Introduction: Towards a global history of modernization

Diplomatic History

Volumn 33, Issue 3, 2009, Pages 375-385

  Engerman, David C ^a   Unger, Corinna R ^a  

^a NONE

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 65449184093     PISSN: 01452096     EISSN: 14677709     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/j.1467-7709.2009.00776.x     Document Type: Editorial

References (40)

1. Frederick Cooper, "Modernity," in Cooper, Colonialism in Question: Theory, Knowledge, History (Berkeley, CA, 2005), 148.
2. Walt Whitman, "One Thought Ever at the Fore" (1891), in Complete Poems, ed. Francis Murphy (London, 1975), 558 - quoted in Max F. Millikan and W. W. Rostow, A Proposal: Key to an Effective Foreign Policy (New York, 1958), 151.
3. By way of definition, the articles in this symposium deal with historical efforts to induce overall modernization with economic change being the primary lever for creating a modern society, culture, and polity. These articles take an ecumenical view of modernization as an intellectual agenda and set of policies and practices. They try to avoid replicating the protagonists' perspective uncritically; instead, they aim to historicize modernization policies and programs and to contextualize them in their larger mental and structural frameworks.
4. Arturo Escobar, Encountering Development: The Making and Unmaking of the Third World (Princeton, NJ, 1995); Wolfgang Sachs, ed., The Development Dictionary: A Guide to Knowledge as Power (London, 1992).
5. Walter Rodney, How Europe Underdeveloped Africa (London, 1972); Andre Gunder Frank, Capitalism and Underdevelopment in Latin America: Historical Studies of Chile and Brazil (New York, 1967).
6. Roland Popp, "An Application of Modernization Theory during the Cold War? The Case of Pahlavi Iran," International History Review 3, no. 1 (2008): 76-98; Mark T. Berger, "The Rise and Demise of Postwar Development and the Origins of Post-Cold War Capitalism," Millennium-Journal of International Studies 30, no. 2 (June 2001), 211-34; Ron Robin, The Making of the ColdWar Enemy: Culture and Politics in theMilitary-Intellectual Complex (Princeton, NJ, 2001); Mark Solovey, "Project Camelot and the 1960s Epistemological Revolution: Rethinking the Politics-Patronage-Social Science Nexus," Social Studies of Science 31, no. 2 (2001): 171-206; Narayan Khadka, "U.S. Aid to Nepal in the ColdWar Period: Lessons for the Future," Pacific Affairs 73, no. 1 (2000): 77-95: Dustin M.Wax, ed., Anthropology at the Dawn of the Cold War: The Influence of Foundations, McCarthyism, and the CIA (London, 2008).
7. Nick Cullather, "Development? It's History," Diplomatic History 24, no. 4 (2000): 641-53
8. Robert A. Packenham, Liberal America and the Third World: Political Development Ideas in Foreign Aid and Social Science (Princeton, NJ, 1973); Nils Gilman, Mandarins of the Future: Modernization Theory in Cold War America (Baltimore, 2003).
9. Michael E. Latham, Modernization as Ideology: American Social Science and "Nation Building" in the Kennedy Era (Chapel Hill, NC, 2000).
10. Amy L. S. Staples, The Birth of Development: How the World Bank, Food and Agriculture Organization, and World Health Organization Changed the World, 1945-1965 (Kent, OH, 2006).
11. Timothy Mitchell, Rule of Experts: Egypt, Techno-politics, Modernity (Berkeley, CA, 2002); Tania M. Li, The Will to Improve: Governmentality, Development, and the Practice of Politics (Durham, NC, 2007); Akhil Gupta, Postcolonial Developments: Agriculture in the Making of Modern India (Durham, NC, 1998); James Ferguson, The Anti-Politics Machine: "Development," Depoliticization, and Bureaucratic Power in Lesotho (Cambridge, England, 1990).
12. Christian Jetzlsperger, "Die Emanzipation der Entwicklungspolitik von der Hallstein-Doktrin: Die Krise der deutschen Nahostpolitik von 1965, die Entwicklungspolitik und der Ost-West-Konflikt," Historisches Jahrbuch 121 (2001): 320-66; Heide-Irene Schmidt, "Pushed to the Front: The Foreign Assistance Policy of the Federal Republic of Germany, 1958-1971," Journal of Contemporary European History 12, no. 4 (2003): 473-507; Hendrik Grote, "Von der Entwicklungshilfe zur Entwicklungspolitik: Voraussetzungen, Strukturen undMentalitäten der bundesdeutschen Entwicklungshilfe 1949-1961," Vorgänge 43, no. 2 (2004): 24-35; Andreas Eckert, "Exportschlager Wohlfahrtsstaat? Europäische Sozialstaatlichkeit und Kolonialismus in Afrika nach dem Zweiten Weltkrieg," Geschichte und Gesellschaft 32, no. 4 (2006): 467-88.
13. Contemporary European History 12, no. 4 (2003) - especially Gérard Bossuat on France, Esther Helena Arens on the Netherlands, and Jim Tomlinson on the United Kingdom.
14. Marc Frey, "Control, Legitimacy, and the Securing of Interests: European Development Policy in South-East Asia from the Late Colonial Period to the Early 1960s," Contemporary European History 12, no. 4 (2003): 395-412; Stephan Malinowski, "Modernisierungskriege? Militärische Gewalt und koloniale Modernisierung am Beispiel des Algerienkrieges (1954-1962)," Archiv für Sozialgeschichte 48 (2008): 213-48; Corinna R. Unger, "Rourkela, ein 'Stahlwerk im Dschungel': Industrialisierung, Modernisierung und Entwicklungshilfe im Kontext von Dekolonisation und Kaltem Krieg (1950-1970)," Archiv für Sozialgeschichte 48 (2008): 367-88.
15. See Sebastian Conrad and Jürgen Osterhammel, eds., Das Kaiserreich transnational: Deutschland in der Welt 1871-1914 (Göttingen, Germany, 2004). For recent research on Germany's colonial legacies, see Andreas Eckert and Albert Wirtz, "Wir nicht, die Anderen auch: Deutschland und der Kolonialismus," in Jenseits des Eurozentrismus: Postkoloniale Perspektiven in den Geschichts- und Kulturwissenschaften, ed. Sebastian Conrad and Shalini Randeria (Frankfurt am Main, Germany, 2002), 372-92; Dirk van Laak, Imperiale Infrastruktur: Deutsche Planungen für eine Erschließung Afrikas 1880 bis 1960 (Paderborn, Germany, 2004); Boris Barth and Jürgen Osterhammel, eds., Zivilisierungsmissionen: Imperiale Weltverbesserung seit dem 18. Jahrhundert (Konstanz, Germany, 2005).
16. Martin Rudner, "East European Aid to Asian Developing Countries: The Legacy of the Communist Era," Modern Asian Studies 30, no. 1 (1996): 1-28; Gregory R. Witkowski, "Spenden für die DritteWelt zwischen kirchlichen und politischen Interessen in der DDR," in Stifter, Spender, und Mäzene: USA und Deutschland im historischen Vergleich, ed. Thomas Adams, Gabriele Lingelbach, and Simone Lässig (Stuttgart, Germany, 2009 in press); Hubertus Büschel, "In Afrika helfen: Akteure westdeutscher 'Entwicklungshilfe' und ostdeutscher 'Solidaritat' 1955-1975," Archiv für Sozialgeschichte 48 (2008): 333-65.
17. Jude Howell, "The End of an Era: The Rise and Fall of G.D.R. Aid," Journal of Modern African Studies 32, no. 2 (1994): 305-28; Young-Sun Hong, "'The Science of Health Must Spread Among All': International Solidarity and the Socialist New Man in the Era of Decolonization," in Socialist Modern: East German Everyday Culture and Politics, ed. Paul Betts and Katherine Pence (Ann Arbor, MI, 2008), 183-210; Hans-Joachim Spanger and L. Brock, Die beiden deutschen Staaten in der DrittenWelt: Die Entwicklungspolitik der DDR, eine Herausforderung für die Bundesrepublik Deutschland (Opladen, Germany, 1987); Sara Lorenzini, Due Germanie in Africa: La cooperazione allo sviluppo e la competizione per i mercati di materie prime e tecnologia (Firenze, Italy, 2003).
18. Andrzej Korbonski and Francis Fukuyama, eds., The Soviet Union and the Third World: The Last Three Decades (Ithaca, NY, 1987); Roger Kanet, ed., The Soviet Union and the Developing Nations (Baltimore, MD, 1974); Marshall Goldman, Soviet Economic Aid; Joseph S. Berliner, Soviet Economic Aid: The New Aid Trade Policy in Underdeveloped Countries (New York, 1958); Andreas Hilger, "Revolutionsideologie, Systemkonkurrenz oder Entwicklungspolitik? Sowjetisch-indische Wirtschaftsbeziehungen in Chruschtschows Kaltem Krieg," Archiv für Sozialgeschichte 48 (2008): 389-410.
19. Julie Hessler, "Death of an African Student in Moscow: Race, Politics and the Cold War," Cahiers du monde russe 47:1-2 (July 2006): 33-64; Constantin Katsakioris, "L'Union soviétique et les intellectuels Africains: Internationalisme, panafricanisme et negritude pendant les années de la décolonisation, 1955-1964," Cahiers du monde russe 47:1-2 (July 2006), 15-32; Katsakioris, "Transferts est-sud: Echanges éducatifs et formation de cadres africains en Union soviétique pendant les années soixante," Outre-Mers. Revue d'histoire 1 (January-June 2007), 83-106. Ragna Boden, Die Grenzen der Weltmacht: Sowjetische Indonesienpolitik von Stalin bis Breẑnev (Stuttgart, 2006); Maxim Matusevich, No Easy Row for the Russian Hoe: Ideology and Pragmatism in Nigerian-Soviet Relations, 1960-1991 (Trenton, NJ, 2003).
20. Victor Koschmann, "Modernization and Democratic Values: The 'Japanese Model' in the 1960s," in Staging Growth: Modernization, Development, and the Global Cold War, ed. David C. Engerman et al. (Amherst, MA, 2003), 225-49 and Gregg Andrew Brazinsky, "Koreanizing Modernization: Modernization Theory and South Korean Intellectuals," in Staging Growth, 251-73; Nick Cullather, "Fuel for the Good Dragon: The United States and Industrial Policy in Taiwan," Diplomatic History 20, no. 1 (1996), 1-26; Pradip K. Gosh, Developing South Asia: A Modernization Perspective (Westport, CT, 1984).
21. Thomas Bender, "Historians, the Nation, and the Plenitude of Narratives," in Rethinking American History in a Global Age, ed. Thomas Bender (Berkeley, CA, 2002).
22. Staples, The Birth of Development; Richard Jolly, UN Contributions to Development Thinking and Practice (Bloomington, IN, 2004).
23. See Schmidt, "Pushed to the Front," 478-80; John White, "German Aid to Developing Countries." International Affairs 41, no. 1 (1965): 74-88.
24. Edward Berman, The Ideology of Philanthropy: The Influence of the Carnegie, Ford, and Rockefeller Foundations on American Foreign Policy (Albany, NY, 1983); Landrum R. Bolling with Craig Smith, Private Foreign Aid: U.S. Philanthropy for Relief and Development (Boulder, CO, 1982); Gary R. Hess, "Waging the Cold War in the Third World: The Foundations and the Challenges of Development," in Charity, Philanthropy, and Civility in American History, ed. Lawrence J. Friedman and Mark D. McGarvie (Cambridge, England, 2003), 319-39; Corinna R. Unger, "Investing in Modernity: Amerikanische Stiftungen in der Dritten Welt seit 1945," in Stifter, Spender, und Mäzene.
25. Matthew Connelly, "Seeing beyond the State: The Population Control Movement and the Problem of Sovereignty," Past and Present 193 (2006): 197-233.
26. Walt Rostow, for instance, published a number of works under the rubric of the "Ideas and Action" series at the University of Texas Press.
27. Christopher Simpson, ed., Universities and Empire: Money and Politics in the Social Sciences during the Cold War (New York, 1998); Noam Chomsky et al., The Cold War and the University: Toward an Intellectual History of the Postwar Years (New York, 1997); Joel Isaac, "The Human Sciences in Cold War America," Historical Journal 50 (2007): 725-46.
28. Packenham, Liberal America; Irene L. Gendzier, Managing Political Change: Social Scientists and the Third World (Boulder, CO, 1985); David C. Engerman, "American Knowledge and Global Power," Diplomatic History 31, no. 4 (September 2007), 599-622.
29. Engerman, "American Knowledge," 599-622; Amartya Sen, Development as Freedom (New York 1999); Jolly, UN Contributions.
30. Other participants included Ragna Boden (University of Bochum), David E. Hamilton (University of Kentucky), Joseph M. Hodge (West Virginia University), Young-sun Hong (SUNY Stony Brook), Constantin Katsakioris (École des hautes études en sciences sociales), Sara Lorenzini (University of Trento), Lorenz M. Luthi (McGill University), Joy Rohde (American Academy of Arts and Sciences), Bernd Schaefer (Woodrow Wilson International Center), Perrin Selcer (University of Pennsylvania), Bradley R. Simpson (University of Maryland), and James P. Woodard (Montclair State University). See the conference report at http://hsozkult.geschichte.hu-berlin.de/tagungsberichte/id=2083.
31. David Ekbladh, "'Mr. TVA': Grass-Roots Development, David Lilienthal, and the Rise and Fall of the Tennessee Valley Authority as a Symbol for U.S. Overseas Development, 1933-1973." Diplomatic History 26, no. 3 (2002): 335-74.
32. Frederick Cooper and Randall Packard, "Introduction," in International Development and the Social Sciences: Essays on the History and Politics of Knowledge, ed. Frederick Cooper and Randall Packard (Berkeley, CA, 1997), 1-41; Joseph M. Hodge, Triumph of the Expert: Agrarian Doctrines of Development and the Legacies of British Colonialism (Athens, OH, 2007).
33. Nick Cullather, "The Foreign Policy of the Calorie," American Historical Review 112, no. 2 (2007): 337-64; Nick Cullather, "Miracles of Modernization: The Green Revolution and the Apotheosis of Technology," Diplomatic History 28, no. 2 (2004): 227-54. Also John H. Perkins, Geopolitics and Green Revolution: Wheat, Genes and the Cold War (Oxford, 1997). 34. Walt Rostow, "Marx Was a City Boy, or Why Communism May Fail," Harper's Magazine 210 (February 1955), 25-30.
34. Walt Rostow, "Marx Was a City Boy, or Why Communism May Fail," Harper's Magazine 210 (February 1955), 25-30.
35. See the essays in Environmental Histories of the Cold War, ed. John R. McNeill and Corinna R. Unger (New York: 2009 forthcoming).
36. Among the exceptions is Christina Klein, "Musicals and Modernization: Rodgers and Hammerstein's The King and I," in Staging Growth, 129-62.
37. See Malinowski, "Modernisierungskriege," 229-35. Malinowski portrays French programs in Algeria to reach Muslim women through "female" modernization campaigns in an effort to "stabilize" the colony.
38. See, for example, Radhika Ramasubban and Bhanwar Singh Rishyasringa, Sexuality and Reproductive Health and Rights: Fifty Years of the Ford Foundation in India (New Delhi, 2002); Kathleen McCarthy, "From Government to Grassroots Reform: The Ford Foundation's Population Programs in South Asia, 1959-1981," in Philanthropy and Cultural Context: Western Philanthropy in South, East, and Southeast Asia in the 20th Century, ed. Soma Hewa and Philo Hove (Lanham, MD, 1997), 129-56; Ester Boserup, Woman's Role in Economic Development (New York, 1970).
39. Clifford Geertz, "Religion as a Cultural System" (1966), in The Interpretation of Cultures: Selected Essays, ed. Clifford Geertz (New York, 1973); Clifford Geertz, Islam Observed: Religious Development in Morocco and Indonesia (New Haven, CT, 1968).
40. Nils Gilman, "Involution and Modernization: The Case of Clifford Geertz," in Economic Development: An Anthropological Approach, ed. Jeffrey Cohen and Norbert Dannhaeuser (Walnut Creek, CA, 2002); Clifford Geertz, Agricultural Involution: The Process of Ecological Change in Indonesia (Berkeley, CA, 1963); Clifford Geertz, After the Fact: Two Countries, Four Decades, One Anthropologist (Cambridge, MA, 1995), chap. 5.