Nonnormal perturbation growth of pure thermohaline circulation using a 2D zonally averaged model

Journal of Physical Oceanography

Volumn 39, Issue 2, 2009, Pages 369-386

  Alexander, Julie ^a   Monahan, Adam H ^a,b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF VICTORIA   (Canada)

^b CANADIAN INSTITUTE FOR ADVANCED RESEARCH   (Canada)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ASYMPTOTICALLY STABLE; AVERAGED MODELS; DECAY TIME; DESTRUCTIVE INTERFERENCE; EIGEN MODES; INITIAL CONDITIONS; INTERANNUAL; INTERFERENCE PATTERNS; LINEAR STABILITY THEORY; NON-NORMALITY; NONNORMAL; OCEAN MODEL; OSCILLATING MODES; TANGENT LINEAR MODELS; TEMPERATURE ANOMALY; THERMOHALINE CIRCULATIONS; TIME-SCALE; TRANSIENT AMPLIFICATION;

OCEAN ENGINEERING; OCEANOGRAPHY; SALINITY MEASUREMENT;

AMPLIFICATION;

AMPLIFICATION; MODEL; PERTURBATION; SALINITY; TEMPERATURE ANOMALY; THERMOHALINE CIRCULATION;

EID: 65649144785     PISSN: 00223670     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1175/2008JPO3847.1     Document Type: Article

References (50)

1. Aeberhardt, M., M. Blatter, and T. F. Stocker, 2000: Variability on the century time scale and regime changes in a stochastically forced zonally averaged ocean-atmosphere model. Geophys. Res. Lett., 27, 1303-1306.
2. Aiken, C. M., A. M. Moore, and J. H. Middleton, 2002: The nonnormality of coastal ocean flows around obstacles, and their response to stochastic forcing. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 32, 2955-2974.
3. Clark, P. U., N. G. Pisias, and T. F. Stocker, 2002: The role of the thermohaline circulation in abrupt climate change. Nature, 415, 863-869.
4. DelSole, T., and B. F. Farrell, 1995: A stochastically excited linear system as a model for quasigeostrophic turbulence: Analytic results for one- and two-layer fluids. J. Atmos. Sci., 52, 2531-2547.
5. Farrell, B. F., and P. J. Ioannou, 1993a: Stochastic dynamics of baroclinic waves. J. Atmos. Sci., 50, 4044-4057.
6. Farrell, B. F., and P. J. Ioannou, 1993b: Stochastic forcing of perturbation variance in unbounded shear and deformation flows. J. Atmos. Sci., 50, 200-211.
7. Farrell, B. F., and P. J. Ioannou, 1995: Stochastic dynamics of the midlatitude atmospheric jet. J. Atmos. Sci., 52, 1642-1656.
8. Farrell, B. F., and P. J. Ioannou, 1996: Generalized stability theory. Part I: Autonomous operators. J. Atmos. Sci., 53, 2025-2040.
9. Ganachaud, A., and C. Wunsch, 2000: Improved estimates of global ocean circulation, heat transport and mixing from hydrographic data. Nature, 408, 453-457.
10. Griffies, S. M., and E. Tziperman, 1995: A linear thermohaline oscillator driven by stochastic atmospheric forcing. J. Climate, 8, 2440-2453.
11. Hirschi, J., and T. F. Stocker, 2002: Rapid changes of the oceanic circulation in a hierarchy of ocean models. Tellus, 54A, 273-287.
12. Huck, T., and G. K. Vallis, 2001: Linear stability of the threedimensional thermally driven ocean circulation: Application to interdecadal oscillations. Tellus, 53A, 526-545.
13. Knutti, R., and T. F. Stocker, 2002: Limited predictability of the future thermohaline circulation close to an instability threshold. J. Climate, 15, 179-186.
14. Knutti, R., T. F. Stocker, and D. G. Wright, 2000: The effects of subgrid-scale parameterizations in a zonally averaged ocean model. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 30, 2738-2752.
15. Kuhlbrodt, T., A. Griesel, M. Montoya, A. Levermann, M. Hofmann, and S. Rahmstorf, 2007: On the driving processes of the Atlantic meridional overturning circulation. Rev. Geophys., 45, RG2001, doi:10.1029/2004RG000166.
16. Levitus, S., 1982: Climatological Atlas of the World Ocean. NOAA Prof. Paper 13, 173 pp and 17 microfiche.
17. Lohmann, B., and J. Schneider, 1999: Dynamics and predictability of Stommel's box model: A phase-space perspective with implications for decadal climate variability. Tellus, 51A, 326-336.
18. Manabe, S., and R. J. Stouffer, 1999: Are two modes of thermohaline circulation stable? Tellus, 51A, 400-411.
19. McManus, J., R. Francois, J. M. Gherardi, L. D. Keigwin, and S. Brown-Leger, 2004: Collapse and rapid resumption of Atlantic meridional circulation linked to deglacial climate changes. Nature, 428, 834-837.
20. Meehl, G. A., and Coauthors, 2007: Global climate change projections. Climate Change 2007: The Physical Science Basis, S. Solomon et al., Eds., Cambridge University Press, 747-846.
21. Monahan, A. H., J. Alexander, and A. J. Weaver, 2008: Stochastic models of the meridional overturning circulation: Time scales and patterns of variability. Philos. Trans. Roy. Soc. London, 366A, 2527-2544.
22. Moore, A. M., C. L. Perez, and J. Zavala-Garay, 2002: A nonnormal view of the wind-driven ocean circulation. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 32, 2681-2705.
23. Moore, A. M., J. Vialard, A. T. Weaver, D. L. T. Anderson, R. Kleeman, and J. R. Johnson, 2003: The role of air-sea interaction in controlling the optimal perturbations of lowfrequency tropical coupled ocean-atmosphere modes. J. Climate, 16, 951-968.
24. O'Hare, G., A. Johnson, and R. Pope, 2005: Current shifts in abrupt climate change: The stability of the North Atlantic conveyor and its influence on future climate. Geography, 90, 250-266.
25. Pasquero, C., and E. Tziperman, 2004: Effects of a winddriven gyre on thermohaline circulation variability. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 34, 805-816.
26. Pedlosky, J., 1987: Geophysical Fluid Dynamics. Springer-Verlag, 624 pp.
27. Rahmstorf, S., 2002: Ocean circulation and climate during the past 120,000 years. Nature, 419, 207-214.
28. Schmidt, G., and L. Mysak, 1996: The stability of a zonally averaged thermohaline circulation model. Tellus, 48A, 158-178.
29. Schmittner, A., and T. F. Stocker, 1999: The stability of the thermohaline circulation in global warming experiments. J. Climate, 12, 1117-1133.
30. Schmittner, A., and T. F. Stocker, 2001: A seasonally forced ocean-atmosphere model for paleoclimate studies. J. Climate, 14, 1055-1068.
31. Schmittner, A., and A. J. Weaver, 2001: Dependence of multiple climate states on ocean mixing parameters. Geophys. Res. Lett., 28, 1027-1030.
32. Sevellec, F., M. B. Jelloul, and T. Huck, 2007: Optimal surface salinity perturbations influencing the thermohaline circulation. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 37, 2789-2808.
33. Stocker, T. F., and D. G. Wright, 1991: Rapid transitions of the ocean's deep circulation induced by changes in surface water fluxes. Nature, 351, 729-732.
34. Stocker, T. F., and D. G. Wright, 1996: Rapid changes in ocean circulation and atmospheric radiocarbon. Paleoceanography, 11, 773-795.
35. Stocker, T. F., D. G. Wright, and W. S. Broecker, 1992a: The influence of highlatitude surface forcing on the global thermohaline circulation. Paleoceanography, 7, 529-541.
36. Stocker, T. F., D. G. Wright, and L. A. Mysak, 1992b: A zonally averaged, coupled ocean-atmosphere model for paleoclimate studies. J. Climate, 5, 773-797.
37. Stocker, T. F., W. S. Broecker, and D. G. Wright, 1994: Carbon uptake experiments with a zonally-averaged global ocean circulation model. Tellus, 46B, 103-122.
38. Stommel, H., 1961: Thermohaline convection with two stable regimes of flow. Tellus, 13, 224-230.
39. Trefethen, L. N., 1997: Pseudospectra of linear operators. SIAM Rev., 39, 383-406.
40. Tziperman, E., 1997: Inherently unstable climate behaviour due to weak thermohaline ocean circulation. Nature, 386, 592-595.
41. Tziperman, E., and P. J. Ioannou, 2002: Transient growth and optimal excitation of thermohaline variability. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 32, 3427-3435.
42. Tziperman, E., L. Zanna, and C. Penland, 2008: Nonnormal thermohaline circulation dynamics in a coupled ocean-atmosphere GCM. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 38, 588-604.
43. Vellinga, M., 1996: Instability of two-dimensional thermohaline circulation. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 26, 305-319.
44. Vellinga, M., and R. A. Wood, 2002: Global climatic impacts of a collapse of the Atlantic thermohaline circulation. Climatic Change, 54, 251-257.
45. Weaver, A., C. Bitz, A. Fanning, and M. Holland, 1999: Thermohaline circulation: High-latitude phenomena and the difference between the Pacific and Atlantic. Annu. Rev., 27, 231-285.
46. Wright, D. G., and T. F. Stocker, 1991: A zonally averaged ocean model for the thermohaline circulation. Part I: Model development and flow dynamics. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 21, 1713-1724.
47. Wright, D. G., and T. F. Stocker, 1992: Sensitivities of a zonally averaged global ocean circulation model. J. Geophys. Res., 97, 12 707-12 730.
48. Wright, D. G., C. B. Vreugdenhil, and T. M. C. Hughes, 1995: Notes and correspondence: Vorticity dynamics and zonally averaged ocean circulation models. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 25, 2141-2154.
49. Zanna, L., and E. Tziperman, 2005: Nonnormal amplification of the thermohaline circulation. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 35, 1593-1605.
50. Zanna, L., and E. Tziperman, 2008: Optimal surface excitation of the thermohaline circulation. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 38, 1820-1830.