Care ethics and animal welfare

Journal of Social Philosophy

Volumn 37, Issue 4, 2006, Pages 521-536

  Engster, Daniel ^a  

^a NONE

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 67049101666     PISSN: 00472786     EISSN: 14679833     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/j.1467-9833.2006.00355.x     Document Type: Article

References (46)

1. Mark Bernstein, Without a Tear: Our Tragic Relationship with Animals (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 2004), 161-87;
2. Carol J. Adams and Josephine Donovan, eds., Animals and Women: Feminist Theoretical Explorations (Durham: Duke University Press, 1995);
3. Josephine Donovan and Carol J. Adams, eds., Beyond Animal Rights: A Feminist Caring Ethic for the Treatment of Animals (New York: Continuum, 1996);
4. Greta Gaard, ed., Ecofeminism: Women, Animals, Nature (Philadelphia, PA: Temple University Press, 1993);
5. and Karen Warren, Ecofeminist Philosophy (Lanham, MD: Rowman and Littlefield, 2000).
6. See, for example, Carl Cohen and Tom Regan, The Animal Rights Debate (Lanham, MD: Rowman and Littlefield, 2001);
7. R. G. Frey, Interests and Rights: The Case Against Animals (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1980);
8. and Michael Leahy, Against Liberation: Putting Animals in Perspective (New York: Routledge, 1991).
9. Gary Francione, "Ecofeminism and Animal Rights: A Review of Beyond Animal Rights: A Feminist Ethic for the Treatment of Animals Women's Rights Law Reporter 95 (1996): 97.
10. Josephine Donovan, "Attention to Suffering: Sympathy as a Basis for Ethical Treatment of Animals," in Beyond Animal Rights: A Feminist Caring Ethic for the Treatment of Animals, eds. Josephine Donovan and Carol J. Adams (New York: Continuum, 1996), 147-69;
11. Brian Luke, "Justice, Caring, and Animal Liberation," in Beyond Animal Rights: A Feminist Caring Ethic for the Treatment of Animals, eds. Josephine Donovan and Carol J. Adamsm (NewYork: Continuum, 1996), 77-102.
12. Julian Franklin, Animal Rights and Moral Philosophy (New York: Columbia University Press, 2005), 80-81.
13. Tom Regan, The Thee Generation: Reflections on the Coming Revolution (Philadelphia, PA: Temple University Press, 1991), 95.
14. Francione, "Ecofeminism and Animal Rights," 103.
15. Diemut Elisabet Bubeck, Care, Gender, and Justice (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1995);
16. Grace Clement, Care, Autonomy, and Justice: Feminism and the Ethic of Care (Boulder, CO: Westview, 1996);
17. Martha Albertson Fineman, The Autonomy Myth: A Theory of Dependency (New York: The New Press, 2004);
18. Eva Feder Kittay, Love's Labor: Essays on Women, Equality, and Dependency (New York: Routledge, 1999);
19. Nel Noddings, Starting at Home: Caring and Social Policy (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2002);
20. Michael Slote, Morals from Motives (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2001);
21. and Joan Tronto, Moral Boundaries: A Political Argument for an Ethic of Care (New York: Routledge, 1993).
22. Daniel Engster, "Rethinking Care Theory: The Practice of Caring and the Obligation to Care," Hypatia 20, no. 3 (2005): 50-74.
23. See also Daniel Engster, The Heart of Justice: A Political Theory of Caring (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2007).
24. Caring also necessarily involves the virtues of attentiveness, responsiveness, and respect, since one cannot care effectively for another without these virtues. See Engster, "Rethinking Care Theory."
25. Alan Gewirth, Reason and Morality (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1978), 42-47.
26. Pluhar develops an animal rights argument that builds more directly upon the substance of Gewirth's argument. See Evelyn Pluhar, Beyond Prejudice: The Moral Significance of Human and Nonhuman Animals (Durham: Duke University Press, 1995).
27. Fineman, Autonomy Myth.
28. Kittay, Love's Labor.
29. Kittay, Love's Labor, 28, 92.
30. Joel Feinberg, "The Nature and Value of Rights," The Journal of Value Inquiry 4, no. 4 (1970): 243-60.
31. Nussbaum makes a similar point: "Any failure on the part of the caretaker to fulfill those wants [of the infant] will lead to reactive anger, as if (to put it in prematurely complex terms) some right of its own had been slighted." See Martha Nussbaum, Upheavals of Thought: The Intelligence of Emotions (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2001), 192.
32. Regarding the possibility that human beings might survive and develop without human care, Mary Midgley notes, "Stories of wolf-children etc. are hard to evaluate, partly because the actual evidence is slight, partly because all have died soon after capture. It seems impossible that a child should be brought up from the start by wolves or any other terrestrial species, because the sheer physical work needed is beyond them." It might further be noted that these children never develop most of their basic capabilities. Mary Midgley, Animals and Why They Matter (Athens: University of Georgia Press, 1984), 107.
33. For recent critiques of speciesism, see Mark Bernstein, "Neo-speciesism," Journal of Social Philosophy 35, no. 3 (2004): 380-90;
34. and Hugh LaFollette and Niall Shanks, "The Origin of Speciesism," Philosophy 71 (1996): 41-61.
35. Bernstein, Without a Tear, 92-115.
36. Peter Singer, Animal Liberation (New York: Avon Books, 1990), 95-157.
37. Singer, Animal Liberation, 98-119.
38. Regan, Case for Animal Rights, 117.
39. Rita Manning, "Caring for Animals," in Beyond Animal Rights: A Feminist Caring Ethic for the Treatment of Animals, eds. Josephine Donovan and Carol J. Adams (NewYork: Continuum, 1996), 119.
40. Michael Pollan, "The Unnatural Idea of Animal Rights," The New York Times Magazine November 10 (2002): 64.
41. Pollan, "Unnnatural Idea of Animal Rights," 64.
42. J. Baird Callicott, In Defense of the Land Ethic (Albany: State University of NewYork, 1989), 30-31.
43. Kathryn Paxton George argues that moral vegetarianism rests upon a male physiological norm, suggesting that although adult men do not need meat for a healthy diet, infants, children, pregnant and lactating women and others do. See Animal, Vegetable, or Woman? A Feminist Critique of Ethical Vegetarianism (Albany: State University of New York, 2000).
44. George's argument is convincingly refuted by. Sheri Lucas, "ADefense of the Feminist-Vegetarian Connection," Hypatia 20, no. 1 (2005): 150-77. Groups who must eat meat in order to survive are justified in doing so under care ethics, since care ethics gives priority to the care of human beings over animals.
45. John Robbins, Diet for a New America (Tiburon, CA: H. J. Kramer, 1987);
46. Eric Schlosser, Fast Food Nation: The Dark Side of the All-American Meal (New York: Perennial, 2001).