Clinical implications of epidural fat in the spinal canal. A scanning electron microscopic study

Acta Anaesthesiologica Belgica

Volumn 60, Issue 1, 2009, Pages 7-17

  Reina, M A ^a,f   Franco, C D ^b   Lopez A ^a   De Andres J A ^c   van Zundert, André ^d,e  

^a Hospital Universitario Madrid Montepríncipe   (Spain)

^b RUSH UNIVERSITY MEDICAL CENTER   (United States)

^c HOSPITAL GENERAL UNIVERSITARIO DE VALENCIA   (Spain)

^d CATHARINA HOSPITAL   (Netherlands)

^e GHENT UNIVERSITY HOSPITAL   (Belgium)

^f UNIVERSIDAD SAN PABLO CEU   (Spain)

Author keywords

Dural sac; Dural sleeves; Epidural fat; Epidural space

Indexed keywords

ADIPOSE TISSUE; ANESTHESIA MECHANISM; ANGIOLIPOMA; ARTICLE; CELL COUNT; CELL STRUCTURE; EPIDURAL ANESTHESIA; EPIDURAL FAT; EPIDURAL SPACE; FAT CONTENT; HUMAN; KYPHOSCOLIOSIS; LAMINECTOMY; LIPID STORAGE; LIPOMATOSIS; NUCLEAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING; OBESITY; RISK FACTOR; SCANNING ELECTRON MICROSCOPE; SPINAL ROOT; TISSUE DISTRIBUTION; VERTEBRAL CANAL; VERTEBRAL CANAL STENOSIS;

ADIPOSE TISSUE; ADULT; EPIDURAL SPACE; HUMANS; MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING; MICROSCOPY, ELECTRON, SCANNING; SPINAL CANAL;

EID: 65649122309     PISSN: 00015164     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: None     Document Type: Article

References (57)

1. Reina M. A., Pulido P., Castedo J., Villanueva M. C., López A., De Sola R., Characteristics and distribution of normal human epidural fat, REV. ESP. ANESTESIOL. REANIM., 53, 363-372, 2006.
2. Hogan Q. H., Lumbar epidural anatomy. A new look by cryomicrotome section, ANAESTHESIOLOGY, 75, 767-775, 1991.
3. Hogan Q., Epidural anatomy examined by cryomicrotome section. Influence of age, vertebral level, and disease, REG. ANESTH., 21, 395-406, 1996.
4. Hogan Q, Toth J., Anatomy of soft tissues of the spinal canal, REG. ANESTH. PAIN MED., 24, 303-310, 1999.
5. Reina M. A., Pulido P., Castedo J. Villanueva M. C., López A., De Sola R., Epidural fat in different pathologies, REV. ESP. ANESTESIOL. REANIM., 54, 29-40, 2007.
6. Daniel M., Doyon D., Bekkali F., Delvalle A., Francke J. P., MRI of normal spinal epidural fat, J. RADIOL., 73, 695-698, 1992.
7. Cheng P. A., The anatomical and clinical aspects of epidural anesthesia, ANESTH. ANALG., 42, 398-406, 1963.
8. Parkin I. G., Harrison G. R., The topographical anatomy of the lumbar epidural space, J. ANAT., 141, 211-217, 1985.
9. Husemeyer R. P., White D. C., Topography of the lumbar epidural space. A study in cadavers using injected polyester resin, ANAESTHESIA, 35, 7-11, 1980.
10. Harrison G. R., Parkin I. G., Shah J. L., Resin injection studies of the lumbar extradural space, BR. J. ANAESTH., 57, 333-336, 1985.
11. Reynolds A. F., Roberts P. A., Pollay M., Stratemeier P. H., Quantitative anatomy of the thoracolumbar epidural space, NEUROSURGERY, 17, 905-907, 1985.
12. Savolaine E. R., Pandya J. B., Geenblatt S. H., Conover S.R. Anatomy of the human lumbar epidural space: New insights using CT-epidurography, ANESTHESIOLOGY, 68, 217-220, 1988.
13. Blomberg R., Olsson S. S., The lumbar epidural space patients examined with epiduroscopy, ANESTH. ANALG., 68, 157-160, 1989.
14. Blomberg R., The dorsomedian connective tissue band in the lumbar epidural space of humans: An anatomical study using epiduroscopy in autopsy cases, ANESTH. ANALG., 65, 747-752, 1986.
15. Reina M. A., Villanueva M. C., Machés F., Carrera A., López A., De Andrés J. A., Ultrastructure of human spinal root cuffs in lumbar spine, ANESTH. ANALG., 106, 339-344, 2008.
16. Reina M. A., Villanueva M. C., López A., De Andrés J. A., Fat inside the dural sheath of lumbar nerve roots in humans, REV. ESP. ANESTESIOL. REANIM., 54, 169-172, 2007.
17. Fawcett D. W. Tratado de histología. Bloom Fawcett. 12th ed. New York: Interamericana, 189-202, 1996.
18. Geneser F., Histología, 3° Ed. Buenos Aires: Panamericana, 227-233, 2000.
19. Sternberg S. S., Histology for pathologists, 2da ed. Lippincott-Raven: Philadelphia, 167-196, 1997.
20. Ramsey H. J., Fat in the epidural space in young and adult cats, AM. J. ANAT., 104, 345-379, 1959.
21. Beaujeux R., Wolfram-Gabel R., Kehrli P., Fabre M., Dietemann J. L., Maitrot D., Bourjat P., Posterior lumbar epidural fat as a functional structure ? Histologic specificities, SPINE, 22, 1264-1268, 1997.
22. Beaujeux R., Dietemann J. L., Allal R., Wolfram-Gabel R., Posterior epidural adipose tissue and the narrow lumbar canal: Replacement tissue or cause of impingement?, J. NEURORADIOL., 22, 63-70, 1995.
23. Wolfram-Gabel R., Beaujeux R., Fabre M., Kehrli P., Dietemann J. L., Bourjat P., Histologic characteristics of posterior lumbar epidural fatty tissue, J. NEURORADIOL., 23, 19-25, 1996.
24. Ellis H., Feldman S.,Anatomy for anaesthetists, 3ra ed. Oxford: Blackwell Scientific Publications, 138-143, 1979.
25. Reina M. A., Dittmann M., López A., van Zundert A., New Perspectives in the Microscopic Structure of Human Dura Mater in the dorsolumbar region, REG. ANESTH., 22, 161-166, 1997.
26. Reina M. A., López A., Dittmann M., De Andrés J. A., Analysis of the external and internal surface of human dura mater with scanning electron microscopy, REV. ESP. ANESTESIOL. REANIM. , 43, 130-134, 1996.
27. Reina M. A., López A., Dittmann M., De Andrés J. A., Structural analysis of the thickness of human dura mater with scanning electron microscopy, REV. ESP. ANESTESIOL. REANIM., 43, 135-137, 1996.
28. Reina M. A., Pulido P., López A., The human dural sac, REV. ARG. ANESTESIOL., 65, 167-184, 2007.
29. Dixon A. K., Who has most epidural fat ? Information from computed tomography, BR. J. RADIOL., 59, 475-480, 1986.
30. Wu H. T., Schweitzer M. E., Parker L., Is epidural fat associated with body habitus ?, J. COMPUT. ASSIST. TOMOGR., 29, 99-102, 2005.
31. Daniel M., Doyon D., Bekkali F., Delvalle A., Francke J. P., Husson B., Raybaud C., Thiberge M., MRI of the spinal epidural fat in pathology, J. RADIOL., 73, 595-603, 1992.
32. Badami J. P., Hinck V. C., Symptomatic deposition of epidural fat in a morbidly obese woman, A.J.N.R., 3, 664-665, 1982.
33. Borstlap A. C., van Rooij W. J., Sluzewki M., Leyten A. C., Beute G., Reversibility of lumbar epidural lipomatosis in obese Patients after weight reduction diet, NEURORADIOLOGY, 37, 670-673, 1995.
34. Kumar K., Nath R. K., Naier C. P., Tchang S. P., Symptomatic epidural lipomatosis secondary to obesity, J. NEUROSURG., 85, 348-350, 1996.
35. Alicioglu B., Sarac A., Tokuc B., Does abdominal obesity cause increase in the amount of epidural fat ?, EUR. SPINE J., 17, 1324-8, 2008.
36. Fessler R., Johnson D., Brown F., Erickson R., Reid S., Kranzler L., Epidural lipomatosis in steroid-treated patients, SPINE, 17, 183-188, 1992.
37. Gero B. T., Chynn K. Y., Symptomatic spinal epidural lipomatosis without exogenous steroid intake. Report of a cause with magnetic resonance imaging, NEURORADIOLOGY, 31, 190-192, 1989.
38. Sivakumar K., Sheinart K., Lidov M., Cohen B., Symptomatic spinal epidural lipomatosis in a patient with Cushing's disease, NEUROLOGY, 45, 2281-2283, 1995.
39. Roy-Camille R., Mazel C., Husson J., Saillant G., Symptomatic spinal epidural lipomatosis induced by longterm steroid treatment, SPINE , 16, 1365-1371, 1991.
40. Al-Khawaja D., Seex K., Eslick G. D., Spinal epidural lipomatosis. Abrief review, J. CLIN. NEUROSCI., 15, 1323-1326, 2008.
41. Akhaddar A., Ennouali H., Gazzaz M., Naama O., Elmostarchid B., Boucetta M., Idiopathic spinal epidural lipomatosis without obesity: A case with relapsing and remitting course, SPINAL CORD, 46, 243-4, 2008.
42. Kotilainen E., Hohenthal U., Karhu J., Kotilainen P., Spinal epidural lipomatosis caused by corticosteroid treatment in ulcerative colitis, EUR. J. INTERN. MED., 17, 138-140, 2006.
43. Akhaddar A., Gazzaz M., Derraz S., Rifi L., Amarti A., Aghzadi A., El Quahabi A., El Khamlichi A., Spinal epidural angiolipomas: A rare cause of spinal cord compression. A report of 8 cases and review of the literature, Neurochirurgie, 46, 523-533, 2000.
44. Rocchi G., Caroli E., Frati A., Cimatti M., Savlati M., Lumbar spinal angiolipomas: Report of two cases and review of the literature, SPINAL CORD, 42, 313-316, 2004.
45. Amlashi S. F., Morandi X., Chabert E., Riffaud L., Haegelen C., Rolland Y., Spinal epidural angiolipoma, J. NEURORADIOL., 28, 253-256, 2001.
46. Gelabert-Gonzalez M., Agulleiro-Diaz J., Reyes-Santias R. M., Spinal extradural angiolipoma, with a literature review, CHILDS NERV. SYST., 18, 725-728, 2002.
47. Park J. H., Jeon S. R., Rhim S. C., Roh S. W., Lumbar spinal extradural angiolipoma: Case report and review of the literature, J. KOREAN NEUROSURG. SOC., 44, 265-267, 2008.
48. Prasartritha T., Suntisathaporn N., Vathana P., Sriphojanart C., The size of the vertebral canal and the significance of epidural fat in lumbar spinal stenosis, J. MED. ASSOC. THAI., 80, 247-256, 1997.
49. Herzog R. J., Kaiser J. A., Saal J. A., Saal J. S., The importance of posterior epidural fat pad in lumbar central canal stenosis, SPINE , 16, S227-233, 1991.
50. Ummenhofer W. C., Arends R. H., Shen D. D., Bernards C. M., Comparative spinal distribution and clearance kinetics of intrathecally administered morphine, fentanyl, alfentanil, and sufentanil, ANESTHESIOLOGY, 92, 739-753, 2000.
51. Lirk R, Moriggl B., Colvin J., Keller C., Kirchmair L., Rieder J., Kolbitsch C., The incidence of lumbar ligamentum flavum midline gaps, ANESTH. ANALG., 98, 1178-1180, 2004.
52. Lang S. A., Korzeniewski P., Buie D., Du Plessis S., Paterson K., Morris G., Repeated failure of epidural analgesia: An association with epidural fat ?, REG. ANESTH. PAIN MED., 27, 494-500, 2002.
53. Higuchi H., Adachi Y, Kazama T., Factors Affecting the Spread and Duration of Epidural Anesthesia with Ropivacaine, ANESTHESIOLOGY , 101, 451-460, 2004.
54. Lee I., Yamagishi N., Oboshi K., Yamada H., Eliminating the effect of epiduralfat during dorsolumbar epidural analgesia in cattle, VET. ANAESTH. ANALG., 31, 86-89, 2004.
55. Takiguchi T., Yamaguchi S., Furukawa N., Hashizume Y., Tezuka M., Kitajima T., Morphological findings in MRI to be considered in perfoming spinal and epidural anesthesia, MASUI, 55, 1023-1030, 2006.
56. Reina M. A., López A., De Andrés J. A., Origin of spinal subdural hematomas: A postmortem anatomical study, REV. ESP. ANESTESIOL. REANIM., 51, 240-246, 2004.
57. Reina M. A., Villanueva M. C., López A., Trabecular arachnoid membrane, human spinal piamater and subarachnoid anesthesia, REV. ARG. ANEST., 66, 111-133, 2008.