Past and present effectiveness of protected areas for conservation of naturally and anthropogenically rare plant species

Conservation Biology

Volumn 23, Issue 3, 2009, Pages 750-757

  Vellak, Ain ^a,b   Tuvi, Eva Liis ^a   Reier, Ülle ^a   Kalamees, Rein ^a   Roosaluste, Elle ^a   Zobel, Martin ^a   PÄrtel, Meelis ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF TARTU   (Estonia)

^b Jõgeva Tartu Region of State Nature Conservation Centre   (Estonia)

Author keywords

Biodiversity conservation; Biodiversity indicators; Global Strategy of Plant Conservation; Protected areas; Species categorization; Vascular plants

Indexed keywords

BIODIVERSITY; ENDEMIC SPECIES; HABITAT QUALITY; NATURE CONSERVATION; PROTECTED AREA; RARITY; SPECIES CONSERVATION; TEMPORAL ANALYSIS; VASCULAR PLANT;

AGRICULTURE; ARTICLE; BIODIVERSITY; CLASSIFICATION; DEMOGRAPHY; ECOSYSTEM; ENDANGERED SPECIES; ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION; ESTONIA; GROWTH, DEVELOPMENT AND AGING; METHODOLOGY; PLANT; POPULATION DENSITY; SPECIES DIFFERENCE;

AGRICULTURE; BIODIVERSITY; CONSERVATION OF NATURAL RESOURCES; DEMOGRAPHY; ECOSYSTEM; ENDANGERED SPECIES; ESTONIA; PLANTS; POPULATION DENSITY; SPECIES SPECIFICITY;

TRACHEOPHYTA;

EID: 65949112955     PISSN: 08888892     EISSN: 15231739     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/j.1523-1739.2008.01127.x     Document Type: Article

References (60)

1. Baldi, A. 2008. Habitat heterogeneity overrides the species-area relationship. Journal of Biogeography 35 : 675 681.
2. Barker, N., and L. Fish. 2007. Rare and infrequent southern African grasses: assessing their conservation status and understanding their biology. Biodiversity and Conservation 16 : 4051 4079. (Pubitemid 350105392)
3. Bevill, R. L., and S. M. Louda. 1999. Comparisons of related rare and common species in the study of plant rarity. Conservation Biology 13 : 493 498. (Pubitemid 29267058)
4. Blanca, G., M. Cueto, M. J. Martķnez-Lirola, and J. Molero-Mesa. 1998. Threatened vascular flora of Sierra Nevada (southern Spain). Biological Conservation 85 : 269 285. (Pubitemid 28382270)
5. British Ecological Society. 1944. Nature conservation and nature reserves. Journal of Ecology 32 : 45 82.
6. Broennimann, O., P. Vittoz, D. Moser, and A. Guisan. 2005. Rarity types among plant species with high conservation priority in Switzerland. Botanica Helvetica 115 : 95 108. (Pubitemid 43052038)
7. Brooks, T., G. A. B. da Fonseca, and A. S. L. Rodrigues. 2004. Species, data, and conservation planning. Conservation Biology 18 : 1682 1688. (Pubitemid 39651364)
8. Burgman, M. A., D. Keith, S. D. Hopper, D. Widyatmoko, and C. Drill. 2007. Threat syndromes and conservation of the Australian flora. Biological Conservation 134 : 73 82. (Pubitemid 44646437)
9. Clarke, G. L., and W. A. Patterson III. 2007. The distribution of disturbance-dependent rare plants in a coastal Massachusetts sandplain: implications for conservation and management. Biological Conservation 136 : 4 16. (Pubitemid 46161383)
10. Colwell, R. K. 2005. EstimateS: statistical estimation of species richness and shared species from samples. Version 7.5. User's guide and application. Available from http://purl.oclc.org/estimates (accessed March 2006).
11. Colwell, R. K., C. X. Mao, and J. Chang. 2004. Interpolation, extrapolation, and comparing incidence-based species accumulation curves. Ecology 85 : 2717 2727. (Pubitemid 39448246)
12. Cousins, S. A. O., and R. Lindborg. 2008. Remnant grassland habitats as source communities for plant diversification in agricultural landscapes. Biological Conservation 141 : 233 240. (Pubitemid 350181706)
13. Cowling, R. M., and W. J. Bond. 1991. How small can reserves be? An empirical approach in Cape Fynbos, South Africa. Biological Conservation 58 : 243 256.
14. Deguise, I. E., and J. T. Kerr. 2006. Protected areas and prospects for endangered species conservation in Canada. Conservation Biology 20 : 48 55.
15. Glowka, L., F. Burhenne-Guilmin, A. M. McNeely, and L. Grüngling. 1994. A guide to the Convention on Biodiversity. IUCN, Gland, Switzerland, and Cambridge, United Kingdom.
16. Götmark, F., and M. Thorell. 2003. Size of nature reserves: density of large trees and dead wood indicate high value of small conservation forests in southern Sweden. Biodiversity and Conservation 12 : 1271 1285. (Pubitemid 36543760)
17. Helm, A., I. Hanski, and M. Pärtel. 2006. Slow response of plant species richness to habitat loss and fragmentation. Ecology Letters 9 : 72 77.
18. Holm, S. 1979. A simple sequentially rejective multiple test procedure. Scandinavian Journal of Statistics 6 : 65 70.
19. Kleijn, D., and A. Baldi. 2005. Effects of set-aside land on farmland biodiversity: comments on Van Buskirk and Willi. Conservation Biology 19 : 963 966. (Pubitemid 40764564)
20. Kukk, T. 1999. Eesti taimestik (Vascular plant flora of Estonia). Tartu-Tallinn, Teaduste Akadeemia Kirjastus, Estonia.
21. Kull, T., T. Kukk, M. Leht, H. Krall, Ü. Kukk, K. Kull, and V. Kuusk. 2002. Distribution trends of rare vascular plant species in Estonia. Biodiversity and Conservation 11 : 171 196. (Pubitemid 34262143)
22. Laasimer, L. 1965. Eesti NSV taimkate. Tallinn, Valgus, Estonia.
23. Laguna, E., V. I. Deltoro, J. Perez-Botella, P. Perez-Rovira, L. Serra, A. Olivares, and C. Fabregat. 2004. The role of small reserves in plant conservation in a region of high diversity in eastern Spain. Biological Conservation 119 : 421 426. (Pubitemid 38851979)
24. Lippmaa, T. 1935. Eesti geobotaanika põhijooni. Acta et Commentationes Universitatis Tartuensis (Dorpatensis) A 28 : 1 151.
25. Lippmaa, T. 1937. The urgency of the protection of nature from view-point of botany. Pages 9 12 in T. Lippmaa, A. Mathiesen, P. Päts, and G. Vilbaste, editors. Nature protection I. The Administration of the State Parks, Tallinn, Estonia.
26. Lowry, P. P., and P. P. Smith. 2003. Closing the gulf between botanists and conservationists. Conservation Biology 17 : 1175 1176. (Pubitemid 37435379)
27. Lozano, F. D., J. C. M. Saiz, and H. S. Ollero. 2003. Rarity and threat relationships in the conservation planning of Iberian flora. Biodiversity and Conservation 12 : 1861 1882. (Pubitemid 36770537)
28. McCarthy, M. A., C. J. Thompson, and N. S. G. Williams. 2006. Logic for designing nature reserves for multiple species. The American Naturalist 167 : 717 727. (Pubitemid 43748955)
29. Maran, M., editor. 2005. Third national report to the Convention on Biological Diversity, Estonia. Estonian Ministry of Environment, Tallinn, Estonia.
30. Margules, C. R., and R. L. Pressey. 2000. Systematic conservation planning. Nature 405 : 243 253. (Pubitemid 30313548)
31. Médail, F., and R. Verlaque. 1997. Ecological characteristics and rarity of endemic plants from southeast France and Corsica: implications for biodiversity conservation. Biological Conservation 80 : 269 281. (Pubitemid 27195456)
32. Moora, M., T. Daniell, H. Kalle, J. Liira, K. Püssa, E. Roosaluste, M. Öpik, R. Wheatley, and M. Zobel. 2007. Spatial pattern and species richness of boreonemoral forest understorey and its determinants - a comparison of differently managed forests. Forest Ecology and Management 250 : 64 70. (Pubitemid 47361543)
33. Noss, R. F. 2007. Values are a good thing in conservation biology. Conservation Biology 21 : 18 20. (Pubitemid 46254023)
34. Ostermann, O. P. 1998. The need for management of nature conservation sites designated under Natura 2000. Journal of Applied Ecology 35 : 968 973. (Pubitemid 29114556)
35. Palang, H., Ü. Mander, and J. Jagomägi. 1998. Landscape diversity of Estonia and its change. Pages 27 44 in V. Lilleleht, editor. Landscape diversity of Estonia and its change. Teaduste Akadeemia Kirjastus, Tartu, Tallinn, Estonia.
36. Pärtel, M., R. Mändla, and M. Zobel. 1999. Landscape history of a calcareous (alvar) grassland in Hanila, western Estonia, during the last three hundred years. Landscape Ecology 14 : 187 196. (Pubitemid 29178119)
37. Pärtel, M., R. Kalamees, Ü. Reier, E-L. Tuvi, E. Roosaluste, A. Vellak, and M. Zobel. 2005. Grouping and prioritization of vascular plant species for conservation: combining natural rarity and management need. Biological Conservation 123 : 271 278. (Pubitemid 40427992)
38. Pärtel, M., A. Helm, T. Reitalu, J. Liira, and M. Zobel. 2007. Grassland diversity related to the Late Iron Age human population density. Journal of Ecology 95 : 574 582. (Pubitemid 46624085)
39. Pejchar, L., P. M. Morgan, M. R. Caldwell, C. Palmer, and G. C. Daily. 2007. Evaluating the potential for conservation development: biophysical, economic and institutional perspectives. Conservation Biology 21 : 69 78. (Pubitemid 46254030)
40. Pitman, C. A., J. Terborgh, M. R. Silman, and V. Nuńez. 1999. Tree species distributions in an upper Amazonian forest. Ecology 80 : 2651 2661. (Pubitemid 30001011)
41. Poschlod, P., and M. F. WallisDeVries. 2002. The historical and socioeconomic perspective of calcareous grasslands-lessons from the distant and recent past. Biological Conservation 104 : 361 376. (Pubitemid 34220049)
42. Pressey, R. L., and R. M. Cowling. 2001. Reserve selection algorithms and the real world. Conservation Biology 15 : 275 277. (Pubitemid 32180354)
43. Pressey, R. L., S. Ferrier, T. C. Hager, C. A. Woods, S. L. Tully, and K. M. Weinman. 1996. How well protected are the forests of north-eastern New South Wales? - Analyses of forest environments in relation to formal protection measures, land tenure, and vulnerability to clearing. Forest Ecology and Management 85 : 311 333. (Pubitemid 27025325)
44. Primack, R. B. 1993. Essentials of conservation biology. Sinauer Associates, Sunderland, Massachusetts.
45. Pykälä, J. 2000. Mitigating human effects on European biodiversity through traditional animal husbandry. Conservation Biology 14 : 705 712. (Pubitemid 30390726)
46. Rabinowitz, D. 1981. Seven forms of rarity. Pages 205 217 in H. Synge, editor. The biological aspects of rare plant conservation. John Wiley & Sons, New York.
47. Rabinowitz, D., S. Cairns, and T. Dillon. 1986. Seven forms of rarity and their frequency in the flora of the British isles. Pages 182 204 in M. E. Soulé, editor. Conservation biology. The science of scarcity and diversity. Sinauer Associates, Sunderland, Massachusetts.
48. Reier, Ü., E.-L. Tuvi, M. Pärtel, R. Kalamees, and M. Zobel. 2005. Threatened herbaceous species dependent on moderate forest disturbances: a neglected target for ecosystem-based silviculture. Scandinavian Journal of Forest Research 20 : 145 152. (Pubitemid 41659498)
49. Rodrigues, A. S. L., and K. J. Gaston. 2001. How large do reserve networks need to be? Ecology Letters 4 : 602 609. (Pubitemid 33105374)
50. Rodrigues, A. S. L., et al. 2004. Effectiveness of the global protected area network in representing species diversity. Nature 428 : 640 643. (Pubitemid 38524803)
51. Schwartz, M. W. 1999. Choosing the appropriate scale of reserves for conservation. Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics 30 : 83 108. (Pubitemid 30065622)
52. Sepp, K., H. Palang, Ü. Mander, and A. Kaasik. 1999. Prospects for nature and landscape protection in Estonia. Landscape and Urban Planning 46 : 161 167.
53. Svenning, J. C., S. Normand, and F. Skov. 2008. Postglacial dispersal limitation of widespread forest plant species in nemoral Europe. Ecography 31 : 316 326.
54. Teder, T., M. Moora, E. Roosaluste, K. Zobel, M. Pärtel, U. Kõljalg, and M. Zobel. 2007. Monitoring of biological diversity: a common-ground approach. Conservation Biology 21 : 313 317. (Pubitemid 46474721)
55. Turner, W. R., D. S. Wilcove, and H. M. Swain. 2006. Assessing the effectiveness of reserve acquisition programs in protecting rare and threatened species. Conservation Biology 20 : 1657 1669.
56. Veski, S., K. Koppel, and A. Poska. 2005. Integrated paleoecological and historical data in the service of fine-resolution land use and ecological change assessment during the last 1000 years in Rõuge, southern Estonia. Journal of Biogeography 32 : 1473 1488. (Pubitemid 41615375)
57. WallisDeVries, M. F., P. Poschlod, and J. H. Willems. 2002. Challenges for the conservation of calcareous grasslands in northwestern Europe: integrating the requirements of flora and fauna. Biological Conservation 104 : 265 273. (Pubitemid 34220039)
58. Wätzold, F., and K. Schwerdtner. 2005. Why be wasteful when preserving a valuable resource? A review article on the cost-effectiveness of European biodiversity conservation policy. Biological Conservation 123 : 327 338. (Pubitemid 40427997)
59. Wilson, K. A., et al. 2007. Conserving biodiversity efficiently: what to do, where, and when? Public Library of Science Biology 5 : e223.
60. Zar, J. H. 1996. Biostatistical analysis. Prentice-Hall, Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey.