The origin of speciesism

Philosophy

Volumn 71, Issue 275, 1996, Pages 41-61

  Lafollette, Hugh ^a   Shanks, Niall ^a  

^a EAST TENNESSEE STATE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ANALYTICAL APPROACH; ANIMAL; ANIMAL EXPERIMENT; ANIMAL RIGHTS; ANIMAL WELFARE; ARTICLE; BEHAVIORAL RESEARCH; BIOMEDICAL AND BEHAVIORAL RESEARCH; ETHICAL THEORY; ETHICS; HUMAN; HUMAN CHARACTERISTIC; MORALITY; PHILOSOPHICAL APPROACH; PHILOSOPHY; RESEARCH; SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY;

ANALYTICAL APPROACH; BIOMEDICAL AND BEHAVIORAL RESEARCH; PHILOSOPHICAL APPROACH;

ANIMAL EXPERIMENTATION; ANIMAL RIGHTS; ANIMAL WELFARE; ANIMALS; BEHAVIORAL RESEARCH; ETHICAL THEORY; ETHICS; HUMAN CHARACTERISTICS; HUMANS; MORALS; PHILOSOPHY; PREJUDICE; RESEARCH;

EID: 0029677420     PISSN: 00318191     EISSN: 1469817X     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1017/S0031819100053250     Document Type: Article

References (33)

1. C. Cohen, 'The Case for Biomedical Experimentation', New England Journal of Medicine 315, No. 14 (1986), 867
2. According to nineteenth century Harvard biologist Louis Agassiz, the biblical Adam was only the Adam of the Caucasians. Different ancestors explained racial differences, differences which Agassiz thought indisputable. And prominent atheist David Hume held similar views, although justified in different ways. See S. J. Gould, The Mismeasure of Man (New York: W.W. Norton, 1981)
3. It should be noted, however, that numerous biologists are uneasy about how we draw distinctions between species - and what those distinctions signify. See B. Mishler, and M. Donoghue, 'Species Concepts: A Case for Pluralism', Conceptual Issues in Evolutionary Biology, E. Sober (ed.) (Cambridge, MA: MIT Press 1994), 217-30
4. S. Post, 'The Emergence of Species Impartiality: A Medical Critique of Biocentrism', Perspectives in Biology and Medicine 36, No. 2 (1993), 294
5. S. J. Gould, 'Is a New and General Theory of Evolution Emerging?', Evolution Now, J. Maynard Smith (ed.), (New York: Freeman, 1982), 132
6. E. Mayr, Toward a New Philosophy of Biology (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press 1988), 15
7. P. Withers, Comparative Animal Physiology (Fort Worth: Harcourt, Brace, Jovanovich, 1992), 734
8. M. Goodman, 'An Hypothesis on Molecular Evolution That Combine Neutralist and Selectionist Views', The Unity of Evolutionary Biology, E. Dudley (ed.) (Portland, OR: Dioscorides Press, 1990), 886
9. J. Caldwell, 'Comparative Aspects of Detoxification in Mammals', Enzymatic Basis of Detoxification, I, W. Jakoby (ed.) (New York: Academic Press, 1980), 94
10. 'The peribronchial lungs of birds, ventilated in a unidirectional fashion using a series of air sacs, and the alveolar lungs of mammals, ventilated in a tidal fashion using a diaphragm, differ considerably in structure and mechanism. Yet, both ultimately produce the same effect - full oxygen saturation of the arterial blood'. W. W. Burggren, and W. E. Bemis, 'Studying Physiological Evolution: Paradigms and Pitfalls', Evolutionary Innovations, M. H. Nitecki (ed.) (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1990), 193
11. J. Caldwell, 'Species Differences in Metabolism and Their Toxicological Significance', Toxicology Letters, 64/65, (1992), 653-655
12. J. Rachels, Created From Animals (Oxford University Press, 1990), 220
13. M. Fox, The Case for Animal Experimentation (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1986), 38
14. Although we recognize there are genuine differences in the cognitive abilities of humans and non-human animals, there is mounting evidence that the mental lives of non-humans animals are far richer than most people suppose. See D. Griffin, Animal Minds, (Chicago: University press, 1992)
15. and R. J. Hoage, and L. Goldman, (eds), Animal Intelligence: Insights into the Animal Mind, (Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution Press, 1986). Nonetheless, the current question does not require that we determine whether animals have sophisticated mental lives. The dilemma has bite no matter how we finally settle this question
16. A. G. Cairns-Smith, Seven Clues to the Origin of Life, (Cambridge University Press, 1985), 39
17. M. A. Edey, and D. Johanson, Blueprints: Solving the Mystery of Evolution (New York: Penguin, 1989), 383-384
18. R. Dawkins, The Blind Watchmaker, (New York: Norton, 1987), 189-190
19. B. M. Mitruka, H. M. Rawnsley, and D.V. Vadehra, Animals for Medical Research: Models for the Study of Human Disease, (New York: Wiley, 1976), 342
20. For further analyses of the use of animals in biomedical research, consult the following: H. LaFollette, and N. Shanks, 'Two Models of Models in Biomedical Research', Philosophical Quarterly, 45, No. 179 (1995), 141-160
21. 'Animal Experimentation: The Legacy of Claude Bernard', International Studies in the Philosophy of Science, 8, No. 3 (1994a), 195-210
22. 'Chaos Theory: Analogical Reasoning in the Biomedical Research', Idealistic Studies, 24, No. 3, (1994b), 241-254
23. 'Animal Models in Biomedical Research: Some Epistemological Worries', Public Affairs Quarterly, 7, No. 2 (1993a), 113-130
24. and 'The Intact Systems Argument: Problems with the Standard Defense of Animal Experimentation', Southern Journal of Philosophy 31, No. 3 (1993b), 323-333
25. American Medical Association (AMA), The Use of Animals in Biomedical Research: The Challenge and Response (Chicago: American Medical Association, 1988), 27
26. J. Schiller, 'Claude Bernard and Vivisection', Journal of History and Medicine 22, (1967), 255
27. R. K. Thomas, 'Vertebrate Intelligence: A Review of the Laboratory Research', Animal Intelligence: Insights into the Animal Mind, R. J. Hogge, and L. Goldman, (eds) (Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Press, 1986), 50
28. L. Gold, T. Slone, N. Manley, and L. Bernstein, 'Target Organs in Chronic Bioassays of 533 Chemical Carcinogens', Environmental Health Perspectives 23 (1991), 233-46
29. See also L.B. Lave, F.K. Ennever, H.S. Rosencrantz, and G.S. Omenn, 'Information Value of the Rodent Bioassay', Nature, 336 (1988) 631-633
30. P. Kitcher, '1953 and All That', Conceptual Issues in Evolutionary Biology, E. Sober (ed.) (Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1994), 398
31. E. Sober, Philosophy of Biology, (Boulder, Co: Westview Press, 1993), 26
32. H. Field, 'Tarski's Theory of Truth', Reference, Truth and Reality, M. Platts (ed.), (London: Routledge, 1980), 92
33. H. LaFollette, and N. Shanks, 'Util-izing Animals', Journal of Applied Philosophy 12, 1, (1995), 13-24