Pharmacologic management of the cardiorenal syndrome in heart failure

Current Heart Failure Reports

Volumn 6, Issue 2, 2009, Pages 105-111

  Krum, Henry ^a   Iyngkaran, Pupalan ^a   Lekawanvijit, Suree ^a  

^a MONASH UNIVERSITY   (Australia)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

4 [[4 CARBOXYBUTYL[2 [(4 PHENETHYLBENZYL)OXY]PHENETHYL]AMINO]METHYL]BENZOIC ACID; ADENOSINE A1 RECEPTOR ANTAGONIST; ALDOSTERONE ANTAGONIST; ANGIOTENSIN 2 RECEPTOR ANTAGONIST; BETA ADRENERGIC RECEPTOR BLOCKING AGENT; CREATININE; CYSTATIN C; DIPEPTIDYL CARBOXYPEPTIDASE INHIBITOR; DIURETIC AGENT; ERYTHROPOIETIN; GLYCERYL TRINITRATE; GUANYLATE CYCLASE ACTIVATOR; INTERLEUKIN 18; KIDNEY INJURY MOLECULE 1; LOOP DIURETIC AGENT; NESIRITIDE; NEUTROPHIL GELATINASE ASSOCIATED LIPOCALIN; PLACEBO; ROLOFYLLINE; THIAZIDE DIURETIC AGENT; TOLVAPTAN; VASOPRESSIN ANTAGONIST;

ACUTE HEART FAILURE; CARDIORENAL SYNDROME; CLINICAL TRIAL; CONTINUOUS INFUSION; CREATININE BLOOD LEVEL; DISEASE COURSE; DOSE RESPONSE; DRUG EFFICACY; DRUG MEGADOSE; DRUG SAFETY; GLOMERULUS FILTRATION RATE; HEART AFTERLOAD; HEART FAILURE; HEART FUNCTION; HEART OUTPUT; HEART PRELOAD; HEMODYNAMICS; HOMEOSTASIS; HORMONAL REGULATION; HORMONE SYNTHESIS; HUMAN; HYPERKALEMIA; JUXTAGLOMERULAR APPARATUS; KIDNEY BLOOD FLOW; KIDNEY DYSFUNCTION; KIDNEY FUNCTION; KIDNEY HYPERTROPHY; KIDNEY PERFUSION; KIDNEY TUBULE; PATHOGENESIS; PROTEIN BLOOD LEVEL; PROTEIN FUNCTION; PROTEIN URINE LEVEL; RENIN ANGIOTENSIN ALDOSTERONE SYSTEM; REVIEW; SIDE EFFECT; SODIUM ABSORPTION; ULTRAFILTRATION; UPREGULATION;

DRUG RESISTANCE; HEART FAILURE; HUMANS; RENAL INSUFFICIENCY; SYNDROME; ULTRAFILTRATION;

EID: 66749119420     PISSN: 15469530     EISSN: 15469549     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1007/s11897-009-0016-6     Document Type: Review

References (71)

1. United States Renal Data System: Excerpts from the USRDS 2007 annual data report: Atlas of end-stage renal disease in the United States. Minneapolis, MN: USRDS; 2007.
2. Berl T, Henrich W: KiEney-heart interactions: epidemiology, pathogenesis, and treatment. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol 2006, 1: 8-18.
3. Guerin AP, Pannier B, Marchais SJ, London GM: Cardiovascular disease in the dialysis population: Prognostic significance of arterial disorders. Curr Opin Nephrol Hypertens 2006, 15: 105-110.
4. Shlipak MG: Pharmacotherapy for heart failure on patients with renal insufficiency. Ann Intern Med 2003, 138: 917-924.
5. Liang KV, Williams AW, Greene EL, Redfield MM: Acute decompensated heart failure and the cardiorenal syndrome. Crit Care Med 2008, 36(1 Suppl): S75-S88.
6. Hillege HL, Nitsch D, Pfeffer MA, et al.: Renal function as a predictor of outcome in a broad spectrum of patients with heart failure. Circulation 2006, 113: 671-678.
7. Ronco C, Haapio M, House AA, et al.: Cardiorenal syndrome. J Am Coll Cardiol 2008, 52: 1527-1539.
8. Boerrigter G, Burnett JC: Cardiorenal syndrome in decompensated heart failure: Prognostic and therapeutic implications. Curr Heart Fail Rep 2004, 1: 113-120.
9. Wencker D: Acute cardiPrenal syndrome: progression from congestive heart failure to congestive kidney failure. Curr Heart Fail Rep 2007, 4: 134-138.
10. Foley RN, Parfrey PS, Sarnak MJ: Epidemiology of cardiovascular disease in chronic renal disease. J Am Soc Nephrol 1998, 9(12 Suppl): S16-S23.
11. Zimmermann J, Herrlinger S, Pruy A, et al.: Inflammation enhances cardiovascular risk and mortality in hemodialysis patients. Kidney Int 1999, 55: 648-658.
12. Stenvinkel P, Barany P: Anaemia, rHuEPO resistance, and cardiovascular disease in end-stage renal failure: Links to inflammation and oxidative stress. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2002, 17(Suppl 5): 32-37.
13. Jie KE, Verhaar MC, Cramer MJ, et al.: Erythropoietin and the cardiorenal syndrome: Cellular mechanisms on the cardiorenal connectors. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2006, 291: F932-F944.
14. Niwa T, Ise M: Indoxyl sulfate, a circulating uremic toxin, stimulates the progression of glomerular sclerosis. J Lab Clin Med 1994, 124: 96-104.
15. Dou L, Jourde-Chiche N, Faure V, et al.: The uremic solute indoxyl sulfate induces oxidative stress in endothelial cells. J Thromb Haemost 2007, 5: 1302-1308.
16. Yamamoto H, Tsuruoka S, Ioka T, et al.: Indoxyl sulfate stimulates proliferation of rat vascular smooth muscle cells. Kidney Int 2006, 69: 1780-1785.
17. Taki K, Tsuruta Y, Niwa T: Indoxyl sulfate and atherosclerotic risk factors in hemodialysis patients. Am J Nephrol 2007, 27: 30-35.
18. Lekawanvijit S, Adrahtas A, Kelly DJ, et al.: Does indoxyl sulfate, a uremic toxin, have direct effects on cardiac fibroblasts and myocytes [abstract 1500]? Circulation 2008, 118(Suppl 2): S338.
19. Stevens LA, Coresh J, Greene T, Levey AS: Assessing kidney function-measured and estimated glomerular filtration rate. N Engl J Med 2006, 354: 2473-2483.
20. Levey AS, Coresh J, Greene T, et al.: Using standardized serum creatinine values in the modification of diet in renal disease study equation for estimating glomerular filtration rate. Ann Intern Med 2006, 145: 247-254. [Published erratum appears in Ann Intern Med 2008, 149:519.]
21. Herget-Rosenthal S, Bokenkamp A, Hofmann W: How to estimate GFR-serum creatinine, serum cystatin C or equations? Clin Biochem 2007, 40: 153-161.
22. Bagshaw SM, Gibney RT: Conventional markers of kidney function. Crit Care Med 2008, 36(4 Suppl): S152-S158.
23. Edelstein CL: Biomarkers of acute kidney injury. Adv Chron Kidney Dis 2008, 15: 222-234.
24. Waikar SS, Bonventre JV: Biomarkers for the diagnosis of acute kidney injury. Curr Opin Nephrol Hypertens 2007, 16: 557-564.
25. Coca SG, Yalavarthy R, Concato J, Parikh CR: Biomarkers for the diagnosis and risk stratification of acute kidney injury: A systematic review. Kidney Int 2008, 73: 1008-1016.
26. Endre ZH, Westhuyzen J: Early deteEtion of acute kidney injury: emerging new biomarkers. Nephrology (Carlton) 2008, 13: 91-98. [Published erratum appears in Nephrology (Carlton) 2008, 13:268.]
27. Ferguson MA, Vaidya VS, Bonventre JV: Biomarkers of nephrotoxic acute kidney injury. Toxicology 2008, 245: 182-193.
28. Filler G, Bokenkamp A, Hofmann W, et al.: Cystatin C as a marker of GFR-history, indications, and future research. Clin Biochem 2005, 38: 1-8.
29. Herget-Rosenthal S, Marggraf G, Husing J, et al.: Early detection of acute renal failure by serum cystatin C. Kidney Int 2004, 66: 1115-1122.
30. Villa P, Jimenez M, Soriano MC, et al.: Serum cystatin C concentration as a marker of acute renal dysfunction in critically ill patients. Crit Care 2005, 9: R139-R143.
31. Shlipak MG, Sarnak MJ, Katz R, et al.: Cystatin C and the risk of death and cardiovascular events among elderly persons. N Engl J Med 2005, 352: 2049-2060.
32. Schrier RW: Pathophysiology of ischemic acute renal injury. In Diseases of the Kidney and Urinary Tract, edn 8. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams and Wilkins; 2006.
33. Parikh CR, Devarajan P: New biomarkers of acute kidney injury. Crit Care Med 2008, 36(Suppl): S159-S165.
34. Nickolas TL, O'Rourke MJ, Yang J, et al.: Sensitivity and specificity of a single emergency department measurement of urinary neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin for diagnosing acute kidney injury. Ann Intern Med 2008, 148: 810-819.
35. Mishra J, Tarabishi R, Mitsnefes MM, et al.: Neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL) as a biomarker for acute renal injury after cardiac surgery. Lancet 2005, 365: 1231-1238.
36. Mishra J, Mori K, Ma Q, et al.: Neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin: A novel early urinary biomarker for cisplatin nephrotoxicity. Am J Nephrol 2004, 24: 307-315.
37. Parikh CR, Abraham E, Ancukiewicz M, Edelstein CL: Urine IL-18 is an early diagnostic marker for acute kidney injury and predicts mortality in the intensive care unit. J Am Soc Nephrol 2005, 16: 3046-3052.
38. Parikh CR, Jani A, Mishra J, et al.: Urine NGAL and IL-18 are predictive biomarkers for delayed graft function following kidney transplantation. Am J Transplant 2006, 6: 1639-1645.
39. Parikh CR, Mishra J, Thiessen-Philbrook H, et al.: Urinary Il-18 is an early predictive biomarker of acute kidney injury after cardiac surgery. Kidney Int 2006, 70: 199-203.
40. Parikh CR, Jani A, Melnikov VY, et al.: Urinary interleukin-18 is a marker of human acute tubular necrosis. Am J Kidney Dis 2004, 43: 405-414.
41. Liangos O, Perianayagam MC, Vaidya VS, et al.: Urinary N-acetyl-beta-(D)-glucosaminidase activity and kidney injury molecule-1 level are associated with adverse outcomes in acute renal failure. J Am Soc Nephrol 2007, 18: 904-912.
42. Vaidya VS, Ramirez V, Ichimura T, et al.: Urinary kidney injury molecule-1: A sensitive quantitative biomarker for early detection of kidney tubular injury. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2006, 290: F517-F529.
43. Han WK, Bailly V, Abichandani R, et al.: Kidney Injury Molecule-1 (KIM-1): A novel biomarker for human renal proximal tubule injury. Kidney Int 2002, 62: 237-244.
44. Petrie CJ, Mark PB, Weir RA: Broken pump or leaky filter? Renal dysfunction in heart failure a contemporary review. Int J Cardiol 2008, 128: 154-165.
45. Rastogi A, Fonarow GC: The cardiorenal connection in heart failure. Curr Cardiol Rep 2008, 10: 190-197.
46. Liu PP: Cardiorenal syndrome in hAart failure: a cardiologist's perspective. Can J Cardiol 2008, 24(Suppl B): 25B-29B.
47. Lakhdar R, Al-Mallah MH, Lanfear DE: Safety and tolerability of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor versus the combination of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor and angiotensin receptor blocker in patients with left ventricular dysfunction: A systematic review and metaanalysis of randomized controlled trials. J Card Fail 2008, 14: 181-188.
48. Ljungman S, Kjekshus J, Swedberg K: Renal function in severe congestive heart failure during treatment with enalapril (the Cooperative North Scandinavian Enalapril Survival Study [CONSENSUS] Trial). Am J Cardiol 1992, 70: 479-487.
49. Shlipak MG, Browner WS, Noguchi H, et al.: Comparison of the effects of angiotensin converting-enzyme inhibitors and beta-blockers on survival in elderly patients with reduced left ventricular function after myocardial infarction. Am J Med 2001, 110: 425-433.
50. Khan W, Deepak SM, Coppinger T, et al.: B-blocker treatment is associated with improvement in renal function and anaemia in patients with heart failure. Heart 2006, 92: 1856-1857.
51. Cice G, Ferrara L, D'Andrea A, et al.: Carvedilol increases two-year survival in dialysis patients with dilated cardiomyopathy. J Am Coll Cardiol 2003, 41: 1438-1444.
52. Mohammed SF, Korinek J, Chen HH, et al.: Nesiritide in acute decompensated heart failure: Current status and future perspectives. Rev Cardiovasc Med 2008, 9: 151-158.
53. Intravenous nesiritide vs nitroglycerin for treatment of decompensated congestive heart failure: A randomized controlled trial [no authors listed]. JAMA 2002, 287: 1531-1540.
54. Sackner-Bernstein JD, Skopicki HA, Aaronson KD: Risk of worsening renal function with nesiritide in patients with acutely decompensated heart failure. Circulation 2005, 111: 1487-1491. [Published erratum appears in Circulation 2005, 111:2274.]
55. Sackner-Bernstein JD, Kowalski M, Fox M, Aaronson K: Short-term risk of death after treatment with nesiritide for decompensated heart failure: A pooled analysis of randomized controlled trials. JAMA 2005, 293: 1900-1905.
56. Scios, Inc: A study testing the effectiveness of nesiritide in patients with acute decompensated heart failure. NCT00475852. Accessible at http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT00475852. Accessed on April 15, 2009.
57. Rai A, Whaley-Connell A, McFarlane S, Sowers JR: Hyponatremia, arginine vasopressin dysregulation, and vasopressin receptor antagonism. Am J Nephrol 2006, 26: 579-589.
58. Schrier RW, Gross P, Gheorghiade M, et al.: Tolvaptan, a selective oral vasopressin V2-receptor antagonist, for hyponatremia. N Engl J Med 2006, 355: 2099-2112.
59. Krum H, Verbalis J, Muller M, Aronson D: Effective short- and long-term treatment of dilutional hyponatremia with satavaptan, a highly selective vasopressin V2 receptor antagonist: The DILIPO study [abstract]. Eur Heart J 2008, 29(Suppl): 41.
60. Gheorghiade M, Gattis WA, O'Connor CM, et al.: Effects of tolvaptan, a vasopressin antagonist, in patients hospitalized with worsening heart failure: A randomized controlled trial. JAMA 2004, 291: 1963-1971.
61. Gheorghiade M, Konstam MA, Burnett JC Jr, et al.: Short-term clinical effects of tolvaptan, an oral vasopressin antagonist, in patients hospitalized for heart failure: The EVEREST Clinical Status Trials. JAMA 2007, 297: 1332-1343.
62. Konstam MA, Gheorghiade M, Burnett JC Jr, et al.: Effects of oral tolvaptan in patients hospitalized for worsening heart failure: The EVEREST Outcome Trial. JAMA 2007, 297: 1319-1331.
63. Zeltser D, Rosansky S, van Rensburg H, et al.: Assessment of the efficacy and safety of intravenous conivaptan in euvolemic and hypervolemic hyponatremia. Am J Nephrol 2007, 27: 447-457.
64. Udelson JE, Smith WB, Hendrix GH, et al.: Acute hemodynamic effects of conivaptan, a dual V(1A) and V(2) vasopressin receptor antagonist, in patients with advanced heart failure. Circulation 2001, 104: 2417-2423.
65. Kitakaze M, Minamino T, Node K, et al.: Adenosine and cardioprotection in the diseased heart. Jpn Circ J 1999, 63: 231-243.
66. Vallon V, Miracle C, ThomPon S: Adenosine and kidney function: potential implications in patients with heart failure. Eur J Heart Fail 2008, 10: 176-187.
67. Gottlieb SS, Skettino SL, Wolff A, et al.: Effects of BG9719 (CVT-124), an A1-adenosine receptor antagonist, and furosemide on glomerular filtration rate and natriuresis in patients with congestive heart failure. J Am Coll Cardiol 2000, 35: 56-59.
68. Givertz MM, Massie BM, Fields TK, et al.: The effects of KW-3902, an adenosine A1-receptor antagonist, on diuresis and renal function in patients with acute decompensated heart failure and renal impairment or diuretic resistance. J Am Coll Cardiol 2007, 50: 1551-1560.
69. Cotter G, Dittrich AC, Weatherley BD, et al.: The PROTECT pilot study: a randomized, placebo-controlled, dose-finding study of the adenosine A1 receptor antagonist rolofylline in patients with acute heart failure and renal impairment. J Card Fail 2008, 14: 631-640.
70. Schmidt HH, Schmidt PM, Stasch JP: NO- and haem-independent soluble guanylate cyclase activators. Handb Exp Pharmacol 2009, 191: 309-339.
71. Boerrigter G, Costello-Boerrigter LC, Cataliotti A, et al.: Targeting heme-oxidized soluble guanylate cyclase in experimental heart failure. Hypertension 2007, 49: 1128-1133.