Oxygen Toxicity

Physiology and Medicine of Hyperbaric Oxygen Therapy

Volumn , Issue , 2008, Pages 527-563

  Clark, James M ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF PENNSYLVANIA   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 66149189831     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: 10.1016/B978-1-4160-3406-3.50028-7     Document Type: Chapter

References (158)

1. C Plafki, P Peters, M Almeling, et al. (2000) Complications and side effects of hyperbaric oxygen therapy. Aviat Space Environ Med 71 119-124
2. JM Clark and SR Thom (2003) Oxygen under pressure. AO Brubakk, TS Neuman (Eds) Bennett and Elliott's Physiology and Medicine of Diving 5th ed Philadelphia: WB Saunders Company 358-418
3. BA Freeman and JD Crapo (1982) Biology of disease: Free radicals and tissue injury. Lab Invest 47 412-426
4. I Fridovich and B Freeman (1986) Antioxidant defenses in the lung. Annu Rev Physiol 48 693-702
5. CJ Lambertsen (1965) Effects of oxygen at high partial pressure. WO Fenn, H Rahn (Eds) Handbook of Physiology, Section 3: Respiration Vol II Washington, DC: American Physiological Society 1027-1046
6. CJ Lambertsen (1978) Effects of hyperoxia on organs and their tissues. ED Robin (Eds) Extrapulmonary Manifestations of Respiratory Disease. Lung Biology in Health and Disease Vol 8 New York: Marcel Dekker 239-303
7. JM Clark (1974) The toxicity of oxygen. Am Rev Resp Dis 110 40-50
8. JW Bean (1945) Effects of oxygen at high pressure. Physiol Rev 25 1-147
9. JM Clark and CJ Lambertsen (1971) Pulmonary oxygen toxicity: A review. Pharmacol Rev 23 37-133
10. KW Donald (1992) Oxygen and the Diver Harley Swan, United Kingdom: The SPA Ltd
11. CC Beehler (1964) Oxygen and the eye. Surv Ophthalmol 9 549-560
12. CW Nichols and CJ Lambertsen (1969) Effects of high oxygen pressures on the eye. N Engl J Med 281 25-30
13. CE Mengel, HE Kann Jr, AM Lewis and B Horton (1964) Mechanisms of in vivo hemolysis induced by hyperoxia. Aerosp Med 35 857-860
14. EC Larkin, JD Adams, WT Williams and DM Duncan (1972) Hematologic responses to hypobaric hyperoxia. Am J Physiol 223 431-437
15. RT Hess and DB Menzel (1971) Effect of dietary antioxidant level and oxygen exposure on the fine structure of the proximal convoluted tubules. Aerosp Med 42 646-649
16. JS Resnick, DM Brown and RL Vernier (1973) Oxygen toxicity in fetal organ culture. I. The developing kidney. Lab Invest 28 437-445
17. JB Caulfield, RW Shelton and JF Burke (1972) Cytotoxic effects of oxygen on striated muscle. Arch Pathol 94 127-132
18. F Schaffner and P Felig (1965) Changes in hepatic structure in rats produced by breathing pure oxygen. J Cell Biol 27 505-517
19. F Schaffner, DK Roberts, FL Ginn and F Ulvedal (1966) Electron microscopy of monkey liver after exposure of animals to pure oxygen atmosphere. Proc Soc Exp Biol Med 121 1200-1203
20. JW Bean and PC Johnson (1954) Adrenocortical response to single and repeated exposure to oxygen at high pressure. Am J Physiol 179 410-414
21. JE Edstrom and H Rockert (1962) The effect of oxygen at high pressure on the histology of the central nervous system and sympathetic and endocrine cells. Acta Physiol Scand 55 255-263
22. LA Thet (1986) Repair of oxygen-induced lung injury. AE Taylor, S Matalon, P Ward (Eds) Physiology of Oxygen Radicals Bethesda, MD: American Physiological Society 87-108
23. JD Balentine (1982) Pathology of Oxygen Toxicity New York: Academic Press
24. R Gerschman, DL Gilbert, SW Nye, et al. (1954) Oxygen poisoning and x-irradiation: A mechanism in common. Science 119 623-626
25. R Gerschman (1964) Biological effects of oxygen. F Dickens, E Neil (Eds) Oxygen in the Animal Organism New York: Macmillan 475-494
26. I Fridovich (1997) Superoxide anion radical (O 2 -), superoxide dismutases, and related matters. J Biol Chem 272 18515-18517
27. JM McCord and I Fridovich (1978) The biology and pathology of oxygen radicals. Ann Intern Med 89 122-127
28. AB Fisher (1988) Intracellular production of oxygen-derived free radicals. B Halliwell (Eds) Oxygen Radicals and Tissue Injury Bethesda, MD: Federation of American Societies for Experimental Biology 34
29. D Jamieson (1989) Oxygen toxicity and reactive oxygen metabolites in mammals. Free Radic Biol Med 7 87-108
30. AB Fisher and HJ Forman (1983) Oxygen utilization and toxicity in the lungs. AP Fishman, AB Fisher (Eds) Handbook of Physiology: The Respiratory System Washington, DC: American Physiological Society 231-251
31. AB Fisher, DJP Bassett and HJ Forman (1979) Oxygen toxicity of the lung: Biochemical aspects. AP Fishman, EM Renkin (Eds) Pulmonary Edema Bethesda, MD: American Physiological Society 207-216
32. JS Beckman and WH Koppenol (1996) Nitric oxide, superoxide, and peroxynitrite: The good, the bad, and the ugly. Am J Physiol 271 C1424-C1437
33. A Gow, D Duran, SR Thom and H Ischiropoulos (1996) Carbon dioxide enhancement of peroxynitrite-mediated protein tyrosine nitration. Arch Biochem Biophys 333 42-48
34. GL Squadrito and WA Pryor (1998) Oxidative chemistry of nitric oxide: The roles of superoxide, peroxynitrite, and carbon dioxide. Free Radic Biol Med 25 392-403
35. DM Shasby, RB Fox, RN Harada and JE Repine (1982) Reduction of the edema of acute hyperoxic lung injury by granu-locyte depletion. J Appl Physiol 52 1237-1244
36. SJ Weiss and AF LoBuglio (1982) Phagocyte-generated oxygen metabolites and cellular injury. Lab Invest 47 5-18
37. BE Barry and JD Crapo (1985) Patterns of accumulation of platelets and neutrophils in rat lungs during exposure to 100% and 85% oxygen. Am Rev Respir Dis 132 548-555
38. JD Crapo, BE Barry, HA Foscue and J Shelburne (1980) Structural and biochemical changes in rat lungs occurring during exposures to lethal and adaptive doses of oxygen. Am Rev Respir Dis 122 123-143
39. RB Fox, JR Hoidal, DM Brown and JE Repine (1981) Pulmonary inflammation due to oxygen toxicity: Involvement of chemotactic factors and polymorphonuclear leukocytes. Am Rev Respir Dis 123 521-523
40. JD Crapo (1986) Morphologic changes in pulmonary oxygen toxicity. Annu Rev Physiol 48 721-731
41. JE Repine, JC Cheronis, TC Rodell, et al. (1987) Pulmonary oxygen toxicity and ischemia-reperfusion injury. A mechanism in common involving xanthine oxidase and neutrophils. Am Rev Respir Dis 136 483-485
42. GB Kovachich and OP Mishra (1980) Lipid peroxidation in rat brain cortical slices as measured by the thiobarbituric acid test. J Neurochem 35 1449-1452
43. RC Dirks and MD Faiman (1982) Free radical formation and lipid peroxidation in rat and mouse cerebral cortex slices exposed to high oxygen pressure. Brain Res 248 355-360
44. GB Kovachich and OP Mishra (1981) Partial inactivation of Na, K-ATPase in cortical brain slices incubated in normal Krebs-Ringer phosphate medium at 1 and at 10 atm oxygen pressures. J Neurochem 36 333-335
45. SA Jerrett, D Jefferson and CE Mengel (1973) Seizures, H 2O 2 formation and lipid peroxides in brain during exposure to oxygen under high pressure. Aerosp Med 44 40-44
46. NH Becker and JF Galvin (1962) Effect of oxygen-rich atmospheres on cerebral lipid peroxides. Aeromed Acta 33 985-987
47. MM Zaleska and RA Floyd (1985) Regional lipid peroxidation in rat brain in vitro: Possible role of endogenous iron. Neurochem Res 10 397-410
48. H Arai, K Kogure, K Sugioka and M Nakano (1987) Importance of two iron-reducing systems in lipid peroxidation of rat brain: Implications for oxygen toxicity in the central nervous system. Biochem Int 14 741-749
49. K Nishiki, D Jamieson, N Oshino and B Chance (1976) Oxygen toxicity in the perfused rat liver and lung under hyperbaric conditions. Biochem J 160 343-355
50. BA Freeman, MK Topolosky and JD Crapo (1982) Hyperoxia increases oxygen radical production in rat lung homogenates. Arch Biochem Biophys 216 477-484
51. AJ Januszkiewicz and MD Faiman (1984) The effect of in vivo hyperoxic exposure on the release of endogenous histamine from the rat isolated perfused lung. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 72 134-141
52. NR Webster, C Toothill and PN Cowen (1987) Tissue responses to hyperoxia. Biochem Pathol Br J Anaesth 59 760-771
53. LJ Smith, E Sommers, CE Hunt and L Pachman (1986) Hyperoxic lung injury in mice: A possible protective role for prostacyclin. J Lab Clin Med 108 479-488
54. LJ Smith, M Shamsuddin, J Anderson and W Hsueh (1988) Hyperoxic lung damage in mice: Appearance and bioconversion of peptide leukotrienes. J Appl Physiol 64 944-951
55. H Taniguchi, F Taki, K Takagi, et al. (1986) The role of leukot-riene B4 in the genesis of oxygen toxicity in the lung. Am Rev Respir Dis 133 805-808
56. J Ara, S Przedborski, AB Naini, et al. (1998) Inactivation of tyrosine hydroxylase by nitration following exposure to peroxynitrite and 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP). Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 95 7659-7663
57. KJ Davies (1987) Protein damage and degradation by oxygen radicals. I. General aspects. J Biol Chem 262 9895-9901
58. KJ Davies, ME Delsignore and SW Lin (1987) Protein damage and degradation by oxygen radicals. II. Modification of amino acids. J Biol Chem 262 9902-9907
59. KJ Davies and ME Delsignore (1987) Protein damage and degradation by oxygen radicals. III. Modification of secondary and tertiary structure. J Biol Chem 262 9013-9908
60. KJ Davies, SW Lin and RE Pacifici (1987) Protein damage and degradation by oxygen radicals. IV. Degradation of denatured protein. J Biol Chem 262 9914-9920
61. KJ Davies and AL Goldberg (1987) Oxygen radicals stimulate intracellular proteolysis and lipid peroxidation by independent mechanisms in erythrocytes. J Biol Chem 262 8220-8226
62. S Wolff, A Garner and R Dean (1986) Free radicals, lipids and protein degradation. Trends Biochem Sci 11 27-31
63. B Chance, H Sies and A Boveris (1979) Hydroperoxide metabolism in mammalian organs. Physiol Rev 59 527-605
64. HJ Forman and AB Fisher (1981) Antioxidant defenses. DL Gilbert (Eds) Oxygen and Living Processes: An Interdisciplinary Approach New York: Springer 235-249
65. D Tierney, L Ayers, S Herzog and J Yang (1973) Pentose pathway and production of reduced nicotinamide adenine di-nucleotide phosphate. A mechanism that may protect lungs from oxidants. Am Rev Respir Dis 108 1348-1351
66. SL Camhi, P Lee and AM Choi (1995) The oxidative stress response. New Horiz 3 170-182
67. AM Choi and J Alam (1996) Heme oxygenase-1: Function, regulation, and implication of a novel stress-inducible protein in oxidant-induced lung injury. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 15 9-19
68. G Speit, C Dennog, U Eichhorn, et al. (2000) Induction of heme oxygenase-1 and adaptive protection against the induction of DNA damage after hyperbaric oxygen treatment. Carcinogenesis 21 1795-1799
69. C Dennog, P Radermacher, YA Barnett and G Speit (1999) Antioxidant status in humans after exposure to hyperbaric oxygen. Mutat Res 428 83-89
70. RR Gill, CJ Gbur Jr., BJ Fisher, et al. (1998) Heat shock provides delayed protection against oxidative injury in cultured human umbilical vein endothelial cells. J Mol Cell Cardiol 30 2739-2749
71. Y Arieli, M Eynan, H Gancz, et al. (2003) Heat acclimation prolongs the time to central nervous system oxygen toxicity in the rat. Possible involvement of HSP. Brain Res 962 15-20
72. N Haugaard (1968) Cellular mechanisms of oxygen toxicity. Physiol Rev 48 311-373
73. F Dickens (1962) The toxic effect of oxygen on nervous tissue. KAC Elliott, IH Page, JH Quastel (Eds) Neuro-chemistry Springfield, Ill: Thomas 851-869
74. PL. Perot Jr and SN Stein (1959) Conduction block in mammalian nerve produced by O 2 at high pressure. Am J Physiol 197 1243-1246
75. JR Goldstein and CE Mengel (1969) Hemolysis in mice exposed to varying levels of hyperoxia. Aerosp Med 40 12-13
76. WO Fenn, M Henning and M Philpott (1967) Oxygen poisoning in Drosophila. J Gen Physiol 50 1693-1707
77. R Gerschman, DL Gilbert and D Caccamise (1958) Effect of various substances on survival times of mice exposed to different high oxygen tensions. Am J Physiol 192 563-571
78. JM Clark (1984) Interacting effects of hypoxia adaptation and acute hypercapnia on oxygen tolerance in rats. J Appl Physiol 56 1191-1198
79. JM Clark, CJ Lambertsen, R Gelfand and AB Troxel (2006) Optimization of oxygen tolerance extension in rats by intermittent exposure. J Appl Physiol 100 869-879
80. BE Welch, TE Morgan Jr and HG Clamann (1963) Time-concentration effects in relation to oxygen toxicity in man. Fed Proc 22 1053-1056
81. KW Donald (1947) Oxygen poisoning in man. I & II. Br Med J 1 667-672. 712–717
82. OD Yarbrough, W Welham, ES Brinton and AR Behnke (1947) Symptoms of oxygen poisoning and limits of tolerance at rest and at work [Report No.: 01–47] Washington, DC: Naval Experimental Diving Unit
83. JM Clark and CJ Lambertsen (1971) Rate of development of pulmonary O 2 toxicity in man during O 2 breathing at 2.0 Ata. J Appl Physiol 30 739-752
84. CJ Lambertsen, JH Ewing, RH Kough, et al. (1955) Oxygen toxicity; arterial and internal jugular blood gas composition in man during inhalation of air, 100% O 2 and 2% CO 2 in O 2 at 3.5 atmospheres ambient pressure. J Appl Physiol 8 255-263
85. D Jamieson and HA Vandenbrenk (1963) Measurement of oxygen tensions in cerebral tissues of rats exposed to high pressures of oxygen. J Appl Physiol 18 869-876
86. JW Bean (1961) Cerebral O 2 in exposures to O 2 at atmospheric and higher pressure, and influence of CO 2. Am J Physiol 201 1192-1198
87. NA Lassen (1968) Brain extracellular pH: The main factor controlling cerebral blood flow. Scand J Clin Lab Invest 22 247-251
88. D Heistad and H Kontos (1983) Cerebral circulation. F Abboud, J Shephard (Eds) Handbook of Physiology: The Cardiovascular System Bethesda, MD: American Physiological Society 137-182
89. C Iadecola, DA Pelligrino, MA Moskowitz and NA Lassen (1994) Nitric oxide synthase inhibition and cerebrovascular regulation. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 14 175-192
90. C Iadecola and F Zhang (1994) Nitric oxide-dependent and -independent components of cerebrovasodilation elicited by hypercapnia. Am J Physiol 266 R546-R552
91. SS Kety and CF Schmidt (1948) The effects of altered arterial tensions of carbon dioxide and oxygen on cerebral blood flow and cerebral oxygen consumption of normal young men. J Clin Invest 27 484-492
92. CJ Lambertsen, RH Dough, DY Cooper, et al. (1953) Oxygen toxicity; effects in man of oxygen inhalation at 1 and 3.5 atmospheres upon blood gas transport, cerebral circulation and cerebral metabolism. J Appl Physiol 5 471-486
93. R Gelfand, CJ Lambertsen and JM Clark (2006) Ventilatory effects of prolonged hyperoxia at pressures of 1.5–3.0 ATA. Aviat Space Environ Med 77 801-810
94. TF Floyd, JM Clark, R Gelfand, et al. (2003) Independent cerebral vasoconstrictive effects of hyperoxia and accompanying arterial hypocapnia at 1 ATA. J Appl Physiol 95 2453-2461
95. JM Clark, BE Skolnick, R Gelfand, et al. (1996) Relationship of 133Xe cerebral blood flow to middle cerebral arterial flow velocity in men at rest. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 16 1255-1262
96. H Ohta (1986) [The effect of hyperoxemia on cerebral blood flow in normal humans]. No To Shinkei 38 949-959
97. IT Demchenko, AE Boso, PB Bennett, et al. (2000) Hyperbaric oxygen reduces cerebral blood flow by inactivating nitric oxide. Nitric Oxide 4 597-608
98. IT Demchenko, AE Boso, TJ O'Neill, et al. (2000) Nitric oxide and cerebral blood flow responses to hyperbaric oxygen. J Appl Physiol 88 1381-1389
99. TD Oury, YS Ho, CA Piantadosi and JD Crapo (1992) Extracellular superoxide dismutase, nitric oxide, and central nervous system O 2 toxicity. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 89 9715-9719
100. JW Bean, J Lignell and J Coulson (1971) Regional cerebral blood flow, O 2, and EEG in exposures to O 2 at high pressure. J Appl Physiol 31 235-242
101. M Chavko, JC Braisted, NJ Outsa and AL Harabin (1998) Role of cerebral blood flow in seizures from hyperbaric oxygen exposure. Brain Res 791 75-82
102. IT Demchenko, AE Boso, AR Whorton and CA Piantadosi (2001) Nitric oxide production is enhanced in rat brain before oxygen-induced convulsions. Brain Res 917 253-261
103. IT Demchenko, TD Oury, JD Crapo and CA Piantadosi (2002) Regulation of the brain's vascular responses to oxygen. Circ Res 91 1031-1037
104. T Kurasako, Y Takeda and M Hirakawa (2000) Increase in cerebral blood flow as a predictor of hyperbaric oxygen-induced convulsion in artificially ventilated rats. Acta Med Okayama 54 15-20
105. J Hink, SR Thom, U Simonsen, et al. (2006) Vascular reactivity and endothelial NOS activity in rat thoracic aorta during and after hyperbaric oxygen exposure. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 291 H1988-H1998
106. SR Thom, V Bhopale, D Fisher, et al. (2002) Stimulation of nitric oxide synthase in cerebral cortex due to elevated partial pressures of oxygen: An oxidative stress response. J Neurobiol 51 85-100
107. SR Thom, D Fisher, J Zhang, et al. (2003) Stimulation of perivascular nitric oxide synthesis by oxygen. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 284 H1230-H1239
108. IM Elayan, MJ Axley, PV Prasad, et al. (2000) Effect of hyperbaric oxygen treatment on nitric oxide and oxygen free radicals in rat brain. J Neurophysiol 83 2022-2029
109. T Sato, Y Takeda, S Hagioka, et al. (2001) Changes in nitric oxide production and cerebral blood flow before development of hyperbaric oxygen-induced seizures in rats. Brain Res 918 131-140
110. S Hagioka, Y Takeda, S Zhang, et al. (2005) Effects of 7-nitroindazole and N-nitro-1-arginine methyl ester on changes in cerebral blood flow and nitric oxide production preceding development of hyperbaric oxygen-induced seizures in rats. Neurosci Lett 382 206-210
111. IT Demchenko, DN Atochin, AE Boso, et al. (2003) Oxygen seizure latency and peroxynitrite formation in mice lacking neuronal or endothelial nitric oxide synthases. Neurosci Lett 344 53-56
112. DN Atochin, IT Demchenko, J Astern, et al. (2003) Contributions of endothelial and neuronal nitric oxide synthases to cerebrovascular responses to hyperoxia. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 23 1219-1226
113. N Bitterman and H Bitterman (1998) L-arginine-NO pathway and CNS oxygen toxicity. J Appl Physiol 84 1633-1638
114. IT Demchenko and CA Piantadosi (2006) Nitric oxide amplifies the excitatory to inhibitory neurotransmitter imbalance accelerating oxygen seizures. Undersea Hyperb Med 33 169-174
115. CJ Lambertsen, JM Clark, R Gelfand, et al. (1987) Definition of tolerance to continuous hyperoxia in man: An abstract report of Predictive Studies V. AA Bove, AJ Bachrach, LJ Greenbaum (Eds) Underwater and Hyperbaric Physiology IX Bethesda, MD: Undersea and Hyperbaric Medical Society 717-735
116. JM Clark, CJ Lambertsen, R Gelfand, et al. (1999) Effects of prolonged oxygen exposure at 1.5, 2.0, or 2.5 ATA on pulmonary function in men (Predictive Studies V). J Appl Physiol 86 243-259
117. B Weinberger, DL Laskin, DE Heck and JD Laskin (2002) Oxygen toxicity in premature infants. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 181 60-67
118. AR Behnke, HS Forbes and EP Motley (1936) Circulatory and visual effects of oxygen at 3 atmospheres pressure. Am J Physiol 114 436-442
119. E Rosenberg, HR Shibata and LD MacLean (1966) Blood gas and neurological responses to inhalation of oxygen at 3 atmospheres. Proc Soc Exp Biol Med 122 313-317
120. CW Nichols, CJ Lambertsen and JM Clark (1969) Transient unilateral loss of vision associated with oxygen at high pressure. Arch Ophthalmol 81 548-552
121. WK Noell (1955) Metabolic injuries of the visual cell. Am J Ophthalmol 40 60-70
122. WZ Bridges (1966) Electroretinographic manifestations of hyperbaric oxygen. Arch Ophthalmol 75 812-817
123. B. Anderson Jr and JC Farmer Jr (1978) Hyperoxic myopia. Trans Am Ophthalmol Soc 76 116-124
124. AJ Lyne (1978) Ocular effects of hyperbaric oxygen. Trans Ophthalmol Soc U K 98 66-68
125. ME Ross, DP Yolton, RL Yolton and KD Hyde (1996) Myopia associated with hyperbaric oxygen therapy. Optom Vis Sci 73 487-494
126. HC Fledelius, EC Jansen and J Thorn (2002) Refractive change during hyperbaric oxygen therapy. A clinical trial including ultrasound oculometry. Acta Ophthalmol Scand 80 188-190
127. K Evanger, OH Haugen, A Irgens, et al. (2004) Ocular refractive changes in patients receiving hyperbaric oxygen administered by oronasal mask or hood. Acta Ophthal-mol Scand 82 449-453
128. B Anderson and DL Shelton (1987) Axial length in hyperoxic myopia. AA Bove, AJ Bachrach, LJ Greenbaum (Eds) Underwater and Hyperbaric Physiology IX Bethesda, MD: Undersea and Hyperbaric Medical Society 607-611
129. K Heald and ME Langham (1956) Permeability of the cornea and the blood-aqueous barrier to oxygen. Br J Ophthalmol 40 705-720
130. BM Palmquist, B Philipson and PO Barr (1984) Nuclear cataract and myopia during hyperbaric oxygen therapy. Br J Ophthalmol 68 113-117
131. LB Gesell and A Trott (2007) De novo cataract development following a standard course of hyperbaric oxygen therapy. Undersea Hyperb Med 34 389-392
132. HC Fledelius and E Jansen (2004) Hypermetropic refractive change after hyperbaric oxygen therapy. Acta Ophthalmol Scand 82 313-314
133. JM Clark, RM Jackson, CJ Lambertsen, et al. (1991) Pulmonary function in men after oxygen breathing at 3.0 ATA for 3.5 h. J Appl Physiol 71 878-885
134. CJ Lambertsen (1988) Extension of oxygen tolerance in man: Philosophy and significance. Exp Lung Res 14(suppl), 1035-1058
135. JM Clark (1988) Pulmonary limits of oxygen tolerance in man. Exp Lung Res 14(suppl), 897-910
136. PR Caldwell, WL Lee Jr, HS Schildkraut and ER Archibald (1966) Changes in lung volume, diffusing capacity, and blood gases in men breathing oxygen. J Appl Physiol 21 1477-1483
137. E Thorsen, L Aanderud and TB Aasen (1998) Effects of a standard hyperbaric oxygen treatment protocol on pulmonary function. Eur Respir J 12 1442-1445
138. F Pott, P Westergaard, J Mortensen and EC Jansen (1999) Hyper-baric oxygen treatment and pulmonary function. Undersea Hyperb Med 26 225-228
139. JB Pisarello, JM Clark, CJ Lambertsen and R Gelfand (1987) Human circulatory responses to prolonged hyper-baric hyperoxia in Predictive Studies V. AA Bove, AJ Bachrach, LJ Greenbaum (Eds) Underwater and Hyperbaric Physiology IX Bethesda, MD: Undersea and Hyperbaric Medical Society 763-772
140. JM Clark and CJ Lambertsen (1967) Pulmonary oxygen tolerance and the rate of development of pulmonary oxygen toxicity in man at two atmospheres inspired oxygen tension. CJ Lambertsen (Eds) Underwater Physiology Baltimore, MD: Williams & Wilkins 439-451
141. WTL Ohlsson (1947) A study on oxygen toxicity at atmospheric pressure. Acta Med Scand 128(suppl 190), 1-93
142. RG Eckenhoff, JH Dougherty Jr, AA Messier and al et (1987) Progression of and recovery from pulmonary oxygen toxicity in humans exposed to 5 ATA air. Aviat Space Environ Med 58 658-667
143. Bardin H, Lambertsen CJ: A quantitative method for calculating cumulative pulmonary oxygen toxicity: Use of the unit pulmonary toxicity dose (UPTD). Philadelphia, University of Pennsylvania, Institute for Environmental Medicine Report, 1970
144. Wright WB: Use of the University of Pennsylvania Institute for Environmental Medicine procedure for calculation of cumulative pulmonary oxygen toxicity: US Navy Experimental Diving Unit Report 2–72. Washington, D.C., 1972
145. AL Harabin, LD Homer, PK Weathersby and ET Flynn (1987) An analysis of decrements in vital capacity as an index of pulmonary oxygen toxicity. J Appl Physiol 63 1130-1135
146. R Arieli, A Yalov and A Goldenshluger (2002) Modeling pulmonary and CNS O 2 toxicity and estimation of parameters for humans. J Appl Physiol 92 248-256
147. NB Hampson, SG Simonson, CC Kramer and CA Piantadosi (1996) Central nervous system oxygen toxicity during hyperbaric treatment of patients with carbon monoxide poisoning. Undersea Hyperb Med 23 215-219
148. JC Davis, JM Dunn and RD Heimbach (1988) Hyperbaric medicine: Patient selection, treatment procedures, and side effects. JC Davis, TK Hunt (Eds) Problem Wounds: The Role of Oxygen New York: Elsevier 225-235
149. GB Hart and MB Strauss (1987) Central nervous system oxygen toxicity in a clinical setting. AA Bove, AJ Bachrach, LJ Greenbaum (Eds) Undersea and Hyperbaric Physiology IX Bethesda, MD: Undersea and Hyperbaric Medical Society 695-699
150. N Hampson and D Atik (2003) Central nervous system oxygen toxicity during routine hyperbaric oxygen therapy. Undersea Hyperb Med 30 147-153
151. RW Smerz (2004) Incidence of oxygen toxicity during the treatment of dysbarism. Undersea Hyperb Med 31 199-202
152. JM Clark (Ed.) (1988) Symposium on extension of oxygen tolerance Exp Lung Res 14 865-1058
153. CJ Lambertsen (1955) Respiratory and circulatory actions of high oxygen pressure. LG Goff (Eds) Proceedings of the Underwater Physiology Symposium [Publication No 377] Washington, DC: National Academy of Sciences-National Research Council 25-38
154. DA Hall (1967) The influence of the systematic fluctuation of PO 2 upon the nature and rate of development of oxygen toxicity in guinea pigs [master's thesis] Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania
155. PL Hendricks, DA Hall, WL Hunter Jr and PJ Haley (1977) Extension of pulmonary O 2 tolerance in man at 2 ATA by intermittent O 2 exposure. J Appl Physiol 42 593-599
156. AL Harabin, JC Braisted and ET Flynn (1990) Response of antioxidant enzymes to intermittent and continuous hyperbaric oxygen. J Appl Physiol 69 328-335
157. TE Berghage and FR Borkat (1980) An oxygen toxicity computer [Report No.: 80–28] Washington, D.C., Naval Health Research Center: Naval Medical Research and Development Command
158. GA Perdrizet (1997) Heat shock response and organ preservation: Models of stress conditioning New York: Springer, Landes