Confocal laser scanning microscopy: An excellent tool for tracking compounds in the skin

Percutaneous Penetration Enhancers, Second Edition

Volumn , Issue , 2005, Pages 335-357

  Verma, Daya D ^a   Fahr, Alfred ^b  

^a NORTHEASTERN UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^b FRIEDRICH SCHILLER UNIVERSITY JENA   (Germany)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 66949152245     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: None     Document Type: Chapter

References (73)

1. Cullander, C. and Guy, R.H., Visualization of iontophoretic pathway with confocal microscopy and the vibrating probe electrode, Solid State Ionic, 53(56), 197, 1992.
2. Alvarez-Roman, R., Naik, A., Kalia, Y.N., Fessi, H., and Guy, R.H., Visualization of skin penetration using confocal laser scanning microscopy, Eur J Pharm Biopharm, 58(2), 301, 2004.
3. Addicks, W.J., Flynn, G.L., and Weiner, N., Validation of a flow-through diffusion cell for use in transdermal research, Pharm Res, 4(4), 337, 1987.
4. Du Plessis, J., Ramachandran, C., Weiner, N., and Müller, D.G., The influence of particle size of liposomes on the disposition of drug into the skin, Int J Pharm, 103, 277, 1994.
5. Kanerva, L., Electron microscopy of the effects of dithranol on healthy and on psoriatic skin, Am J Dermatopathol, 12(1), 51, 1990.
6. Hashimoto, K., Kagetsu, N., Taniguchi, Y., Weintraub, R., Chapman-Winokur, R.L., and Kasiborski, A., Immunohistochemistry and electron microscopy in Langerhans cell histiocytosis confined to the skin, J Am Acad Dermatol, 25(6 Pt 1), 1044, 1991.
7. Hofland, H.E., Bouwstra, J.A., Bodde, H.E., Spies, F., and Junginger, H.E., Interactions between liposomes and human stratum corneum in vitro: freeze fracture electron microscopical visualization and small angle x-ray scattering studies, Br J Dermatol, 132(6), 853, 1995.
8. van den Bergh, B.A., Vroom, J., Gerritsen, H., Junginger, H.E., and Bouwstra, J.A., Interactions of elastic and rigid vesicles with human skin in vitro: electron microscopy and two-photon excitation microscopy, Biochim Biophys Acta, 1461(1), 155, 1999.
9. Schreiner, V., Gooris, G.S., Pfeiffer, S., Lanzendorfer, G., Wenck, H., Diembeck, W., Proksch, E., and Bouwstra, J., Barrier characteristics of different human skin types investigated with x-ray diffraction, lipid analysis, and electron microscopy imaging, J Invest Dermatol, 114(4), 654, 2000.
10. Bouwstra, J.A. and Honeywell-Nguyen, P.L., Skin structure and mode of action of vesicles, Adv Drug Deliv Rev, 54(Suppl 1), S41, 2002.
11. Fang, J.Y., Hsu, L.R., Huang, Y.B., and Tsai, Y.H., Evaluation of transdermal iontophoresis of enoxacin from polymer formulations: in vitro skin permeation and in vivo microdialysis using Wistar rat as an animal model, Int J Pharm, 180(2), 137, 1999.
12. Benfeldt, E., In vivo microdialysis for the investigation of drug levels in the dermis and the effect of barrier perturbation on cutaneous drug penetration. studies in hairless rats and human subjects, Acta Derm Venereol Suppl (Stockh), 206, 1, 1999.
13. Murakami, T., Yoshioka, M., Yumoto, R., Higashi, Y., Shigeki, S., Ikuta, Y., and Yata, N., Topical delivery of keloid therapeutic drug, tranilast, by combined use of oleic acid and propylene glycol as a penetration enhancer: evaluation by skin microdialysis in rats, J Pharm Pharmacol, 50(1), 49, 1998.
14. Schnetz, E. and Fartasch, M., Microdialysis for the evaluation of penetration through the human skin barrier -a promising tool for future research? Eur J Pharm Sci, 12(3), 165, 2001.
15. Yarosh, D., Bucana, C., Cox, P., Alas, L., Kibitel, J., and Kripke, K., Localization of liposomes containing a DNA repair enzyme in murine skin, J Invest Dermat, 103, 461, 1994.
16. Kriwet, K. and Müller-Goymann, C., Diclofenac release from phospholipid drug systems and permeation through excised human stratum corneum, Int J Pharm, 125(2), 231, 1995.
17. Veiro, J.A. and Cummins, P.G., Imaging of skin epidermis from various origins using confocal laser scanning microscopy, Dermatology, 189(1), 16, 1994.
18. Kirjavainen, M., Urtti, A., Jaaskelainen, I., Suhonen, T.M., Paronen, P., Valjakka-Koskela, R., Kiesvaara, J., and Monkkonen, J., Interaction of liposomes with human skin in vitro -the influence of lipid composition and structure, Biochim Biophys Acta, 1304(3), 179, 1996.
19. Vardaxis, N.J., Brans, T.A., Boon, M.E., Kreis, R.W., and Marres, L.M., Confocal laser scanning microscopy of porcine skin: implications for human wound healing studies, J Anat, 190(Pt 4), 601, 1997.
20. van Kuijk-Meuwissen, M.E., Mougin, L., Junginger, H.E., and Bouwstra, J.A., Application of vesicles to rat skin in vivo: a confocal laser scanning microscopy study, J Control Release, 56(1-3), 189, 1998.
21. van Kuijk-Meuwissen, M.E., Junginger, H.E., and Bouwstra, J.A., Interactions between liposomes and human skin in vitro, a confocal laser scanning microscopy study, Biochim Biophys Acta, 1371(1), 31, 1998.
22. Schatzlein, A. and Cevc, G., Non-uniform cellular packing of the stratum corneum and permeability barrier function of intact skin: a high-resolution confocal laser scanning microscopy study using highly deformable vesicles (Transfersomes), Br J Dermatol, 138(4), 583, 1998.
23. Betz, G., Imboden, R. and Imanidis, G., Interaction of liposome formulations with human skin in vitro, Int J Pharm, 229(1-2), 117, 2001.
24. Fink-Puches, R., Hofmann-Wellenhof, R., Smolle, J., and Kerl, H., Confocal laser scanning microscopy: a new optical microscopic technique for applications in pathology and dermatology, J Cutan Pathol, 22(3), 252, 1995.
25. Zellmer, S., Pfeil, W., and Lasch, J., Interaction of phosphatidylcholine liposomes with the human stratum corneum, Biochim Biophys Acta, 1237(2), 176, 1995.
26. Simonetti, O., Hoogstraate, A.J., Bialik, W., Kempenaar, J.A., Schrijvers, A.H., Bodde, H.E., and Ponec, M., Visualization of diffusion pathways across the stratum corneum of native and invitro-reconstructed epidermis by confocal laser scanning microscopy, Arch Dermatol Res, 287(5), 465, 1995.
27. Boderke, P., Merkle, H.P., Cullander, C., Ponec, M., and Bodde, H.E., Localization of aminopeptidase activity in freshly excised human skin: direct visualization by confocal laser scanning microscopy, J Invest Dermatol, 108(1), 83, 1997.
28. Zellmer, S., Reissig, D., and Lasch, J., Reconstructed human skin as model for liposome-skin interaction, J Control Release, 55(2-3), 271, 1998.
29. Turner, N.G. and Guy, R.H., Visualization and quantitation of iontophoretic pathways using confocal microscopy, J Invest Dermatol Symp Proc, 3(2), 136, 1998.
30. Kirjavainen, M., Urtti, A., Monkkonen, J., and Hirvonen, J., Influence of lipids on the mannitol flux during transdermal iontophoresis in vitro, Eur J Pharm Sci, 10(2), 97, 2000.
31. Touitou, E., Godin, B., Dayan, N., Weiss, C., Piliponsky, A., and Levi-Schaffer, F., Intracellular delivery mediated by an ethosomal carrier, Biomaterials, 22(22), 3053, 2001.
32. Grams, Y.Y., Alaruikka, S., Lashley, L., Caussin, J., Whitehead, L., and Bouwstra, J.A., Permeant lipophilicity and vehicle composition influence accumulation of dyes in hair follicles of human skin, Eur J Pharm Sci, 18(5), 329, 2003.
33. Grams, Y.Y., Whitehead, L., Cornwell, P., and Bouwstra, J.A., Time and depth resolved visualisation of the diffusion of a lipophilic dye into the hair follicle of fresh unfixed human scalp skin, J Contr Rel, 98(3), 367, 2004.
34. Alvarez-Roman, R., Naik, A., Kalia, Y.N., Guy, R.H., and Fessi, H., Skin penetration and distribution of polymeric nanoparticles, J Control Release, 99(1), 53, 2004.
35. Mezei, M. and Gulasekharam, V., Liposomes -a selective drug delivery system for the topical route of administration. lotion dosage form, Life Sci, 26(18), 1473, 1980.
36. Mezei, M. and Gulasekharam, V., Liposomes -a selective drug delivery system for the topical route of administration: gel dosage form, J Pharm Pharmacol, 34(7), 473, 1982.
37. Touitou, E., Alhaique, F., Dayan, N., Riccieri, F., and Levi-Schaffer, F., Caffeine liposomal systems for topical use: preparation, characterization, and skin permeation behaviour, J Pharm Sci, 83, 1189, 1994a.
38. Planas, M.E., Gonzalez, P., Rodriguez, L., Sanchez, S., and Cevc, G., Noninvasive percutaneous induction of topical analgesia by a new type of drug carrier, and prolongation of local pain insensitivity by anesthetic liposomes, Anesth Analg, 75(4), 615, 1992.
39. Egbaria, K., Ramachandran, C., and Weiner, N., Topical application of liposomally entrapped cyclosporin evaluated by in vitro diffusion studies with human skin, Skin Pharmacol, 4(1), 21, 1991.
40. Schafer-Korting, M., Korting, H.C., and Ponce-Poschl, E., Liposomal tretinoin for uncomplicated acne vulgaris, Clin Invest, 72(12), 1086, 1994.
41. Korting, H.C., Zienicke, H., Schafer-Korting, M., and Braun-Falco, O., Liposome encapsulation improves efficacy of betamethasone dipropionate in atopic eczema but not in psoriasis vulgaris, Eur J Clin Pharmacol, 29, 349, 1991.
42. Gesztes, A. and Mezei, M., Topical anesthesia of the skin by liposome-encapsulated tetracaine, Anesth Analg, 67(11), 1079, 1988.
43. Imbert, D. and Wickett, R.R., Topical delivery with liposomes, Cosmet Toil, 110, 32, 1995.
44. Touitou, E., Dayan, N., Bergelson, L., Godin, B., and Eliaz, M., Ethosomes -novel vesicular carriers for enhanced delivery: characterization and skin penetration properties, J Control Release, 65(3), 403, 2000.
45. Cevc, G., Schatzein, A., and Blume, G., Transdermal drug carriers, basic properties, optimization and transfer efficiency in the case of epicutaneously applied peptides, J Control Release, 36, 3, 1995.
46. Cevc, G. and Blume, G., Lipid vesicles penetrate into intact skin owing to the transdermal osmotic gradients and hydration force, Biochim Biophys Acta, 1104(1), 226, 1992.
47. Hofland, H.E., van der Geest, R., Bodde, H.E., Junginger, H.E., and Bouwstra, J.A., Estradiol permeation from nonionic surfactant vesicles through human stratum corneum in vitro, Pharm Res, 11(5), 659, 1994.
48. Pawley, J.B., Ed., Handbook of Biological Confocal Microscopy, Kluwer Academic Publishers, New York, 1995.
49. Sterenborg, J.J.C.M., Motamedi, M., Wagner, J.R.F., Duvic, M., Thomsen, S., and Jacques, S.L., In vivo fluorescence spectroscopy and imaging of human skin tumours, Lasers Med Sci, 9, 191, 1994.
50. Gillies, R., Zonios, G., Anderson, R.R., and Kollias, N., Fluorescence excitation spectroscopy provides information about human skin in vivo, J Invest Dermatol, 115, 704, 2000.
51. Entwistle, A. and Noble, M., The quantification of fluorescent emission from biological samples using analysis of polarization, J Microsc, 165, 347, 1992.
52. Corcuff, P., Bertrand, C., and Leveque, J.L., Morphometry of human epidermis in vivo by realtime confocal microscopy, Arch Dermatol Res, 285, 475, 1993.
53. Masters, B.R. and So, P.T., Confocal microscopy and multi-photon excitation microscopy of human skin in vivo, Opt Express, 8, 2, 2001.
54. Aghassi, D., Anderson, R.R., and Gonzalez, S., Confocal laser microscopic imaging of actinic keratoses in vivo: a preliminary report, J Am Acad Dermatol, 43, 42, 2000.
55. Swindle, L.C., Thomas, S.G., Mfreeman, M., and Delaney, P.M., View of normal human skin in vivo as observed using fluorescent fiber-optic confocal microscopic imaging, J Invest Dermatol, 121, 706, 2003.
56. Verma, D.D., Verma, S., Blume, G., and Fahr, A., Liposomes increase skin penetration of entrapped and non-entrapped hydrophilic substances into human skin: a skin penetration and confocal laser scanning microscopy study, Eur J Pharm Biopharm, 55(3), 271, 2003.
57. Verma, D.D., Verma, S., Blume, G., and Fahr, A., Particle size of liposomes influences dermal delivery of substances into skin, Int J Pharm, 258(1-2), 141, 2003.
58. Jimbo, Y., Ishihara, M., Osamura, H., Takano, M., and Ohara, M., Influence of vehicles on penetration through human epidermis of benzyl alcohol, isoeugenol and methyl isoeugenol, J Dermatol, 10(3), 241, 1983.
59. Loftsson, T., Somogyi, G., and Bodor, N., Effect of choline esters and oleic acid on the penetration of acyclovir, estradiol, hydrocortisone, nitroglycerin, retinoic acid and trifluorothymidine across hairless mouse skin in vitro, Acta Pharm Nord, 1(5), 279, 1989.
60. Tenjarla, S.N., Kasina, R., Puranajoti, P., Omar, M.S., and Harris, W.T., Synthesis and evaluation of N-acetylprolinate esters -novel skin penetration enhancers, Int J Pharm, 192(2), 147, 1999.
61. Kobayashi, D., Matsuzawa, T., Sugibayashi, K., Morimoto, Y., and Kimura, M., Analysis of the combined effect of 1-menthol and ethanol as skin permeation enhancers based on a two-layer skin model, Pharm Res, 11(1), 96, 1994.
62. Bhatia, K.S. and Singh, J., Effect of linolenic acid/ethanol or limonene/ethanol and iontophoresis on the in vitro percutaneous absorption of LHRH and ultrastructure of human epidermis, Int J Pharm, 180(2), 235, 1999.
63. Dayan, N. and Touitou, E., Carriers for skin delivery of trihexyphenidyl HCl: ethosomes vs. liposomes, Biomaterials, 21(18), 1879, 2000.
64. Verma, D.D. and Fahr, A., Synergistic penetration enhancement effect of ethanol and phospholipids on the topical delivery of cyclosporin A, J Control Release, 97(1), 55, 2004.
65. MacDonald, R.C., MacDonald, R.I., Menco, B.P., Takeshita, K., Subbarao, N.K., and Hu, L.R., Small-volume extrusion apparatus for preparation of large, unilamellar vesicles, Biochim Biophys Acta, 1061(2), 297, 1991.
66. Berner, B., Mazzenga, G.C., Otte, J.H., Steffens, R.J., Juang, R.H., and Ebert, C.D., Ethanol: water mutually enhanced transdermal therapeutic system II: skin permeation of ethanol and nitroglycerin, J Pharm Sci, 78(5), 402, 1989.
67. Kadir, R., Stempler, D., Liron, Z., and Cohen, S., Delivery of theophylline into excised human skin from alkanoic acid solutions: a ‘push-pull’ mechanism, J Pharm Sci, 76, 774, 1987.
68. Panchagnula, R., Salve, P.S., Thomas, N.S., Jain, A.K., and Ramarao, P., Transdermal delivery of naloxone: effect of water, propylene glycol, ethanol and their binary combinations on permeation through rat skin, Int J Pharm, 219(1-2), 95, 2001.
69. Verma, D.D., Verma, S., McElwee, K.J., Freyschmidt-Paul, P., Hoffmann, R., and Fahr, A., Treatment of alopecia areata in the DEBR model using cyclosporin A lipid vesicles, Eur J Dermatol, 14(5), 1, 2004.
70. Lieb, L.M., Ramachandran, C., Egbaria, K., and Weiner, N., Topical delivery enhancement with multilamellar liposomes into pilosebaceous units: I. in vitro evaluation using fluorescent techniques with the hamster ear model, J Invest Dermatol, 99(1), 108, 1992.
71. Niemiec, S.M., Ramachandran, C., and Weiner, N., Influence of nonionic liposomal composition on topical delivery of peptide drugs into pilosebaceous units: an in vivo study using the hamster ear model, Pharm Res, 12(8), 1184, 1995.
72. Bohm, M. and Luger, T.A., The pilosebaceous unit is part of the skin immune system, Dermatology, 196(1), 75, 1998.
73. Agarwal, R., Katare, O.P., and Vyas, S.P., The pilosebaceous unit: a pivotal route for topical drug delivery, Methods Find Exp Clin Pharmacol, 22(2), 129, 2000.