68-77.
8. Miskin, V. and Rose, J., “Women entrepreneurs: factors related to success”, in Churchill, N.C., Bygrave, W.D., Hornaday, J.A., Muzyka, D.F., Vesper, K.H. and Wetzel, W.E. Jr (Eds), Frontiers of Entrepreneurship Research, Babson College, Wellesley, MA, 1990, pp. 27-38.
9. Olsen, B., “New venture start-up success - factors affecting profitability and growth for new ventures in Norway and Sweden”, PhD dissertation, University of Trondheim, 1993.
10. Brush, C., “Research on women business owners: past trends, a new perspective and future directions”, Journal of Business Venturing, Vol. 16 No. 4, 1992, pp. 5-30.
11. Rosa, P., Hamilton, D., Carter, S. and Burns, H., “The impact of gender on small business management: preliminary findings of a British study”, International Small Business Journal, Vol. 12 No. 3, 1994, pp. 25-32.
12. Hisrich, R.D. and Brush, C.G., “Women entrepreneurs: a longitudinal study”, in Churchhill, N.C., Hornaday, J.A., Kirchhoff, B.A.,. Krasner, O.J. and Vesper, K.H. (Eds), Frontiers of Entrepreneurship Research, Babson College, Wellesley, MA, 1987, pp. 187-9.
13. Kalleberg, A.L. and Leicht, K.T., “Gender and organizational performance: determinants of small business survival and success”, Academy of Management Journal, Vol. 34 No. 1, 1991, pp. 136-61.
14. Simpson, S., “Women entrepreneurs”, in Firth-Cozens, J. and West, M.A. (Eds), Women at Work - Psychological and Organizational Perspectives, Open University Press, Philadelphia, PA, 1991.
15. Stoner, C.R., Hartman, R.I. and Arora, R., “Work-home role conflict in female owners of small businesses: an exploratory study”, Journal of Small Business Management, Vol. 28 No. 1, 1990, pp. 30-38.
16. Ajzen, I., “The theory of planned behavior”, Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, Vol. 50, 1991, pp. 179-211.
17. Scheinberg, S. and MacMillan, I.C., “An 11 country study of motivations to start a business”, in Kirchhoff, B.A., Long, W.A., McMullan, W.E., Vesper, K.H. and Wetzel, W.E. Jr (Eds), Frontiers of Entrepreneurship Research, Babson College, Wellesley, MA, 1988, pp. 669-87.
18. Reynolds, P.D. and Miller, B., 1987 Minnesota New Firm Study, Center for Urban and Regional Affairs, University of Minnesota, MN, 1988.
19. Cooper, A.C., Woo, C. and Dunkelberg, W., “Entrepreneurship and the initial size of firms”, Journal of Business Venturing, Vol. 4 No. 5, 1989, pp. 317-32.
20. Chaganti, R., “Management in women-owned enterprises”, Journal of Small Business Management, Vol. 24 No. 4, 1986, pp. 18-29.
21. Sundin, E. and Holmqvist, C., Kvinnor som företagare-osynlighet mångfald och anpassning, en studie, Liber, Malmö, 1989.
22. Kent, C.A., Sexton, D.L. and Vesper, K.H. (Eds), Encyclopedia of Entrepreneurship, Prentice-Hall, Englewood Cliffs, NJ, 1982.
23. Stevenson, H. and Gumpert, D.E., “The heart of entrepreneurship”, Harvard Business Review, March-April 1985, pp. 85-94.
24. Sexton, D.L. and Bowman-Upton, N., “Female and male entrepreneurs: psychological characteristics and their role in gender-related discrimination”, Journal of Business Venturing, Vol. 5, 1990, pp. 29-36.
25. Carter, S. and Cannon, T., Women as Entrepreneurs, Academic Press, London, 1991.
26. Shane, S., Kolvereid, L. and Westhead, A., “An exploratory examination of the reasons leading to new firm formation across country and gender”, Journal of Business Venturing, Vol. 6, 1991, pp. 431-46.
27. Gatewood, E., “The expectancies in public sector venture assistance”, Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, Vol. 17 No. 2, 1993, pp. 91-5.
28. Katzell, R.A. and Thompson, E.D., “Work motivation: theory and practice”, American Psychologist, Vol. 45, 1990, pp. 144-53.
29. Locke, E.A. and Latham. G.P., “Work motivation and satisfaction: light at the end of the tunnel”, Psychological Science, Vol. 1, 1990, pp. 240-6.
30. Olm, K., Carsrud, A. and Alvey, L., “The role of networks in new venture funding of female entrepreneurs: a continuing analysis”, in Kichoff, B.A., Long, W.A., McMullan, W.E., Vesper, K.H. and Wetzel, W.E. Jr (Eds), Frontiers of Entrepreneurship Research, Babson College, Wellesley, MA, 1988, pp. 658-9.
31. Smeltzer, L.R. and Fann, G.L., “Gender differences in external networks of small business owners/managers”, Journal of Small Business Management, Vol. 27 No. 2, 1989, pp. 25-32.
32. Hisrich, R.D. and O'Brien, M., “The woman entrepreneur from a business and sociological perspective”, in Vesper, K.H. (Ed.), Frontiers of Entrepreneurship Research, Babson College, Wellesley, MA, 1981, pp. 21-39.
33. Nelson, G., “Information needs of women entrepreneurs”, Journal of Small Business Management, Vol. 25 No. 1, 1987, pp. 38-44.
34. Sexton, D.L. and Kent, C.A., “Female executives and entrepreneurs: a preliminary comparison”, in Vesper, K.H. (Ed.), Frontiers of Entrepreneurship Research, Babson College, Wellesley, MA, 1981, pp. 40-6.
35. Birley, S., “Female entrepreneurs: are they really any different?”, Journal of Small Business Management, Vol. 27 No. 1, 1989, pp. 32-7.
36. Chandler, G.N. and Jansen, E., “The founder's self-assessed competence and venture performance”, Journal of Business Venturing, Vol. 7 No. 3, 1992, pp. 223-36.
37. Davidsson, P., “Entrepreneurship - and after? A study of growth willingness in small firms”, Journal of Business Venturing, Vol. 4 No. 3, 1989, pp. 211-26.
38. Buttner, E.H. and Rosen, B., “Funding new business ventures: are decision makers biased against women entrepreneurs?”, Journal of Business Venturing, Vol. 4 No. 4, 1989, pp. 249-61.
39. Fay, M. and Williams, L., “Gender bias and the availability of business loans”, Journal of Business Venturing, Vol. 8, 1993, pp. 363-76.
40. Reynolds, P. and Miller, B., “New firm gestation: conception, birth and implications for research”, Journal of Business Venturing, Vol. 7, 1992, pp. 405-17.
41. Woo, C.Y., Cooper, A. and Dunkelberg, W.C., “The development and interpretation of entrepreneurial topologies”, Journal of Business Venturing, Vol. 6, 1991, pp. 94-114.