Origin of Mediterranean insular endemics in the Boraginales: Integrative evidence from molecular dating and ancestral area reconstruction

Journal of Biogeography

Volumn 36, Issue 7, 2009, Pages 1282-1296

  Mansion, Guilhem ^a   Selvi, Federico ^b   Guggisberg, Alessia ^a   Conti, Elena ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF ZURICH   (Switzerland)

^b UNIVERSITY OF FLORENCE   (Italy)

Author keywords

Anchusa; Borago; Canary Islands; Continental fragment island; Corsica; Echium; Endemism; Oceanic island; Sardinia

Indexed keywords

BIOGEOGRAPHY; CHLOROPLAST; DICOTYLEDON; DIVERGENCE; DNA; ENDEMIC SPECIES; ENDEMISM; FOSSIL; HYPOTHESIS TESTING; MEDITERRANEAN ENVIRONMENT; MIOCENE; RECONSTRUCTION;

ATLANTIC ISLANDS; ATLANTIC OCEAN; CANARY ISLANDS; CORSE; EURASIA; EUROPE; FRANCE; ITALY; MACARONESIA; SARDINIA; SOUTHERN EUROPE; SPAIN; WESTERN EUROPE;

ANCHUSA; ANCHUSA CAPENSIS; BORAGO; ECHIUM;

EID: 65949086879     PISSN: 03050270     EISSN: 13652699     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2699.2009.02082.x     Document Type: Article

References (111)

1. Allan, G.J., Francisco-Ortega, J., Santos-Guerra, A., Boerner, E. Zimmer, E.A. (2004) Molecular phylogenetic evidence for the geographic origin and classification of Canary Island Lotus (Fabaceae: Loteae). Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 32, 123 138. (Pubitemid 38851935)
2. Alvarez, W., Cocozza, T. Wezel, F.C. (1974) Fragmentation of Alpine orogenic belt by microplate dispersal. Nature, 248, 309 314.
3. Asmussen, C.B. Chase, M.W. (2001) Coding and noncoding plastid DNA in palm systematics. American Journal of Botany, 88, 1103 1117. (Pubitemid 33651658)
4. Bacchetta, G. Pontecorvo, C. (2005) Contribution to the knowledge of the endemic vascular flora of Iglesiente (SW Sardinia-Italy). Candollea, 60, 481 501. (Pubitemid 43102361)
5. Bacchetta, G., Coppi, A., Pontecorvo, C. Selvi, F. (2008) Systematics, phylogenetic relationships and conservation of the taxa of Anchusa (Boraginaceae) endemic to Sardinia (Italy). Systematics and Biodiversity, 6, 161 174. (Pubitemid 351776962)
6. Barber, J.C., Francisco-Ortega, J., Santos-Guerra, A., Turner, K.G. Jansen, R.K. (2002) Origin of Macaronesian Sideritis L. (Lamioideae: Lamiaceae) inferred from nuclear and chloroplast sequence datasets. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 23, 293 306. (Pubitemid 34749751)
7. Böhle, U.-R., Hilger, H.H. Martin, W.F. (1996) Island colonisation and evolution of the insular woody habit in Echium L. (Boraginaceae). Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA, 93, 11740 11745. (Pubitemid 26347193)
8. Borchsenius, F. (2007) FastGap 1.0.8. Available at: http://192.38.46.42/ aubot/fb/FastGap-home.htm ; last accessed 19 November 2008.
9. Bramwell, D. (1972a) Revision of the genus Echium in Macaronesia. Lagascalia, 2, 37 115.
10. Bramwell, D. (1972b) Endemism in the flora of the Canary Islands. Taxonomy, phytogeography and evolution (ed. by D.H. Valentine pp. 141 159. Academic Press, London.
11. Cardona, M.A. Contandripoulos, J. (1977) L'endémisme dans les flores insulaires méditerranéennes. Mediterranea, 2, 49 77.
12. Cardona, M.A. Contandripoulos, J. (1979) Endemism and evolution in the islands of the Western Mediterranean. Plants and islands (ed. by D. Bramwell pp. 133 169. Academic Press, London.
13. Carine, M.A. (2005) Spatio-temporal relationships of the Macaronesian endemic flora: a relictual series or window of opportunity? Taxon, 54, 895 903. (Pubitemid 43219439)
14. Carine, M.A., Russell, S.J., Santos-Guerra, A. Francisco-Ortega, J. (2004) Relationships of the Macaronesian and Mediterranean floras: molecular evidence for multiple colonizations into Macaronesia and back-colonization of the continent in Convolvulus (Convolvulaceae). American Journal of Botany, 91, 1070 1085. (Pubitemid 43179839)
15. Carlquist, S. (1974) Island biology. Natural History Press, New York.
16. Carmignani, L., Decandia, F.A., Disperati, L., Fantozzi, P.L., Lazzarotto, A., Liotta, D. Oggiano, G. (1995) Relationships between the Tertiary structural evolution of the Sardinia-Corsica-Provencal Domain and the Northern Apennines. Terra Nova, 7, 128 137.
17. Carracedo, J.C., Day, S., Guillou, H., Rodríguez Badiola, E., Canas, J.A. Pérez Torrado, F.J. (1998) Hotspot volcanism close to a passive continental margin: the Canary Islands. Geological Magazine, 135, 591 604. (Pubitemid 128593788)
18. Chelebajeva, A.I. (1984) The genus Cordia (Boraginaceae) from the Paleogene of Kamchakta (Russian SFSR, USSR) and adjacent territories. Botanichnyi Zhurnal, 69, 605 615.
19. Collison, M.E. (1983) Fossil plants of the London Clay. Paleontological Association, London.
20. Contandriopoulos, J. (1981) Endémisme et origine de la flore de la Corse: mise au point des connaissances actuelles. Bolletino della Società Sarda di Scienze Naturali, 20, 187 230.
21. Contandriopoulos, J. (1990) Spécificité de l'endémisme corse. Atti dei Convegni Lincei, 85, 393 416.
22. Contandriopoulos, J. Cardona, M.A. (1984) Original character of the endemic flora in the Balearic Islands. Botanica Helvetica, 94, 101 132.
23. Cronk, Q.C.B. (1992) Relict floras of Atlantic Islands - patterns assessed. Biological Journal of the Linnean Society, 46, 91 103. (Pubitemid 24407791)
24. Cronk, Q.C.B. (1997) Islands: stability, diversity, conservation. Biodiversity and Conservation, 6, 477 493.
25. Doyle, J.A. Donoghue, M.J. (1993) Phylogenies and angiosperm diversification. Paleobiology, 19, 141 167. (Pubitemid 23393852)
26. Duggen, S., Hoernle, K., van den Bogaard, P., Rupke, L. Morgan, J.P. (2003) Deep roots of the Messinian Salinity Crisis. Nature, 422, 602 606. (Pubitemid 36460410)
27. Ehlers, J. Gibbard, P.L. (2004) Quaternary glaciations - extent and chronology. Part I: Europe. Elsevier, Amsterdam.
28. Engler, A. (1882) Versuch einer Entwicklungsgeschichte der Pflanzenwelt. Engelmann, Leipzig.
29. Favarger, C. Contandriopoulos, J. (1961) Essai sur l'endémisme. Bulletin de la Société Botanique Suisse, 77, 383 408.
30. Felsenstein, J. (1985) Confidence limits on phylogenies: an approach using the bootstrap. Evolution, 39, 783 791.
31. Francisco-Ortega, J., Santos-Guerra, A., Hines, H. Jansen, R.K. (1997) Molecular evidence for a Mediterranean origin of the Macaronesian endemic genus Argyranthemum (Asteraceae). American Journal of Botany, 84, 1595 1613. (Pubitemid 27513941)
32. Francisco-Ortega, J., Barber, J.C., Santos-Guerra, A., Febles-Hernández, R. Jansen, R.K. (2001) Origin and evolution of the endemic genera of Gonosperminae (Asteraceae: Anthemideae) from the Canary Islands: evidence from the nucleotide sequences of the internal transcribed spacers of the nuclear ribosomal DNA. American Journal of Botany, 88, 161 169.
33. Fromhage, L., Vences, M. Veith, M. (2004) Testing alternative vicariance scenarios in Western Mediterranean discoglossid frogs. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 31, 308 322. (Pubitemid 38403339)
34. Gabel, M.L. (1987) A fossil Lithospermum (Boraginaceae) from the Tertiary of South Dakota. American Journal of Botany, 74, 1690 1693. (Pubitemid 18298079)
35. Galley, C. Linder, H.P. (2006) Geographical affinities of the Cape flora, South Africa. Journal of Biogeography, 33, 236 250.
36. Gamisan, J. (1991) La végétation de la Corse. Conservatoire et Jardin botaniques, Geneva.
37. Gamisan, J. Jeanmonod, D. (1995) La flore de Corse: Bilan des connaissances, intérêt patrimonial et état de conservation. Ecologia Mediterranea, 21, 135 148.
38. Gillespie, R.G. Roderick, G.K. (2002) Arthropods on islands: colonization, speciation, and conservation. Annual Review of Entomology, 47, 595 632. (Pubitemid 34108592)
39. Gottschling, M., Hilger, H.H., Wolf, M. Diane, N. (2001) Secondary structure of the ITS1 transcript and its application in a reconstruction of the phylogeny of Boraginales. Plant Biology, 3, 629 636. (Pubitemid 34103065)
40. Gottschling, M., Mai, D.H. Hilger, H.H. (2002) The systematic position of Ehretia fossils (Ehretiaceae, Boraginales) from the European Tertiary and implications for character evolution. Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology, 121, 149 156. (Pubitemid 35235274)
41. Gottschling, M., Diane, N., Hilger, H.H. Weigend, M. (2004) Testing hypotheses on disjunctions present in the Primarily Woody Boraginales: Ehretiaceae, Cordiaceae, and Heliotropiaceae, inferred from ITS1 sequence data. International Journal of Plant Sciences, 165, S123 S135.
42. Gottschling, M., Miller, J.S., Weigend, M. Hilger, H.H. (2005) Congruence of a phylogeny of Cordiaceae (Boraginales) inferred from ITS1 sequence data with morphology, ecology, and biogeography. Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden, 92, 425 437. (Pubitemid 41546303)
43. Greuter, W. (1991) Botanical diversity, endemism, rarity, and extinction in the Mediterranean area: an analysis based on the published volumes of Med-Checklist. Botanika Chronika, 10, 63 79.
44. Guillou, H., Carracedo, J.C., Paris, R. Torrado, F.J.P. (2004) Implications for the early shield-stage evolution of Tenerife from K/Ar ages and magnetic stratigraphy. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 222, 599 614. (Pubitemid 38681609)
45. Helfgott, D.M., Francisco-Ortega, J., Santos-Guerra, A., Jansen, R.K. Simpson, B.B. (2000) Biogeography and breeding system evolution of the woody Bencomia alliance (Rosaceae) in Macaronesia based on ITS sequence data. Systematic Botany, 25, 82 97. (Pubitemid 30152837)
46. Hilger, H.H., Selvi, F., Papini, A. Bigazzi, M. (2004) Molecular systematics of Boraginaceae tribe Boragineae based on ITS1 and trnL sequences, with special reference to Anchusa s.l. Annals of Botany, 94, 201 212. (Pubitemid 41301668)
47. Hsü, K. (1972) When the Mediterranean dried up. American Scientist, 227, 27 37.
48. Hsü, K., Montadert, L., Bernoulli, D., Cita, M.B., Garrison, R.E., Kidd, R.B., Meleries, F., Muller, C. Wright, R. (1977) History of the Mediterranean Salinity Crisis. Nature, 267, 399 403.
49. Huelsenbeck, J.P. Ronquist, F. (2001) MRBAYES: Bayesian inference of phylogenetic trees. Bioinformatics, 17, 754 755. (Pubitemid 32851390)
50. Huelsenbeck, J.P., Larget, B., Miller, R.E. Ronquist, F. (2002) Potential applications and pitfalls of Bayesian inference of phylogeny. Systematic Biology, 51, 673 688. (Pubitemid 35294801)
51. Izquierdo, I., Martín, J.L., Zurita, N. Arechavaleta, M. (2004) Lista de especies silvestres de Canarias. Hongos, plantas y animales terrestres. Consejería de Política Territorial y Medio Ambiente, Gobierno de Canarias, Spain.
52. Johnson, L.A. Soltis, D.E. (1995) Phylogenetic inference in Saxifragaceae sensu stricto and Gilia (Polemoniaceae) using matK sequences. Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden, 82, 149 175.
53. Kishino, H., Thorne, J.L. Bruno, W.J. (2001) Performance of a divergence time estimation method under a probabilistic model of rate evolution. Molecular Biology and Evolution, 18, 352 361. (Pubitemid 32225084)
54. Krijgsman, W. (2002) The Mediterranean: Mare Nostrum of Earth sciences. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 205, 1 12. (Pubitemid 35432034)
55. Krijgsman, W., Hilgen, F.J., Raffi, I., Sierro, F.J. Wilson, D.S. (1999) Chronology, causes and progression of the Messinian salinity crisis. Nature, 400, 652 655.
56. Langström, E. Chase, M.W. (2002) Tribes of Boraginoideae (Boraginaceae) and placement of Antiphytum, Echiochilon, Ogastemma and Sericostoma: a phylogenetic analysis based on atpB plastid DNA sequence data. Plant Systematics and Evolution, 234, 137 153. (Pubitemid 35436639)
57. Linder, H.P., Hardy, C.R. Rutschmann, F. (2005) Taxon sampling effects in molecular clock dating: An example from the African Restionaceae. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 35, 569 582. (Pubitemid 40607950)
58. Lomolino, M.V., Riddle, B.R. Brown, J.H. (2006) Biogeography, 3rd edn. Sinauer, Sunderland, MA.
59. Mabberley, D.J. (2000) The plant book, 2nd edn. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
60. van der Made, J., Morales, J. Montoya, P. (2006) Late Miocene turnover in the Spanish mammal record in relation to palaeoclimate and the Messinian Salinity Crisis. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 238, 228 246. (Pubitemid 44175431)
61. Magallón, S.A. (2004) Dating lineages: molecular and paleontological approaches to the temporal framework of clades. International Journal of Plant Sciences, 165, S7 S21.
62. Major, J. (1988) Endemism: a botanical perspective. Analytical biogeography: an integrative approach to the study of animal and plant distribution (ed. by A.A. Myers P.S. Giller pp. 117 146. Chapman & Hall, London.
63. Mansion, G. Struwe, L. (2004) Generic delimitation and phylogenetic relationships within the subtribe Chironiinae (Chironieae: Gentianaceae), with special reference to Centaurium: evidence from nrDNA and cpDNA sequences. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 32, 951 977. (Pubitemid 39033549)
64. Mansion, G., Rosenbaum, G., Schoenenberger, N., Bacchetta, G., Rossello, J.A. Conti, E. (2008) Phylogenetic analysis informed by geological history supports multiple, sequential invasions of the Mediterranean Basin by the angiosperm family Araceae. Systematic Biology, 57, 269 285.
65. Mariotti, M. (1990) Floristic connections between the Corso-Sardinian domination and the Ligurian area. Atti dei Convegni Lincei, 85, 429 448.
66. McGuire, A.F. Kron, K.A. (2005) Phylogenetic relationships of European and African Ericas. International Journal of Plant Sciences, 166, 311 318. (Pubitemid 40428676)
67. Médail, F. Quézel, P. (1997) Hot-spot analysis for conservation in the Mediterranean basin. Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden, 84, 112 127.
68. Meulenkamp, J.E. Sissingh, W. (2003) Tertiary palaeogeography and tectonostratigraphic evolution of the Northern and Southern Peri-Tethys platforms and the intermediate domains of the African-Eurasian convergent plate boundary zone. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology Palaeoecology, 196, 209 228. (Pubitemid 36872788)
69. Nylander, J. (2004) MrModeltest 2.1. Evolutionary Biology Centre, Uppsala University, Sweden.
70. Olmstead, R.G. Sweere, J.A. (1994) Combining data in phylogenetic systematics: an empirical approach using three molecular data sets in the Solanaceae. Systematic Biology, 43, 467 481. (Pubitemid 24987229)
71. Palmer, M. Cambefort, Y. (2000) Evidence for reticulate palaeogeography: beetle diversity linked to connection-disjunction cycles of the Gibraltar strait. Journal of Biogeography, 27, 403 416. (Pubitemid 30661264)
72. Payson, E.B. (1927) A monograph of the section Oreocarya of Cryptantha. Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden, 14, 211 358.
73. Percy, D.M. Cronk, Q.C.B. (2002) Different fates of island brooms: contrasting evolution in Adenocarpus, Genista, and Teline (Genisteae, Fabaceae) in the Canary Islands and Madeira. American Journal of Botany, 89, 854 864. (Pubitemid 34527550)
74. Quézel, P. (1978) Analysis of the flora of Mediterranean and Saharan Africa. Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden, 65, 479 534.
75. Quilichini, A. Debussche, M. (2000) Seed dispersal and germination patterns in a rare Mediterranean island endemic (Anchusa crispa Viv., Boraginaceae). Acta Oecologica International Journal of Ecology, 21, 303 313. (Pubitemid 32108925)
76. Rambaut, A. (1996) Se-Al: Sequence Alignment Editor. Available at: http://tree.bio.ed.ac.uk/software/seal ; last accessed 19 November 2008.
77. Rambaut, A. Drummond, A.J. (2007) Tracer v1.4. Available at: http://tree.bio.ed.ac.uk/software/tracer ; last accessed 19 November 2008.
78. Ree, R.H., Moore, B.R., Webb, C.O. Donoghue, M.J. (2005) A likelihood framework for inferring the evolution of geographic range on phylogenetic trees. Evolution, 59, 2299 2311. (Pubitemid 41752644)
79. Reeves, G., Chase, M.W., Goldblatt, P., Rudall, P., Fay, M.F., Cox, A.V., Lejeune, B. Souza-Chies, T. (2001) Molecular systematics of Iridaceae: evidence from four plastid DNA regions. American Journal of Botany, 88, 2074 2087. (Pubitemid 33649786)
80. Reid, E.M. (1923) Nouvelles recherches sur les graines du Pliocene inférieur du Pont-de-Gail (Cantal). Bulletin de la Société Géologique de France, 23, 350 355.
81. Reyes-Betancort, J., Santos Guerra, A., Guma, I., Humphries, C. Carine, M. (2008) Diversidad, rareza, evolución y conservación de la flora endémica de las Islas Canarias. Anales del Jardín Botánico de Madrid, 65, 25 45.
82. Robertson, A.H.F. Grasso, M. (1995) Overview of the late Tertiary-Recent tectonic and palaeo-environmental development of the Mediterranean region. Terra Nova, 7, 114 127.
83. Roca, E. (2002) The Northwest-Mediterranean basin (Valencia Trough, Gulf of Lions and Liguro-Provencal basins): structure and geodynamic evolution. Peri-Tethys Memoir 6. PeriTethyan rift/wrench basins and passive margins (ed. by P.A. Ziegler, W. Cavazza, A.F.H. Robertson S. Crasquin-Soleau pp. 671 706. Editions du Muséum, Paris.
84. Rögl, F. (1999) Mediterranean and Paratethys. Facts and hypotheses of an Oligocene to Miocene paleogeography (short overview). Geologica Carpathica, 50, 339 349. (Pubitemid 30028524)
85. Ronquist, F. (1996) DIVA version 1.1. Computer program and manual available by anonymous FTP from Uppsala University (ftp://uu.se or ftp://systbot.uu.se).
86. Ronquist, F. (1997) Dispersal-vicariance analysis: a new approach to the quantification of historical biogeography. Systematic Biology, 46, 195 203.
87. Ronquist, F. Huelsenbeck, J.P. (2003) MrBayes 3: Bayesian phylogenetic inference under mixed models. Bioinformatics, 19, 1572 1574. (Pubitemid 37038874)
88. Rosenbaum, G., Lister, G.S. Duboz, C. (2002) Reconstruction of the tectonic evolution of the western Mediterranean since the Oligocene. Journal of the Virtual Explorer, 8, 107 130.
89. Rouchy, J.M. Caruso, A. (2006) The Messinian Salinity Crisis in the Mediterranean basin: a reassessment of the data and an integrated scenario. Sedimentary Geology, 188, 35 67. (Pubitemid 43840903)
90. Sang, T., Crawford, D.J. Stuessy, T.F. (1997) Chloroplast DNA phylogeny, reticulate evolution, and biogeography of Paeonia (Paeoniaceae). American Journal of Botany, 84, 1120 1136. (Pubitemid 28106981)
91. Sanmartín, I. (2003) Dispersal vs. vicariance in the Mediterranean: historical biogeography of the Palearctic Pachydeminae (Coleoptera, Scarabaeoidea). Journal of Biogeography, 30, 1883 1897. (Pubitemid 37519250)
92. Schoener, A. (1988) Experimental island biogeography. Analytical biogeography: an integrative approach to the study of animal and plant distribution (ed. by A.A. Myers P.S. Giller pp. 483 512. Chapman & Hall, London.
93. Segal, R. (1966) Taxonomic study of the fossil species of the genus Cryptantha (Boraginaceae). The Southwestern Naturalist, 11, 205 210.
94. Seibert, J. (1978) Fruchtanatomische Untersuchungen an Lithospermeae (Boraginaceae). J. Cramer, Vaduz.
95. Selvi, F. Bigazzi, M. (1998) Anchusa L. and allied genera (Boraginaceae) in Italy. Plant Biosystems, 132, 113 142.
96. Selvi, F., Coppi, A. Bigazzi, M. (2006) Karyotype variation, evolution and phylogeny in Borago (Boraginaceae), with emphasis on subgenus Buglossites in the Corso-Sardinian system. Annals of Botany, 98, 857 868. (Pubitemid 44545501)
97. Speranza, F., Villa, I.M., Sagnotti, L., Florindo, F., Cosentino, D., Cipollari, P. Mattei, M. (2002) Age of the Corsica-Sardinia rotation and Liguro-Provencal Basin spreading: new paleomagnetic and Ar/Ar evidence. Tectonophysics, 347, 231 251. (Pubitemid 34653424)
98. Stampfli, G., Marcoux, J. Baud, A. (1991) Tethyan margins in space and time. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 87, 373 409.
99. Swofford, D.L. (2002) PAUP*: phylogenetic analysis using parsimony (*and other methods). Version 4. Sinauer Associates, Sunderland, MA.
100. Taberlet, P., Gielly, L., Pautou, G. Bouvet, J. (1991) Universal primers for amplification of three noncoding regions of chloroplast DNA. Plant Molecular Biology, 17, 1105 1109.
101. Thorne, J.L. Kishino, H. (2002) Divergence time and evolutionary rate estimation with multilocus data. Systematic Biology, 51, 689 702. (Pubitemid 35294802)
102. Thorne, J.L., Kishino, H. Painter, I.S. (1998) Estimating the rate of evolution of the rate of molecular evolution. Molecular Biology and Evolution, 15, 1647 1657. (Pubitemid 28550989)
103. Vargas, P. (2007) Are Macaronesian islands refugia of relict plant lineages? A molecular survey. Phylogeography of Southern European refugia - evolutionary perspectives on the origins and conservation of European biodiversity (ed. by S. Weiss N. Ferrand pp. 297 314. Springer, Dordrecht.
104. Verlaque, R., Médail, F., Quézel, P. Babinot, J.-F. (1997) Endémisme végétal et paléogéographie dans le Bassin Méditerranéen. Geobios, 30, 159 166. (Pubitemid 127704437)
105. Wallace, A.R. (1902) Island life, 3rd edn. Macmillan, London.
106. Whittaker, R.J. Fernández-Palacios, J.M. (2007) Island biogeography: ecology, evolution, and conservation, 2nd edn. Oxford University Press, Oxford.
107. Wickens, G.E. (1976) The flora of the Jebel Marra (Sudan Republic) and its geographical affinities. Kew Bulletin Additional Series, 5, 1 368.
108. Wikström, N., Savolainen, V. Chase, M.W. (2001) Evolution of the angiosperms: calibrating the family tree. Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, 268, 2211 2220. (Pubitemid 33032897)
109. Wulff, E.V. (1950) An introduction to historical plant geography (translated from the Russian by E. Brissenden). Chronica Botanica, Waltham, MA.
110. Yang, Z. (2007) PAML 4: a program package for phylogenetic analysis by maximum likelihood. Molecular Biology and Evolution, 24, 1586 1591.
111. Zink, R.M., Blackwell-Rago, R.C. Ronquist, F. (2000) The shifting roles of dispersal and vicariance in biogeography. Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, 267, 497 503. (Pubitemid 30148217)