Present status and perspectives regarding the therapeutic strategy for acute myeloid leukemia, non-Hodgkin's lymphoma and multiple myeloma in the elderly

Geriatrics and Gerontology International

Volumn 9, Issue 2, 2009, Pages 115-123

  Ohta, Masatsugu ^a  

^a Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Gerontology   (Japan)

Author keywords

Chemotherapy; Hematological malignancies; Molecularly targeted therapy; Quality of life; Supportive therapy

Indexed keywords

ANGIOGENESIS INHIBITOR; ANTINEOPLASTIC AGENT; BISPHOSPHONIC ACID DERIVATIVE; BORTEZOMIB; CLOFARABINE; CYCLOPHOSPHAMIDE; CYTARABINE; DAUNORUBICIN; DEXAMETHASONE; DOXORUBICIN; FLUDARABINE PHOSPHATE; GEMTUZUMAB OZOGAMICIN; HISTONE DEACETYLASE INHIBITOR; IDARUBICIN; LENALIDOMIDE; MELPHALAN; NUCLEOSIDE ANALOG; PREDNISONE; PROTEIN FARNESYLTRANSFERASE INHIBITOR; PROTEIN KINASE INHIBITOR; RITUXIMAB; THALIDOMIDE; VINCRISTINE;

ACUTE GRANULOCYTIC LEUKEMIA; AGED; AUTOLOGOUS STEM CELL TRANSPLANTATION; B CELL LYMPHOMA; BONE DISEASE; BONE MARROW SUPPRESSION; CANCER RADIOTHERAPY; CANCER REGRESSION; CLINICAL TRIAL; COMORBIDITY; CORD BLOOD STEM CELL TRANSPLANTATION; DISEASE FREE SURVIVAL; DRUG TARGETING; ELDERLY CARE; FEBRILE NEUTROPENIA; GASTROINTESTINAL DISEASE; HEMATOPOIETIC STEM CELL TRANSPLANTATION; HUMAN; INFORMED CONSENT; JAW OSTEONECROSIS; LOW DRUG DOSE; LUNG DISEASE; MEDICAL DECISION MAKING; MULTIPLE CYCLE TREATMENT; MULTIPLE MYELOMA; NEUTROPENIA; NONHODGKIN LYMPHOMA; NONMYELOABLATIVE STEM CELL TRANSPLANTATION; OVERALL SURVIVAL; PATIENT COMPLIANCE; PERIPHERAL NEUROPATHY; PHYSICAL PERFORMANCE; PREDICTION; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PROGNOSIS; QUALITY OF LIFE; REDUCED INTENSITY CONDITIONING; REVIEW; TERATOGENICITY; THROMBOCYTOPENIA; TREATMENT OUTCOME; WATCHFUL WAITING;

AGE FACTORS; AGED; AGED, 80 AND OVER; ANTINEOPLASTIC AGENTS; ANTINEOPLASTIC COMBINED CHEMOTHERAPY PROTOCOLS; FEMALE; GERIATRIC ASSESSMENT; HEMATOLOGIC NEOPLASMS; HUMANS; LEUKEMIA, MYELOID, ACUTE; LYMPHOMA, NON-HODGKIN; MALE; MULTIPLE MYELOMA; QUALITY OF LIFE;

EID: 66149150986     PISSN: 14441586     EISSN: 14470594     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/j.1447-0594.2008.00498.x     Document Type: Review

References (118)

1. Montamat SC, Cusack BJ, Vestal RE. Management of drug therapy in the elderly. N Engl J Med 1989; 321: 303-309.
2. Lichtman SM. Chemotherapy in the elderly. Semin Oncol 2004; 31: 160-174.
3. Lichtman SM, Wildiers H, Chatelut E et al. International Society of Geriatric Oncology Chemotherapy Taskforce: Evaluation of chemotherapy in older patients -an analysis of the medical literature. J Clin Oncol 2007; 25: 1832-1843.
4. Wojtacki J, Lewicka-Nowak E, Leśniewski-Kmak K. Anthracycline-induced cardiotoxicity: Clinical course, risk factors, pathogenesis, detection and prevention - review of the literature. Med Sci Monit 2000; 6: 411-420.
5. Hershman DL, McBride RB, Eisenberger A, Tsai WY, Grann VR, Jacobson JS. Doxorubicin, cardiac risk factors, and cardiac toxicity in elderly patients with diffuse B-cell non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. J Clin Oncol 2008; 26: 3159-3165.
6. Hiddemann W, Kern W, Schoch C et al. Management of acute myeloid leukemia in elderly patients. J Clin Oncol 1999; 17: 3569-3576.
7. Smith TJ, Khatcheressian J, Lyman GH et al. 2006 update of recommendations for the use of white blood cell growth factors: An evidence-based clinical practice guideline. J Clin Oncol 2006; 24: 3187-3205.
8. Hughes WT, Armstrong D, Bodey GP et al. 2002 guidelines for the use of antimicrobial agents in neutropenic patients with cancer. Clin Infect Dis 2002; 34: 730-751.
9. Tamura K. Initial empirical antimicrobial therapy: Duration and subsequent modifications. Clin Infect Dis 2004; 39 (Suppl 1): S59-S64.
10. Gafter-Gvili A, Fraser A, Paul M, Leibovici L. Meta-analysis: Antibiotic prophylaxis reduces mortality in neutropenic patients. Ann Intern Med 2005; 142: 979-995.
11. Glasmacher A, Prentice AG. Evidence-based review of antifungal prophylaxis in neutropenic patients with haematological malignancies. J Antimicrob Chmother 2005; 56 (Suppl 1): I23-i32.
12. Sekeres MA, Stone RM. The challenge of acute myeloid leukemia in older patients. Curr Opin Oncol 2002; 14: 24-30.
13. Appelbaum FR, Gundacker H, Head DR et al. Age and acute myeloid leukemia. Blood 2006; 107: 3481-3485.
14. Estey EH. How I treat older patients with AML. Blood 2000; 96: 1670-1673.
15. Sekeres MA, Stone RM, Zahrieh D et al. Decision-making and quality of life in older adults with acute myeloid leukemia or advanced myelodysplastic syndrome. Leukemia 2004; 18: 809-816.
16. Behringer B, Pitako JA, Kunzmann R et al. Prognosis of older patients with acute myeloid leukemia receiving either induction or noncurative treatment: A single-center retrospective study. Ann Hematol 2003; 82: 381-389.
17. Grimwade D, Walker H, Harrison G et al. The predictive value of hierarchical cytogenetic classification in older adults with acute myeloid leukemia (AML): Analysis of 1065 patients entered into the United Kingdom Medical Research Council AML 11 trial. Blood 2001; 98: 1312-1320.
18. Iwakiri R, Ohta M, Mikoshiba M, Tsutsumi H, Kumakawa T, Mori M. Prognosis of elderly patients with acute myelogenous leukemia: Analysis of 126 AML cases. Int J Hematol 2002; 75: 45-50.
19. Erba HP. Prognostic factors in elderly patients with AML and the implications for treatment. Hematology Am Soc Hematol Educ Program 2007; 2007: 420-428.
20. Fröhling S, Schlenk RF, Kayser S et al. Cytogenetics and age are major determinants of outcome in intensively treated acute myeloid leukemia patients older than 60years: Results form AMLSG trial AML HD98-B. Blood 2006; 108: 3280-3288.
21. Leith CP, Kopecky KJ, Chen IM et al. Frequency and clinical significance of the expression of the multidrug resistance proteins MDR1/ P-glycoprotein, MRP1, and LRP in acute myeloid leukemia: A Southwest Oncology Group Study. Blood 1999; 94: 1086-1099.
22. Kolitz JE. Current therapeutic strategies for acute myeloid leukaemia. Br J Haematol 2006; 134: 555-572.
23. Berman E, Wiernik P, Vogler R, Vélez-Gárcia E, Bartolucci A, Whaley FS. Long-term follow-up of three randomized trials comparing idarubicin and daunorubicin as induction therapies for patients with untreated acute myeloid leukemia. Cancer 1997; 80: 2181-2185.
24. AML Collaborative Group. A systematic collaborative overview of randomized trails comparing Idarubicin with daunorubicin (or other anthracyclines) as induction therapy for acute myeloid leukaemia. Br J Haematol 1998; 103: 100-109.
25. Tallman MS. Treatment of the older patient with acute myeloid leukemia. Am Soc Clin Oncol (Educ Book) 2005; (2005): 540-546.
26. Yoshida S, Kuriyama K, Miyazaki Y etal. De novo acute myeloid leukemia in the elderly: A consistent fraction of long-term survivors by standard-dose chemotherapy. Leuk Res 2001; 25: 33-38.
27. López A, de la Rubia J, Martín G etal. Recent improvements in outcome for elderly patients with de novo acute myeloblastic leukemia. Leuk Res 2001; 25: 685-692.
28. Estey EH. General approach to, and perspectives on clinical research in, older patients with newly diagnosed acute myeloid leukemia. Semin Hematol 2006; 43: 89-95.
29. Reiffers J, Huguet F, Stoppa A-M et al. A prospective randomized trial of idarubicin vs daunorubicin in combination chemotherapy for acute myelogenous leukemia of the age group 55 to 75. Leukemia 1996; 10: 389-395.
30. Gardin C, Turlure P, Fagot T et al. Postremission treatment of elderly patients with acute myeloid leukemia in first complete remission after intensive induction chemotherapy: Results of the multicenter randomized Acute Leukemia French Association (ALFA) 9803 trial. Blood 2007; 109: 5129-5135.
31. Mayer RJ, Davis RB, Schiffer CA et al. Intensive postremission chemotherapy in adults with acute myeloid leukemia. Cancer and Leukemia Group B. N Engl J Med 1994; 331: 896-903.
32. Stone RM, Berg DT, George SL et al. Postremission therapy in older patients with de novo acute myeloid leukemia: A randomized trial comparing mitoxantrone and intermediate-dose cytarabine with standard-dose cytarabine. Blood 2001; 98: 548-553.
33. Mori M, Ohta M, Miyata A et al. Treatment of acute myeloid leukemia patients aged more than 75 years: Results of the E-AML-01 trial of the Japanese Elderly Leukemia Lymphoma Study Group (JELLSG). Leuk Lymphoma 2006; 47: 2062-2069.
34. Spataro V, Kovacsovics T, Bach S, Pampallona S, Schapira M, Cavalli F. Acute myeloid leukemia in the elderly: Results of an individualized approach in two centres. Leuk Lymphoma 2000; 39: 521-530.
35. Latagliata R, Alimena G, Carmosino I et al. Conservative treatment for patients over 80 years with acute myelogenous leukemia. Am J Hematol 2002; 71: 256-259.
36. Cripe LD, Rutledge CK. The care of the older adult with acute myeloid leukemia or a myelodysplastic syndrome. Ann Long Term Care 2002; 10: 35-41.
37. Robles C, Kim KM, Oken MM et al. Low-dose cytarabine maintenance therapy vs observation after remission induction in advanced acute myeloid leukemia: An Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group Trial (E5483). Leukemia 2000; 14: 1349-1353.
38. Dinndorf PA, Andrews RG, Benjamin D, Ridgway D, Wolff L, Bernstein ID. Expression of normal myeloid-associated antigens by acute leukemia cells. Blood 1986; 67: 1048-1053.
39. Appelbaum FR. Antibody-targeted therapy for myeloid leukemia. Semin Hematol 1999; 36: 2-8.
40. Larson RA, Sievers EL, Stadtmauer EA et al. Final report of the efficacy and safety of gemtuzumab ozogamicin (Mylotarg) in patients with CD33-positive acute myeloid leukemia in first recurrence. Cancer 2005; 104: 1442-1452.
41. Tsimberidou AM, Giles FJ, Estey E, O'Brien S, Keating MJ, Kantarjian HM. The role of gemtuzumab ozogamicin in acute leukemia therapy. Br J Haematol 2005; 132: 398-409.
42. Sievers EL, Larson RA, Stadtmauer EA et al. Efficacy and safety of gemtuzumab ozogamicin in patients with CD33-positive acute myeloid leukemia in first relapse. J Clin Oncol 2001; 19: 3244-3254.
43. Estey EH, Thall PF, Giles FJ et al. Gemtuzumab ozogamicin with or without interleukin 11 in patients 65 years of age or older with untreated acute myeloid leukemia and high-risk myelodysplastic syndrome: comparison with idarubicin plus continuous-infusion, high-dose cytosine arabinoside. Blood 2002; 99: 4343-4349.
44. Amadori S, Suciu S, Stasi R et al. Gemutuzumab ozogamicin (Mylotarg) as single-agent treatment for frail patients 61 years of age and older with acute myeloid leukemia: Final results of AML-15B, a phase 2 study of the European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer and Gruppo Italiano Malattie Ematologiche dell'Adulto Leukemia Groups. Leukemia 2005; 19: 1768-1773.
45. Gilliland DG, Griffin JD. The role of FLT3 in hematopoiesis and leukemia. Blood 2002; 100: 1532-1542.
46. Burnett AK, Knapper S. Targeting treatment in AML. Hematology Am Soc Hematol Educ Program 2007; 2007: 429-434.
47. Lancet JE, Gojo I, Gotlib J et al. A phase 2 study of the farnesyltransferase inhibitor tipifarnib in poor-risk and elderly patients with previously untreated acute myelogenous leukemia. Blood 2007; 109: 1387-1394.
48. Morgan MA, Reuter CW. Molecularly targeted therapies in myelodysplastic syndromes and acute myeloid leukemias. Ann Hematol 2006; 85: 139-163.
49. Montgomery JA, Shortnacy-Fowler AT, Clayton SD, Riordan JM, Secrist JA III. Synthesis and biologic activity of 2′-fluoro-2-halo derivatives of 9-β-D-arabinofuranosyladenine. J Med Chem 1992; 35: 397-401.
50. Faderl S, Ravandi F, Huang X et al. A randomized study of clofarabine versus clofarabine plus low-dose cytarabine as frontline therapy for patients age 60years and older with acute myeloid leukemia and high-risk myelodysplastic syndrome. Blood 2008; 112: 1636-1645.
51. Kantarjian H, O'Brien S, Cortes J et al. Results of intensive chemotherapy in 998 patients age 65 years or older with acute myeloid leukemia or high-risk myelodysplastic syndrome. Cancer 2006; 106: 1090-1098.
52. Fisher RI, Gaynor ER, Dahlberg S et al. Comparison of a standard regimen (CHOP) with three intensive chemotherapy regimens for advanced non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. N Engl J Med 1993; 328: 1002-1006.
53. Tirelli U, Errante D, Van Glabbeke M et al. CHOP is the standard regimen in patients ≥70 years of age with intermediate-grade and high-grade non-Hodgkin's lymphoma: Results of a randomized study of the European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer Lymphoma Cooperative Study Group. J Clin Oncol 1998; 16: 27-34.
54. Plosker GL, Figgitt DP. Rituximab: A review of its use in non-Hodgkin's lymphoma and chronic Lymphocytic leukaemia. Drugs 2003; 63: 803-843.
55. Cheung MC, Haynes AE, Meyer RM, Stevens A, Imrie KR. Rituximab in lymphoma: A systematic review and consensus practice guideline from Cancer Care Ontario. Cancer Treat Rev 2007; 33: 161-176.
56. Coiffier B, Lepage E, Briere J et al. CHOP chemotherapy plus rituximab compared with CHOP alone in elderly patients with diffuse large-B-cell lymphoma. N Engl J Med 2002; 346: 235-242.
57. Coiffier B, Feugier P, Mounier N et al. Long-term results of the GELA study comparing R-CHOP and CHOP chemotherapy in older patients with diffuse large B-cell lymphoma show good survival in poor-risk patients. J Clin Oncol 2007; 25 (18S) Part I of II: 443s, abstract #8009.
58. Miller TP, Dahlberg S, Cassady JR et al. Chemotherapy alone compared with chemotherapy plus radiotherapy for localized intermediate- and high-grade non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. N Engl J Med 1998; 339: 21-26.
59. Persky DO, Unger JM, Spier CM et al. Phase II study of rituximab plus three cycles of CHOP and involved-field radiotherapy for patients with limited-stage aggressive B-cell lymphoma: Southwest Oncology Group study 0014. J Clin Oncol 2008; 26: 2258-2263.
60. Alizadeh AA, Eisen MB, Davis RE et al. Distinct types of diffuse large B-cell lymphoma identified by gene expression profiling. Nature 2000; 403: 503-511.
61. Sehn LH, Berry B, Chhanabhai M et al. The Revised International Prognostic Index (R-IPI) is a better predictor of outcome than the standard IPI for patients with diffuse large B-cell lymphoma treated with R-CHOP. Blood 2007; 109: 1857-1861.
62. Mounier N, Briere J, Gisselbrecht C, Reyes F, Gaulard P, Coiffier B. Estimating the impact of rituximab on bcl-2-associated resistance to CHOP in elderly patients with diffuse large B-cell lymphoma. Haematologica 2006; 91: 715-716.
63. Rosenwald A, Wright G, Chan WC et al. The use of molecular profiling to predict survival after chemotherapy for diffuse large-B-cell lymphoma. N Engl J Med 2002; 346: 1937-1947.
64. Malumbres R, Chen J, Tibshirani R et al. Paraffin-based 6-gene model predicts outcome in diffuse large B-cell lymphoma patients treated with R-CHOP. Blood 2008; 111: 5509-5514.
65. Juweid ME, Stroobants S, Hoekstra OS et al. Use of positron emission tomography for response assessment of lymphoma: Consensus of the imaging subcommittee of International Harmonization Project in lymphoma. J Clin Oncol 2007; 25: 571-578.
66. Horning SJ, Rosenberg SA. The natural history of initially untreated low-grade non-Hodgkin's lymphomas. N Engl J Med 1984; 311: 1471-1475.
67. Czuczman MS, Weaver R, Alkuzweny B, Berlfein J, Grillo-López AJ. Prolonged clinical and molecular remission in patients with low-grade or follicular non-Hodgkin's lymphoma treated with rituximab plus CHOP chemotherapy: 9-year follow-up. J Clin Oncol 2004; 22: 4711-4716.
68. Schulz H, Bohlius JF, Trelle S et al. Immunochemotherapy with rituximab and overall survival in patients with indolent or mantle cell lymphoma: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Natl Cancer Inst 2007; 99: 706-714.
69. Hiddemann W, Kneba M, Dreyling M et al. Frontline therapy with rituximab added to the combination of cyclophosphamide, doxorubicin, vincristine, and prednisone (CHOP) significantly improves the outcome for patients with advanced-stage follicular lymphoma compared with therapy with CHOP alone: Results of a prospective randomized study of the German Low-Grade Lymphoma Study Group. Blood 2005; 106: 3725-3732.
70. Hagenbeek A, Eghbali H, Monfardini S et al. Phase III intergroup study of fludarabine phosphate compared with cyclophosphamide, vincristine, and predonisone chemotherapy in newly diagnosed patients with stage III and IV low-grade malignant non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. J Clin Oncol 2006; 24: 1590-1596.
71. Velasquez WS, Lew D, Grogan TM et al. Combination of fludarabine phosphate and mitoxantrone in untreated stage III and IV low-grade lymphoma: S9501. J Clin Oncol 2003; 21: 1996-2003.
72. Forstpointner R, Dreyling M, Repp R et al. The addition of rituximab to a combination of fludarabine, cyclophosphamide, mitoxantrone (FCM) significantly increases the response rate and prolongs survival as compared with FCM alone in patients with relapsed and refractory follicular and mantle cell lymphomas: Results of a prospective randomized study of the German Low-Grade Lymphoma Study Group. Blood 2004; 104: 3064-3071.
73. Czuczman MS, Koryzna A, Mohr A et al. Rituximab in combination with fludarabine chemotherapy in low-grade or follicular lymphoma. J Clin Oncol 2005; 23: 694-704.
74. Tobinai K, Watanabe T, Ogura M et al. Phase II study of oral fludarabine phosphate in relapsed indolent B-cell non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. J Clin Oncol 2006; 24: 174-180.
75. Polizzotto MN, Tam CS, Milner A et al. The influence of increasing age on the deliverability and toxicity of fludarabine-based combination chemotherapy regimens in patients with indolent lymphoproliferative disorders. Cancer 2006; 107: 773-780.
76. Myeloma Trialists' Collaborative Group. Combination chemotherapy versus melphalan plus predonisone as treatment for multiple myeloma: An overview of 6633 patients form 27 randomized trials. J Clin Oncol 1998; 16: 3832-3842.
77. Barlogie B, Smith L, Alexanian R et al. Effective treatment of advanced multiple myeloma refractory to alkylating agents. N Engl J Med 1984; 310: 1353-1356.
78. Monconduit M, Menard JF, Michaux JL et al. VAD or VMBCP in severe multiple myeloma. The Groupe d'Etudes et de Recherche sur le Myélome (GERM). Br J Haematol 1992; 80: 199-204.
79. D'Amato RJ, Loughnan MS, Flynn F, Folkman J. Thalidomide is an inhibitor of angiogenesis. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1994; 91: 4082-4085.
80. 2, but not that activated by ceramide, lipopolysaccharides, or phorbol ester. J Immunol 2002; 168: 2644-2651.
81. Barlogie B, Zangari M, Spencer T et al. Thalidomide in the management of multiple myeloma. Semin Hematol 2001; 38: 250-259.
82. Glasmacher A, Hahn C, Hoffmann F etal. A systematic review of phase-II trials of thalidomide monotherapy in patients with relapsed or refractory multiple myeloma. Br J Haematol 2006; 132: 584-593.
83. Cavenagh JD, Oakervee H. Thalidomide in multiple myeloma: Current status and future prospects. Br J Haematol 2003; 120: 18-26.
84. Murakami H, Hanada H, Abe M etal. Low-dose thalidomide plus low-dose dexamethasone therapy in patients with refractory multiple myeloma. Eur J Haematol 2007; 79: 234-239.
85. Radomsky CL, Levine N. Thalidomide. Dermatol Clin 2001; 19: 87-103.
86. Richardson PG, Schlossman RL, Weller E et al. Immunomodulatory drug CC-5013 overcomes drug resistance and is well tolerated in patients with relapsed multiple myeloma. Blood 2002; 100: 3063-3067.
87. Rajkumar SV, Hayman SR, Lacy MQ et al. Combination therapy with lenalidomide plus dexamethasone (Rev/Dex) for newly diagnosed myeloma. Blood 2005; 106: 4050-4053.
88. Dimopoulos M, Spencer A, Attal M et al. Lenalidomide plus dexamethasone for relapsed of refractory multiple myeloma. N Engl J Med 2007; 357: 2123-2132.
89. Richardson PG, Sonneveld P, Schuster MW et al. Bortezomib or high-dose dexamethasone for relapsed multiple myeloma. N Engl J Med 2005; 352: 2487-2498.
90. Miyakoshi S, Kami M, Yuji K et al. Severe pulmonary complications in Japanese patients after bortezomib treatment for refractory multiple myeloma. Blood 2006; 107: 3492-3494.
91. Mateos MV, Hernández JM, Hernández MT et al. Bortezomib plus melphalan and predonisone in elderly untreated patients with multiple myeloma: Results of a multicenter phase 1/2 study. Blood 2006; 108: 2165-2172.
92. Facon T, Mary JY, Hulin C et al. Melphalan and prednisone plus thalidomide versus melphalan and prednisone alone or reduced-intensity autologous stem cell transplantation in elderly patients with multiple myeloma (IFM 99-06): A randomized trial. Lancet 2007; 370: 1209-1218.
93. Palumbo A, Bringhen S, Caravita T et al. Oral melphalan and prednisone chemotherapy plus thalidomide compared with melphalan and prednisone alone in elderly patients with multiple myeloma: Randomised controlled trial. Lancet 2006; 367: 825-831.
94. Berenson JR, Lichtenstein A, Porter L et al. Efficacy of pamidronate in reducing skeletal events in patients with advanced multiple myeloma. Myeloma Aredia Study Group. N Engl J Med 1996; 334: 488-493.
95. Kyle RA, Yee GC, Somerfield MR et al. American Society of Clinical oncology 2007 clinical practice guideline update on the role of bisphosphonates in multiple myeloma. J Clin Oncol 2007; 25: 2464-2472.
96. Bamias A, Kastritis E, Bamia C et al. Osteonecrosis of the jaw in cancer after treatment with bisphosphonates: Incidence and risk factors. J Clin Oncol 2005; 23: 8580-8587.
97. Breems DA, Löwenberg B. Acute myeloid leukemia and the position of autologous stem cell transplantation. Semin Hematol 2007; 44: 256-266.
98. Oriol A, Ribera JM, Esteve J et al. Feasibility and results of autologous stem cell transplantation in de novo acute myeloid leukemia in patients over 60years old. Results of the CETLAM AML-99 protocol. Haematologica 2004; 89: 791-800.
99. Wallen H, Gooley TA, Deeg HJ et al. Ablative allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation in adults 60years of age and older. J Clin Oncol 2005; 23: 3439-3446.
100. Falda M, Busca A, Baldi I et al. Nonmyeloablative allogeneic stem cell transplantation in elderly patients with hematological malignancies: results form the GITMO (Gruppo Italiano Trapianto Midollo Osseo) multicenter prospective clinical trial. Am J Hematol 2007; 82: 863-866.
101. Bertz H, Potthoff K, Finke J. Allogeneic stem-cell transplantation from related and unrelated donors in older patients with myeloid leukemia. J Clin Oncol 2003; 21: 1480-1484.
102. Hegenbart U, Niederwieser D, Sandmaier BM et al. Treatment for acute myelogenous leukemia by low-dose, total-body, irradiation-based conditioning and hematopoietic cell transplantation from related and unrelated donors. J Clin Oncol 2006; 24: 444-453.
103. Estey E, de Lima M, Tibes R et al. Prospective feasibility analysis of reduced-intensity conditioning (RIC) regimens for hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) in elderly patients with acute myeloid leukemia (AML) and high-risk myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS). Blood 2007; 109: 1395-1400.
104. Rubinstein P, Carrier C, Scaradavou A et al. Outcomes among 562 recipients of placental-blood transplants from unrelated donors. N Engl J Med 1998; 339: 1565-1577.
105. Laughlin MJ, Eapen M, Rubinstein P etal. Outcomes after transplantation of cord blood or bone marrow from unrelated donors in adults with leukemia. N Engl J Med 2004; 351: 2265-2275.
106. Rocha V, Labopin M, Sanz G et al. Transplants of umbilical-cord blood or bone marrow from unrelated donors in adults with acute leukemia. N Engl J Med 2004; 351: 2276-2285.
107. Takahashi S, Iseki T, Ooi J et al. Single-institute comparative analysis of unrelated bone marrow transplantation and cord blood transplantation for adult patients with hematologic malignancies. Blood 2004; 104: 3813-3820.
108. Miyakoshi S, Yuji K, Kami M et al. Successful engraftment after reduced-intensity umbilical cord blood transplantation for adult patients with advanced hematological diseases. Clin Cancer Res 2004; 10: 3586-3592.
109. Uchida N, Wake A, Takagi S et al. Umbilical cord blood transplantation after reduced-intensity conditioning for elderly patients with hematologic diseases. Biol Blood Marrow Transplant 2008; 14: 583-590.
110. Haioun C, Lepage E, Gisselbrecht C et al. Survival benefit of high-dose therapy in poor-risk aggressive non-Hodgkin's lymphoma: Final analysis of the prospective LNH87-2 protocol -A Goupe d'Etude des Lymphomes de I'Adulte Study. J Clin Oncol 2000; 18: 3025-3030.
111. Gopal AK, Gooley TA, Golden JB et al. Efficacy of high-dose therapy and autologous hematopoietic stem cell transplantation for non-Hodgkin's lymphoma in adults 60years of age and older. Bone Marrow Transplant 2001; 27: 593-599.
112. Jantunen E. Autologous stem cell transplantation beyond 60 years of age. Bone Marrow Transplant 2006; 38: 715-720.
113. Zallio F, Cuttica A, Caracciolo D etal. Feasibility of peripheral blood progenitor cell mobilization and harvest to support chemotherapy intensification in elderly patients with poor prognosis: Non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. Ann Heamtol 2002; 81: 448-453.
114. Child JA, Morgan GJ, Davies FE et al. High-dose chemotherapy with hematopoietic stem-cell rescue for multiple myeloma. N Engl J Med 2003; 348: 1875-1883.
115. Durie BG, Kyle RA, Belch A et al. Myeloma management guidelines: A consensus report from the Scientific Advisors of the International Myeloma Foundation. Hematol J 2003; 4: 379-398.
116. Palumbo A, Bringhen S, Petrucci MT et al. Intermediate-dose melphalan improves survival of myeloma patients aged 50 to 70: Results of a randomized controlled trial. Blood 2004; 104: 3052-3057.
117. Cavo M, Zamagni E, Tosi P et al. Superiority of thalidomide and dexamethasone over vincristine-doxorubicin dexamethasone (VAD) as primary therapy in preparation for autologous transplantation for multiple myeloma. Blood 2005; 106: 35-39.
118. Extermann M, Hurria A. Comprehensive geriatric assessment for older patients with cancer. J Clin Oncol 2007; 25: 1824-1831.