Stages of Embryonic Development in the Atlantic Cod Gadus morhua

Journal of Morphology

Volumn 259, Issue 3, 2004, Pages 255-270

  Hall, Thomas E ^a   Smith, Peter ^b   Johnston, Ian A ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF ST ANDREWS   (United Kingdom)

^b Sea Fish Industry Authority   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

Embryonic development; Gadoid; Gadus morhua; Histology; Larva; Somites

Indexed keywords

ANIMAL; ANIMAL EMBRYO; ARTICLE; CYTOLOGY; EMBRYO DEVELOPMENT; FEMALE; FISH; GROWTH, DEVELOPMENT AND AGING; MALE; MORPHOGENESIS; NOTOCHORD; PREGNANCY; PRENATAL DEVELOPMENT;

ANIMALS; EMBRYO, NONMAMMALIAN; EMBRYONIC DEVELOPMENT; FEMALE; FISHES; MALE; MORPHOGENESIS; NOTOCHORD; PREGNANCY;

GADIFORMES; GADUS; GADUS MORHUA;

EID: 1542379770     PISSN: 03622525     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1002/jmor.10222     Document Type: Article

References (78)

1. Adams DS, Keller R, Koehl MA. 1990. The mechanics of notochord elongation, straightening and stiffening in the embryo of Xenopus laevis. Development 110:115-130.
2. Appel B. 2000. Zebrafish neural induction and patterning. Dev Dyn 219:155-168.
3. Armstrong PB, Child JS. 1965. Stages in the normal development of Fundulus heteroclitus. Biol Bull 128:143-168.
4. Bekkevold D, Hansen MM, Loeschcke V. 2002. Male reproductive competition in spawning aggregations of cod (Gadus morhua, L). Mol Ecol 11:91-102.
5. Blaxter JHS. 1969. Development: eggs and larvae. In: Hoar WS, Randall DJ, editors. Fish physiology, vol. 3. Reproduction and growth. Bioluminescence, pigments, and poisons. New York: Academic Press. p 177-252.
6. Blaxter JHS. 1988. Pattern and variety in development. In: Hoar WS, Randall DJ, editors. Fish physiology, vol. 11. The physiology of developing fish. Part A. Eggs and larvae. San Diego: Academic Press. p 1-58.
7. Brand-Saberi B, Christ B. 2000. Evolution and development of distinct cell lineages derived from somites. Curr Top Dev Biol 48:1-42.
8. Brooks S, Johnston IA. 1994. Temperature and somitogenesis in embryos of the plaice (Pleuronectes platessa). J Fish Biol 45: 699-702.
9. Cannon J. 1997. Northeast Atlantic. In: Review of the state of world fishery resources: marine fisheries. Rome: FAO. p 15-23.
10. Cuirie PD, Ingham PW. 1996. Induction of a specific muscle cell type by a hedgehog-like protein in zebrafish. Nature 382:452-455.
11. Cyranoski D, Smaglik P. 2000. Puffer fish joins genome stampede. Nature 408:6-7.
12. Dannevig A. 1919. Fish eggs and larvae. In: Hjort J, editor. Canadian Fisheries Expedition 1914-15 in the Gulf of St. Lawrence and Atlantic Waters of Canada. Ottawa: King's Printer, p 1-80.
13. Drummond IA, Majumdar A, Hentschel H, Elger M, Solnica-Krezel L, Schier AF, Neuhauss SC, Stemple DL, Zwartkruis F, Rangini Z, Driever W, Fishman MC. 1998. Early development of the zebrafish pronephros and analysis of mutations affecting pronephric function. Development 125:4655-4667.
14. Ellertsen B, Solemdal P, Stromme T, Tilseth S, Westgard T. 1980. Some biological aspects of cod larvae (Gadus morhua L.). Fisk dir Skr Ser Havunders 17:29-47.
15. Fahay M, Markle D. 1984. Gadiformes: development and relationships. In: Moser H, editor. Ontogeny and systematics of fishes. American Society of Ichthyologists and Herpetologists Special Publication 1:265-283.
16. Folkvord A. 1991. Growth, survival and cannibalism of cod juveniles (Gadus morhua) - effects of feed type, starvation and fish size. Aquaculture 97:41-59.
17. Fridgeirsson E. 1978. Embryonic development of five species of gadoid fishes in Icelandic waters. Rit Fiskideildar 5:1-28.
18. Gorodilov YN. 1996. Description of the early ontogeny of the Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar, with a novel system of interval (state) identification. Environ Biol Fishes 47:109-127.
19. Heinke F, Ehrenbaum E. 1900. Eier und larven von fischen der Deutschen Bucht II. Die bestimmung der schwimmenden fischeier und die methodik der eimessungen. Helogol wiss Meeresunters 3:239-243.
20. Hempel G, Blaxter JHS. 1961. The experimental modification of meristic characters in herring (Clupea harengus L.). J Conseil 26:336-346.
21. Hill J, Johnston IA. 1997. Temperature and neural development of the Atlantic herring (Clupea harengus L.). Comp Biochem Phys A 117:457-462.
22. Huse I, Jensen PA. 1983. A simple and inexpensive spawning and egg collection system for fish with pelagic eggs. Aquacult Eng 2:165-171.
23. Hutchings JA, Bishop TD, McGregor-Shaw CR. 1999. Spawning behaviour of Atlantic cod, Gadus morhua: evidence of mate competition and mate choice in a broadcast spawner. Can J Fish Aquat Sci 56:97-104.
24. Huxley HE. 1969. The mechanism of muscular contraction. Science 164:1356-1365.
25. Ignatieva GM. 1976. Regularities of early embryogenesis in teleosts as revealed by studies of the temporal pattern of development. 2. Relative duration of corresponding periods of development in different species. Roux Arch Dev Biol 179:313-325.
26. Isogai S, Horiguchi M, Weinstein BM. 2001. The vascular anatomy of the developing zebrafish: an atlas of embryonic and early larval development. Dev Biol 230:278-301.
27. Iwamatsu T. 1994. Stages of normal development in the medaka Oryzias latipes. Zool Sci 11:825-839.
28. Johnston IA, Vieira VLA, Abercromby M. 1995. Temperature and myogenesis in embryos of the Atlantic herring Clupea harengus. J Exp Biol 198:1389-1403.
29. Kane DA, Kimmel CB. 1993. The zebrafish midblastula transition. Development 119:447-456.
30. Kanki JP, Ho RK. 1997. The development of the posterior body in zebrafish. Development 124:881-893.
31. Karnovsky MJ, Roots L. 1964. A direct colouring thiocholine method for cholinesterases. J Histochem Cytochem 12:219-221.
32. Killeen J. 1999. The effects of temperature on development and growth in muscle of the trout (Salmo trutta L.). PhD Thesis, Department of Environmental and Evolutionary Biology, University of St. Andrews.
33. Killeen JR, McLay HA, Johnston IA. 1999. Temperature and neuromuscular development in embryos of the trout (Salmo trutta L.). Comp Biochem Phys 122:53-64.
34. Kimmel CB, Ballard WW, Kimmel SR, Ullmann B, Schilling TF. 1995. Stages of embryonic development of the zebrafish. Dev Dyn 203:253-310.
35. Kjesbu OS. 1989. The spawning activity of cod, Gadus morhua L. J Fish Biol 34:195-206.
36. Kjesbu OS, Solemdal P, Bratland P, Fonn M. 1996. Variation in annual egg production in individual captive Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua). Can J Fish Aquat Sci 53:610-620.
37. Kjørsvik E, van der Meeren T, Kryvi H, Arnfinnson J, Kvenseth PG. 1991. Early development of the digestive-tract of cod larvae, Gadus morhua L., during start-feeding and starvation. J Fish Biol 38:1-15.
38. Knutsen GM, Tilseth S. 1985. Growth, development, and feeding success of Atlantic cod larvae Gadus morhua related to egg size. Trans Am Fish Soc 114:507-511.
39. Mabee PM, Olmstead KL, Cubbage CC. 2000. An experimental study of intraspecific variation, developmental timing, and heterochrony in fishes. Evol Int J Org Evol 54:2091-2106.
40. Marrable AW. 1965. Variations in early cleavage of the zebrafish. Nature 184:1160-1161.
41. Masterman A. 1901. A contribution to the life histories of the cod and whiting. Trans R Soc Edinb 40:1-14.
42. Meijide FJ, Guerrero GA. 2000. Embryonic and larval development of a substrate-brooding cichlid Cichlasoma dimerus (Heckel, 1840) under laboratory conditions. J Zool 252:481-493.
43. Morin-Kensicki EM, Eisen JS. 1997. Sclerotome development and peripheral nervous system segmentation in embryonic zebrafish. Development 124:159-167.
44. Morrison CM. 1993. Histology of the Atlantic cod, Gadus morhua: an atlas. Part four. Eleutheroembryo and larva. Ottawa: Dept. of Fisheries and Oceans.
45. Morrison CM, Miyake T, Wright JR Jr. 2001. Histological study of the development of the embryo and early larva of Oreochromis niloticus (Pisces: Cichlidae). J Morphol 247:172-195.
46. Münsterberg AE, Lassar AB. 1995. Combinatorial signals from the neural tube, floor plate and notochord induce myogenic bHLH gene expression in the somite. Development 121:651-660.
47. Nakatsuji T, Kitano T, Akiyama N, Nakatsuji N. 1997. Ice goby (shiro-uo), Leucopsarion petersii, may be a useful material for studying teleostean embryogenesis. Zool Sci 14:443-448.
48. Odenthal J, Haffter P, Vogelsang E, Brand M, van Eeden FJ, Furutani-Seiki M, Granato M, Hammerschmidt M, Heisenberg CP, Jiang YJ, Kane DA, Kelsh RN, Mullins MC, Warga RM, Allende ML, Weinberg ES, Nusslein-Volhard C. 1996. Mutations affecting the formation of the notochord in the zebrafish, Danio rerio. Development 123:103-115.
49. Øiestad V, Kvenseth PG, Folkvord A. 1985. Mass-production of Atlantic cod juveniles Gadus morhua in a Norwegian saltwater pond. Trans Am Fish Soc 114:590-595.
50. Øiestad V, Pedersen T, Folkvord A, Bjordal A, Kvenseth PG. 1987. Automatic feeding and harvesting of juvenile Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua L.) in a pond. Model Identif Control 8:39-46.
51. Papan C, Campos-Ortega JA. 1994. On the formation of the neural keel and neural tube in the zebrafish Danio (Brachydanio) rerio. Roux Arch Dev Biol 203:178-186.
52. Pavlov DA, Dzerzhinskiy KF, Radzikhovskaya EK 1992. Assessing the quality of roe from White Sea wolffish (Anarhichas lupus marisalbi L.), obtained under experimental conditions. J Ichthyol 32:88-104.
53. Pedersen T, Falk-Petersen IB. 1992. Morphological-changes during metamorphosis in cod (Gadus morhua L.), with particular reference to the development of the stomach and pyloric ceca. J Fish Biol 41:449-461.
54. Peterson RH, Martinrobichaud DJ. 1983. Embryo movements of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) as influenced by pH, temperature, and state of development. Can J Fish Aquat Sci 40:777-782.
55. Richardson MK, Hanken J, Gooneratne ML, Pieau C, Raynaud A, Selwood L, Wright GM. 1997. There is no highly conserved embryonic stage in the vertebrates: implications for current theories of evolution and development. Anat Embryol 196:91-106.
56. Richardson MK, Allen SP, Wright GM, Raynaud A, Hanken J. 1998. Somite number and vertebrate evolution. Development 125:151-160.
57. Russell FS. 1976. The eggs and planktonic stages of British marine fishes. London: Academic Press.
58. Sars GO. 1876. On the spawning and development of the cod-fish. Rep US Comm Fish 111:213-222.
59. Schmidt J. 1905. The pelagic post-larval stages of the Atlantic species of Gadus, Part I. Medd Kommn Havunders Ser Fiskeri 1 (4).
60. Schmidt J. 1906. The pelagic post-larval stages of the Atlantic species of Gadus, Part II. Medd Kommn Havunders Ser Fiskeri 2 (2).
61. Schmitt EA, Dowling JE. 1994. Early eye morphogenesis in the zebrafish, Brachydanio rerio. J Comp Neurol 344:532-542.
62. Schnell S, Maini PK. 2000. Clock and induction model for somitogenesis. Dev Dyn 217:415-420.
63. Serluca FC, Fishman MC. 2001. Pre-pattern in the pronephric kidney field of zebrafish. Development 128:2233-2241.
64. Shields RJ, Brown NP, Bromage NR. 1997. Blastomere morphology as a predictive measure of fish egg viability. Aquaculture 155:1-12.
65. Solsletten V. 2001. Nutreco moves heavily into cod farming. Intrafish April:5.
66. Stemple DL, Solnica-Krezel L, Zwartkruis F, Neuhauss SC, Schier AF, Malicki J, Stainier DY, Abdelilah S, Rangini Z, Mountcastle-Shah E, Driever W. 1996. Mutations affecting development of the notochord in zebrafish. Development 123:117-128.
67. Stickney HL, Barresi MJF, Devoto SH. 2000. Somite development in zebrafish. Dev Dyn 219:287-303.
68. Thompson BM, Riley JD. 1981. Egg and larval development studies in the North Sea cod (Gadus morhua L.). Rapp P-v Reun Cons Int Explor Mer 178:553-559.
69. Tilseth S, Blom G, Naas K. 1992. Recent progess in research and development of marine cold water species for aquaculture production in Norway. J World Aquacult Soc 23:277-285.
70. Tytler P. 1988. Morphology of the pronephros of the juvenile brown trout, Salmo trutta. J Morphol 195:189-204.
71. Tytler P, Ireland J. 2000. The influence of salinity and temperature change on the functioning of the urinary bladder in the early larval stages of the Atlantic herring Clupea harengus L. J Exp Biol 203:415-422.
72. van der Meeren T. 1991. Algae as first food for cod larvae, Gadus morhua L.: filter feeding or ingestion by accident? J Fish Biol 39:225-237.
73. van der Meeren T, Næss T. 1993. How does cod (Gadus morhua) cope with variability in feeding conditions during early larval stages? Mar Biol 116:637-647.
74. Verma P. 1971. The early development of Cyprinus carpio var. Communis (Linn.). Acta Anat 80:388-417.
75. Vieira VLA, Johnston IA. 1992. Influence of temperature on muscle fiber development in larvae of the herring Clupea harengus. Mar Biol 112:333-341.
76. Vieira VLA, Johnston IA. 1999. Temperature and neuromuscular development in tambaqui. J Fish Biol 55:66-83.
77. Warga RM, Kimmel CB. 1990. Cell movements during epiboly and gastrulation in zebrafish. Development 108:569-580.
78. Yelon D. 2001. Cardiac patterning and morphogenesis in zebrafish. Dev Dyn 222:552-563.