Ontogeny and phylogeny of the yolk extension in embryonic cypriniform fishes

Journal of Experimental Zoology Part B: Molecular and Developmental Evolution

Volumn 312, Issue 3, 2009, Pages 196-223

  Virta, Valerie Christine ^a,b   Cooper, Mark Scott ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF WASHINGTON   (United States)

^b Box 351800 ^*  (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ANIMAL; ANIMAL EMBRYO; ARTICLE; CYPRINIFORMES; EMBRYO DEVELOPMENT; EVOLUTION; PHYLOGENY; PHYSIOLOGY; PRENATAL DEVELOPMENT; SPECIES DIFFERENCE; YOLK SAC;

ANIMALS; CYPRINIFORMES; EMBRYO, NONMAMMALIAN; EMBRYONIC DEVELOPMENT; EVOLUTION; PHYLOGENY; SPECIES SPECIFICITY; YOLK SAC;

ANGUILLIFORMES; CHARACIFORMES; CYPRINIFORMES; PISCES; VERTEBRATA;

EID: 67049159559     PISSN: 15525007     EISSN: 15525015     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1002/jez.b.21284     Document Type: Article

References (135)

1. Adams DS, Keller R, Koehl MAR. 1990. The mechanics of notochord elongation, straightening and stiffening in the embryo of Xenopus laevis. Development 110:115-130.
2. Agathon A, Thisse C, Thisse B. 2003. The molecular nature of the zebrafish tail organizer. Nature 424:448-452.
3. Ahlstrom EH, Counts RC. 1958. Development and distribution of Vinciguerria lucetia and related species in the Eastern Pacific. Fishery Bull Fish Wildl Serv 58:363-416. US Department of the Interior Fish & Wildlife Service.
4. Aldridge DC. 1999. Development of European bitterling in the gills of freshwater mussels. J Fish Biol 54:138-151.
5. Amacher SL, Kimmel CB. 1998. Promoting notochord fate and repressing muscle development in zebrafish axial mesoderm. Development 125:1397-1406.
6. Andrade-Talmelli EFd, Kavamoto ET, Romagosa E, Fenerich-Verani N. 2001. Embryonic and larval development of the "Piabana", Brycon insignis, Steindachner, 1876 (Pisces, Characidae). Bol Inst Pesca, Sao Paulo 27:21-28.
7. Arakawa T, Kanno Y, Akiyama N, Kitano T, Nakatsuji N, Nakatsuji T. 1999. Stages of embryonic development of the ice goby (shiro-uo), Leucopsarion petersii. Zool Sci 16:761-773.
8. Armstrong PB. 1962. Stages in the development of Ictalurus nebulosus. Syracuse, NY: Syracuse University Press.
9. Armstrong PB, Child JS. 1965. Stages in the normal development of Fundulus heteroclitus. Biol Bull 128: 143-168.
10. Auer NA, Fuiman LA, Heufelder GR, Jude DJ, Tin HT. 1982. In: Auer NA, editor. Identification of larval fishes of the Great Lakes Basin with emphasis on the Lake Michigan drainage. Ann Arbor, MI: Great Lakes Fishery Commission.
11. Balinsky BI. 1960. An introduction to embryology. Philadelphia: W. B. Saunders Company.
12. Ballard WW. 1964. Comparative anatomy and embryology. New York: The Ronald Press Company.
13. Ballard WW. 1973. Normal embryonic stages for salmonid fishes, based on Salmo gairdneri Richardson and Salvelinus fontinalis (Mitchill). J Exp Zool 184:7-25.
14. Ballard WW, Needham RG. 1964. Normal embryonic stages of Polyodon spathula (Walbaum). J Morphol 114:465-478.
15. Bartsch P, Gemballa S, Piotrowski T. 1997. The embryonic and larval development of Polypterus senegalus Cuvier, 1829: its staging with reference to external and skeletal features, behaviour and locomotory habits. Acta Zool 78: 309-328.
16. Battle HI. 1940. The embryology and larval development of the goldfish (Carassius auratus L.) from Lake Erie. Ohio J Sci 40:82-93.
17. Battle HI. 1944. The embryology of the Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar Linneaus). Can J Res D 22:105-125.
18. Bolker JA. 2000. Modularity in development and why it matters to evo-devo. Am Zool 40:770-776.
19. Brustein E, Saint-Amant L, Buss RR, Chong M, McDearmid JR, Drapeau P. 2003. Steps during the development of the zebrafish locomotor network. J Physiol (Paris) 97:77-86.
20. Chaudhuri H, Juario JV, Primavera JH, Samson R, Mateo R. 1978. Observations on artificial fertilization of eggs and embryonic and larval development of milkfish, Chanos chanos (Forskal). Aquaculture 13:95-113.
21. Chocron S, Verhoeven MC, Rentzsch F, Hammerschmidt M, Bakkers J. 2007. Zebrafish bmp4 regulates left-right asymmetry at two distinct developmental time points. Dev Biol 305:577-588.
22. Crow K, Amemiya C, Roth J, Wagner GP. 2009. Hypermut-ability and functional divergence of the hoxal3a paralog in zebrafish is associated with the origin of a novel developmental feature. Evolution, in press.
23. D'Amico LA, Cooper MS. 2001. Morphogenetic domains in the yolk syncytial layer of axiating zebrafish embryos. Dev Dyn 222:611-624.
24. Davidson AJ, Ernstm P, Wang Y, Dekens MPS, Kingsley PD, Palls J, Korsmeyer SJ, Daley GQ, Zon LI. 2003. Cdx4 mutants fail to specify blood progenitors and can be rescued by multiple hox genes. Nature 425:300-306.
25. Davis CC. 1959. A planktonic fish egg from fresh water. Limnol Oceanography 4:352-355.
26. Dean B. 1896. On the larval development of Amia calva. Zool J 9:639-672.
27. Delsman HC. 1921. Fish eggs and larvae from the Java Sea. 1. Fistularia serrata Cuv. Treubia 2:97-108.
28. Delsman HC. 1923. Fish eggs and larvae from the Java Sea. 2. Chirocentrus dorab. Treubia 3:38-46.
29. Delsman HC. 1933. Fish eggs and larvae from the Java Sea. 21. Eel eggs. Treubia 9:237-247.
30. Engeszer RE, Patterson LB, Rao AA, Parichy DM. 2007. Zebrafish in the wild: a review of natural history and new notes from the field. Zebrafish 4:21-38.
31. Essner JJ, Amack JD, Nyholm MK, Harris EB, Yost HJ. 2005. Kupffer's vesicle is a ciliated organ of asymmetry in the zebrafish embryo that initiates left-right development of the brain, heart and gut. Development 132:1247-1260.
32. Feller MB. 1999. Spontaneous correlated activity in developing neural circuits. Neuron 22:653-656.
33. Fuiman LA. 1985. Contributions of developmental characters to a phylogeny of catostomid fishes, with comments on heterochrony. Copeia 4:833-846.
34. Fuiman LA, Whitman DC. 1979. Descriptions and comparisons of Catastomid fish larvae - Catostomus catos-tomus and Moxostoma erythrum. Trans Am Fish Soc 108:604-619.
35. Fujimoto T, Kataoka T, Sakao S, Saito T, Yamaha E, Arai K. 2006. Developmental stages and germ cell lineage of the Loach (Misgurnus anguillicaudatus). Zool Sci 23:977-989.
36. Fujimura K, Okada N. 2007. Development of the embryo, larva and early juvenile of Nile tilapia Oreochromis niloticus (Pisces: Cichlidae). Developmental staging system. Dev Growth Differ 49:301-324.
37. Fujita S. 1966. Egg development, larval stages and rearing of the puffer, Lagocephalus lunaris spadiceus (Richardson). Jpn J Ichthyol 8:162-168.
38. Galis F, Metz JAJ. 2001. Testing the vulnerability of the phylotypic stage: on modularity and evolutionary conservation. J Exp Zool 291:195-204.
39. Gass GL, Bolker JA. 2003. Modularity. In: Hall BK, Olson WM, editors. Keywords and concepts in evolutionary developmental biology. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. p 260-267.
40. Ginsburg AS, Dettlaff TA. 1991. The russian sturgeon Acipenser guldenstadti Part I. Gametes and early development up to time of hatching. In: Dettlaff TA, Vassetzky SG, editors. Animal species for developmental studies. New York: Plenum Publishing Corporation. p 15-65.
41. Gomes BVC, Scarpelli RS, Arantes FP, Sato Y, Bazzoli N, Rizzo E. 2007. Comparative oocyte morphology and early development in three species of trahiras from the Sao Francisco River basin, Brazil. J Fish Biol 70:1412-1429.
42. Gore AV, Maegawa S, Cheong A, Gilligan PC, Weinberg ES, Sampath K. 2005. The zebrafish dorsal axis is apparent at the four-cell stage. Nature 438:1030-1035.
43. Gozlan RE, Copp GH, Tourenq J-N. 1999. Early development of the sofie, Chondrostoma toxostoma. Environ Biol Fish 56:67-77.
44. Hall BK. 1997. Phylotypic stage or phantom: is there a highly conserved embryonic stage in vertebrates? Trends Ecol Evol 12:461-463.
45. Hall TE, Smith P, Johnston IA. 2004. Stages of embryonic development in the Atlantic cod Gadus morhua. J Morphol 259:255-270.
46. Hazkani-Covo E, Wool D, Graur D. 2005. In search of the vertebrate phylotypic stage: a molecular examination of the developmental hourglass model and von Baer's Third Law. J Exp Zool (Mol Dev Evol) 304B:150-158.
47. Helvik JV, Walther BT. 1993. Development of hatchability in halibut Hippoglossus hipploglossus embryos. Int J Dev Biol 37:487-490.
48. Holtfreter J. 1938. Differenzierungspotenzen isolierter teile der urodelengastrula. W Roux Archiv fur Entwicklungsme-chanik der Organismen 138:522-656.
49. Holtfreter J. 1996. Differentiation potencies of isolated parts of the urodele gastrula (reprinted from Roux Archiv fur Entwicklungsmechanik der Organismen, vol 138, pg 522, 1938). Dev Dyn 205:223-244.
50. Hopwood N. 2007. A history of normal plates, tables and stages in vertebrate embryology. Int J Dev Biol 51:1-26.
51. Horstadius S. 1944. Ueber die folgen von chordaexstirpation an spaeten gastrulae und neurulae von amblystoma punc-tatum. Acta Zool Stockh 25:75-87.
52. Ignatieva GM. 1991. The rainbow trout Salmo gairdneri. In: Dettlaff TA, Vassetzky SG, editors. Animal species for developmental studies. New York: Plenum Publishing Corporation. p 89-124.
53. Inoue JG, Miya M, Tsukamoto K, Nishida M. 2003. Basal actinopterygian relationships: a mitogenomic perspective on the phylogeny of the "ancient fish". Mol Phylogenet Evol 26:110-120.
54. Inoue JG, Miya M, Tsukamoto K, Nishida M. 2004. Mitogenomic evidence for the monophyly of elopomorph fishes (Teleostei) and the evolutionary origin of the leptocephalus larva. Mol Phylogenet Evol 32:274-286.
55. Irie N, Sehara-Fujisawa A. 2007. The vertebrate phylotypic stage and an early bilaterian-related stage in mouse embryogenesis defined by genomic information. Bmc Biol 5:1.
56. Islam A. 2005. Embryonic and larval development of thai pangas (Pangasius sutchi Fowler, 1937). Dev Growth Differ 47:1-6.
57. Iwamatsu T. 1994. Stages of normal development in the medaka Oryzias latipes. Zool Sci 11:825-839.
58. Jones PW, Martin FD, Hardy J, Jerry D. 1978. Development of fishes of the Mid-Atlantic Bight: an atlas of egg, larval and juvenile stages. Vol. I: Acipenseridae through Ictaluridae. Fort Collins, CO: US Department of the Interior Fish & Wildlife Service.
59. Kay LK, Wallus R, Yeager BL. 1994. Reproductive biology and early life history of fishes in the Ohio River drainage. Vol. 2: Catostomidae. Chattanooga, TN, USA: Tennessee Valley Authority.
60. Keller R. 2006. Mechanisms of elongation in embryogenesis. Development 133:2291-2302.
61. Kimelman D. 2006. Mesoderm induction: from caps to chips. Nature Rev Genet 7:360-372.
62. Kimmel CB, Ballard WW, Kimmel SR, Ullman B, Schilling T. 1995. Stages of embryonic development of the zebrafish. Dev Dyn 203:253-310.
63. Kirschbaum F, Schugardt C. 2002. Reproductive strategies and developmental aspects in mormyrid and gymnotiform fishes. J Physiol (Paris) 96:557-566.
64. Kostomarova AA. 1991. The loach Misgurnus fossilis. In: Dettlaff TA, Vassetzky SG, editors. Animal species for developmental studies. New York: Plenum Publishing Corporation. p 125-144.
65. Kuntz A, Radcliffe L. 1918. Notes on the embryology and larval development of twelve teleostean fishes (Document 849, issued September 12, 1917). Bull US Bur Fisheries 35:89-134.
66. Kunz YW. 2004. Developmental biology of Teleost fishes. Dordrecht, the Netherlands: Springer.
67. Larkin K, Danilchik MV. 1999. Ventral cell rearrangements contribute to anterior-posterior axis lengthening between neurula and tailbud stages in Xenopus laevis. Dev Biol 216:550-560.
68. Lavoué S, Miya M, Inoue JG, Saitoh K, Ishiguro NB, Nishida M. 2005. Molecular systematics of the gonorynchi-form fishes (Teleostei) based on whole mitogenome sequences: implications for higher-level relationships within the Otocephala. Mol Phylogenet Evol 37:165-177.
69. Layman SR. 1991. Life-history of the relict, duskytail darter, Etheostoma (Catonotus) sp., in Little River, Tennessee. Copeia 2:471-485.
70. Leiby MM. 1984. Ophichthidae: development and relationships. Ontogeny and systematics of fishes. La Jolla, CA: American Society of Ichthyologists and Herpetologists. p 102-108.
71. Li Z, Korzh V, Gong ZY. 2007. Localized rbp4 expression in the yolk syncytial layer plays a role in yolk cell extension and early liver development. Bmc Dev Biol 7:117.
72. Long WL, Ballard WW. 1976. Normal embryonic stages of the white sucker, Catastomus commersoni. Copeia 2:355-362.
73. Lyman-Gingerich J, Lindeman R, Putiri E, Stolzmann K, Pelegri F. 2006. Analysis of axis induction mutant embryos reveals morphogenetic events associated with zebrafish yolk extension formation. Dev Dyn 235:2749-2760.
74. Mabee PM, Arratia G, Coburn M, Haendel M, Hilton EJ, Lundberg JG, Mayden RL, Rios N, Westerfield M. 2007. Connecting evolutionary morphology to genomics using ontologies: a case study from cypriniformes using zebrafish. J Exp Zool (Mol Dev Evol) 308B:1-14.
75. Martinez GM, Bolker JA. 2003. Embryonic and larval staging of summer flounder (Paralichthys dentatus). J Morphol 255:162-176.
76. Matarese AC, Kendall J, Arthur W, Blood DM, Vinter BM. 1989. Laboratory Guide to Early Life History Stages of Northeast Pacific Fishes: U.S. Department of Commerce. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Springfield, VA: National Marine Fisheries Service.
77. Meijide FJ, Guerrero GA. 2000. Embryonic and larval development of a substrate-brooding cichlid Cichlasoma dimerus (Heckel, 1840) under laboratory conditions. J Zool 252:481-493.
78. Mekkawy IAA, Lashein FE-D. 2003. The effect of lead and cadmium on ldh and g-6-pdh isoenzyme patterns exhibited during the early embryonic development of the teleost fish, Ctenopharyngodon idellus with emphasis on the corresponding morphological variations. In: Browman HI, Skiftesvik AB, editors. The big fish bang: Proceedings of the 26th Annual Larval Fish Conference. Bergen, Norway: Institute of Marine Research. p 275-292.
79. Milos N, Dingle AD. 1978. Dynamics of pigment pattern formation in zebrafish, Brachydanio rerio. 1. Establishment and regulation of lateral line melanophore stripe during 1st 8 days of development. J Exp Zool 205:205-216.
80. Mito S. 1961. Pelagic fish eggs from Japanese waters. I. Clupeina, Chanina, Stomiatina, Mytophida, Anguillida, Belonida, and Syngnathida. Sci Bull Fac Agric Kyushu University 18:285-310, plates 20-34.
81. Miya M, Takeshima H, Endo H, Ishiguro NB, Inoue JG, Mukai T, Satoh TP, Yamaguchi M, Kawaguchi A, Mabuchi K, Shirai SM, Nishida M. 2003. Major patterns of higher teleostean phylogenies: a new perspective based on 100 complete mitochondrial DNA sequences. Mol Phylogen-et Evol 26:121-138.
82. Moser HG, editor. 1984. Ontogeny and systematics of fishes. La Jolla, CA: American Sociey of Ichthyologists and Herpetologists.
83. Miiller UK, van Leeuwen JL. 2004. Swimming of larval zebrafish: ontogeny of body waves and implications for locomotory development. J Exp Biol 207:853-868.
84. Nair RV. 1952. Studies on the life history, bionomics and fishery of the white sardine, Kowala coval (Cuv.). Madras. FAO. p 103-118.
85. Naplin NA, Obenchain CL. 1980. A description of eggs and larvae of the snake eel, Pisodonophis cruentifer (Ophichthi-dae). Bull Mar Sci 30:413-423.
86. Nelson JS. 2006. Fishes of the world. New York: Wiley.
87. Ninhaus-Silveira A, Foresti F, de Azevedo A. 2006. Structural and ultrastructural analysis of embryonic development of Prochilodus lineatus (Valenciennes, 1836) (Characiformes; Prochilodontidae). Zygote 14:217-229.
88. Odenthal J, Haffter P, Vogelsang E, Brand M, vanEeden FJM, FurutaniSeiki M, Granato M, Hammerschmidt M, Heisenberg CP, Jiang YJ, Kane DA, Kelsh RN, Mullins MC, Warga RM, Allende ML, Weinberg ES, Nusslein Volhard C. 1996. Mutations affecting the formation of the notochord in the zebrafish, Dank) rerio. Development 123:103-115.
89. Oppenheimer JM. 1936. Historical introduction to the study of teleostean development. Osiris 2:124-148.
90. Osse JWM, van den Boogaart JGM. 1999. Dynamic morphology of fish larvae, structural implications of friction forces in swimming, feeding and ventilation. J Fish Biol 55:156-174.
91. Petravicz WP. 1938. The breeding habits of the black-sided darter, Hadropterus maculatus Girard. Copeia 1:40-44.
92. Pinder AC. 2001. In: Sutcliffe DW, editor. Keys to larval and juvenile stages of coarse fishes from fresh waters in the British Isles. Ambleside, Cumbria, UK: Freshwater Biological Association.
93. Pinder AC, Gozlan RE. 2004. Early ontogeny of sunbleak. J Fish Biol 64:762-775.
94. Pyati UJ, Cooper MS, Davidson AJ, Nechiporuk A, Kimelman D. 2006. Sustained Bmp signaling is essential for cloaca development in zebrafish. Development 133:2275-2284.
95. Raff RA. 1996. The shape of life: genes, development, and the evolution of animal form. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press.
96. Raffaele F. 1888. Le uova galleggianti e le larve dei teleostei nel golfo di napoli. Mitth Zool Sta Neapel 8:1-84.
97. Ribeiro CR, Dos Santos HSL, Bolzan AA. 1995. Estudo comparativo da embryogenese de peixes osseos (Pacu, Piaractus mesopotamicus; Tambaqui, Colossoma macropo-mum e hibrido Tambacu). Rev Brasiliera Biol 55:65-78.
98. Richards WJ. 1984. Elopiformes: development. Ontogeny and systematics of fishes. La Jolla, CA: American Society of Ichthyologists and Herpetologists.
99. Richards WJ, editor. 2006a. In: Lutz PL, editor. Early stages of Atlantic fishes: an identification guide for the Western Central North Atlantic, Vol. 1. Boca Raton, FL, USA: CRC Press.
100. Richards WJ, editor. 2006b. In: Lutz PL, editor. Early stages of Atlantic fishes: an identification guide for the Western Central North Atlantic, Vol. 2. Boca Raton, FL, USA: CRC Press.
101. Richardson MK. 1995. Heterochrony and the phylotypic period. Dev Biol 172:412-421.
102. Richardson SL. 1974. Eggs and larvae of the ophichthid eel, Pisodonophis cruentifer, from the Chesapeake Bight, Western North Atlantic. Chesapeake Sci 15:151-154.
103. Richardson MK, Hanken J, Gooneratne ML, Pieau C, Raynaud A, Selwood L, Wright GM. 1997. There is no highly conserved embryonic stage in the vertebrates: implications for current theories of evolution and development. Anat Embyol 196:91-106.
104. Roerig B, Feller MB. 2000. Neurotransmitters and gap junctions in developing neural circuits. Brain Res Rev 32:86-114.
105. Rombough P. 2007. The functional ontogeny of the teleost gill: which comes first, gas or ion exchange? Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol 148:732-742.
106. Russell FS. 1976. The eggs and planktonic stages of British marine fishes. London: Academic Press Inc.
107. Saitoh K, Miya M, Inoue JG, Ishiguro NB, Nishida M. 2003. Mitochondrial genomics of ostariophysan fishes: perspectives on phylogeny and biogeography. J Mol Evol 56: 464-472.
108. Saitoh K, Sado T, Mayden RL, Hanzawa N, Nakamura K, Nishida M, Miya M. 2006. Mitogenomic evolution and interrelationships of the cypriniformes (Actinopterygii: Ostariophysi): the first evidence toward resolution of higher-level relationships of the world's largest freshwater fish clade based on 59 whole mitogenome sequences. J Mol Evol 63:826-841.
109. Schlosser G. 2004. The role of modules in development and evolution. In: Schlosser G, Wagner GP, editors. Modularity in development and evolution. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press, p 519-582.
110. Schlosser G, Wagner GP. 2004. Introduction: the modularity concept in developmental and evolutionary biology. In: Schlosser G, Wagner GP, editors. Modularity in development and evolution. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press, p 1-15.
111. Shardo JD. 1995. Comparative embryology of teleostean fishes. 1. Development and staging of the American shad, Alosa sapidissima (Wilson, 1811). J Morphol 225:125-167.
112. Simmons MP, Miya M. 2004. Efficiently resolving the basal clades of a phylogenetic tree using Bayesian and parsimony approaches: a case study using mitogenomic data from 100 higher teleost fishes. Mol Phylogenet Evol 31:351-362.
113. Simon TP. 1987. Description of eggs, larvae and early juveniles of the stripetail darter, Etheostoma kennicotti (Putnam) and spottail darter, E. squamiceps Jordan (Percidae: Etheostomatini) from tributaries of the Ohio River. Copeia 2:433-442.
114. Simon TP, Wallus R. 2004a. Reproductive biology and early life history of fishes in the Ohio River drainage. Vol. 3: Ictaluridae - catfish and madtoms. Boca Raton, FL, USA: CRC Press.
115. Simon TP, Wallus R. 2004b. Reproductive biology and early life history of fishes in the Ohio River drainage. Vol. 4: Percidae - perch, pikeperch, and darters. Boca Raton, FL, USA: CRC Press.
116. Slack JMW, Holland PWH, Graham CF. 1993. The zootype and the phylotypic stage. Nature 361:490-492.
117. Solnica-Krezel L, Stemple DL, Mountcastle-Shah E, Rangini Z, Neuhauss SCF, Malicki J, Schier AF, Stainier DYR, Zwartkruis F, Abdelilah S, Driever W. 1996. Mutations affecting cell fates and cellular rearrangements during gastrulation in zebrafish. Development 123:67-80.
118. Swarup H. 1958. Stages in the development of the stickleback Gasterosteus aculeatus (L). J Embryol Exp Morphol 6:373-383.
119. Tanaka M, Hale LA, Amores A, Yan Y-L, Cresko WA, Suzuki T, Postlethwait JH. 2005. Developmental genetic basis for the evolution of pelvic fin loss in the pufferfish Takifugu rubripes. Dev Biol 281:227-239.
120. Tavolga WN. 1950. Development of the gobiid fish, Bathygobius soporator. J Morphol 87:462-492.
121. von Baer KE. 1835. Untersuchungen uber die Entwickelungs-geschichte der Fische, nebst einem Anhange uber die Schwimmblase. Leipzig.
122. von Dassow G, Munro E. 1999. Modularity in animal development and evolution: elements of a conceptual framework for evodevo. J Exp Zool 285:307-325.
123. von Dassow G, Meir E, Munro EM, Odell GM. 2000. The segment polarity network is a robust development module. Nature 406:188-192.
124. Waddington CH. 1940. Organisers and genes. Cambridge, Great Britain: University Press, Cambridge.
125. Waddington CH. 1975. The evolution of an evolutionist. Ithaca, New York: Cornell University Press.
126. Wallus R, Simon TP. 2006. Reproductive biology and early life history of fishes in the Ohio River drainage. Vol. 5: Aphredoderidae through Cottidae, Moronidae, and Sciaeni-dae. Boca Raton, FL, USA: CRC Press.
127. Wallus R, Simon TP, Yeager BL. 1990. Reproductive biology and early life history of fishes in the Ohio River drainage. Vol. 1: Acipenseridae through Esocidae. Chattanooga, TN, USA: Tennessee Valley Authority.
128. Wassersug RR. 1989. Locomotion in amphibian larvae (or 'why aren't tadpoles built like fishes?') Am Zool 29:65-84.
129. Webb AE, Sanderford J, Frank D, Talbot WS, Driever W, Kimelman D. 2007. Laminin alpha 5 is essential for the formation of the zebrafish fins. Dev Biol 311:369-382.
130. Weisel Jr GF. 1947. Breeding behavior and early development of the mudsucker, a gobiid fish of California. Copeia 2:77-85.
131. Westerfield M. 2000. The zebrafish book: a guide for the laboratory use of zebrafish. Eugene, OR: University of Oregon Press.
132. Winther RG. 2001. Varieties of modules: kinds, levels, origins, and behaviors. J Exp Zool 291:116-129.
133. Wolpert L. 1991. The triumph of the embryo. New York: Oxford University Press.
134. Wourms JP. 1972. Developmental biology of annual fishes: I. Stages in the normal development of Austrofundulus myersi Dahl. J Exp Zool 182:143-168.
135. Yeager BL, Semmens KJ. 1987. Early development of the blue sucker, Cycleptus elongatus. Copeia 2:312-316.