Hypertension: Reflections on Risks and Prognostication

Medical Clinics of North America

Volumn 93, Issue 3, 2009, Pages 541-558

  Kannel, William B ^a  

^a BOSTON UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF MEDICINE   (United States)

Author keywords

Cardiovascular hazards; Hypertension; Risk stratification

Indexed keywords

ANTIHYPERTENSIVE AGENT; NATRIURETIC FACTOR;

ATHEROSCLEROSIS; BLOOD PRESSURE; CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE; CARDIOVASCULAR RISK; DIASTOLIC BLOOD PRESSURE; DISEASE PREDISPOSITION; ECHOCARDIOGRAPHY; ELECTROCARDIOGRAM; ELECTROCARDIOGRAPHY MONITORING; FOLLOW UP; HEALTH HAZARD; HEART INFARCTION; HEART LEFT VENTRICLE HYPERTROPHY; HEART VENTRICLE TACHYCARDIA; HUMAN; HYPERTENSION; INCIDENCE; LOGISTIC REGRESSION ANALYSIS; MORTALITY; OBESITY; PREVALENCE; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PROGNOSIS; REVIEW; RISK ASSESSMENT; STRATIFICATION; STROKE; SYSTOLIC BLOOD PRESSURE;

ADULT; AGE FACTORS; AGED; AGED, 80 AND OVER; ANTIHYPERTENSIVE AGENTS; CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES; CORONARY DISEASE; FEMALE; HUMANS; HYPERTENSION; HYPERTROPHY, LEFT VENTRICULAR; MALE; MIDDLE AGED; OBESITY; PROGNOSIS; RISK FACTORS;

EID: 65449180405     PISSN: 00257125     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.mcna.2009.02.006     Document Type: Review

References (51)

1. Kannel W.B., Dawber T.R., Kagan A., et al. Factors of risk in the development of coronary heart disease-six-year follow-up experience. The Framingham Study. Ann Intern Med 55 (1961) 33-50
2. Kannel W.B. Framingham study insights into hypertensive risk of cardiovascular disease. Hypertens Res 18 (1995) 181-196
3. Kannel W.B., Gordon T., and Schwartz M.J. Systolic versus diastolic blood pressure and risk of coronary heart disease: the Framingham Study. Am J Cardiol 27 (1971) 335-345
4. Kannel W.B., Dawber T.R., McGee D.L., et al. Perspectives on systolic hypertension: the Framingham Study. Circulation 61 (1980) 1179-1182
5. Port S., Demer L., Jennrich R., et al. Systolic blood pressure and mortality. Lancet 355 (2000) 175-180
6. Kannel W.B., Vasan R.S., and Levy D. Is the relation of systolic blood pressure to risk of cardiovascular disease continuous and graded, or are there critical values?. Hypertension 42 (2003) 453-6
7. Franklin S.S., Kahn S.A., Wong N.A., et al. Is pulse pressure useful in predicting risk for coronary heart disease? The Framingham Study. Circulation 100 (1999) 354-360
8. Chobanian A.V., Bakris G.L., Black H.R., et al., Joint National Committee on Prevention, Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Pressure. National Heart Lung and Blood Institute; National High Blood Pressure Education Program Coordinating Committee. Seventh report of the Joint National Committee on prevention, detection, evaluation and treatment of high blood pressure. Hypertension 42 (2003) 1206-1252
9. Vasan R., and Larson M.G. Impact of high normal blood pressure on the risk of cardiovascular disease. N Engl J Med 345 (2001) 1291-1297
10. Lewington S., Clarke R., Qizilbash N., et al. Age-specific relevance of usual blood pressure to vascular mortality: a meta-analysis of individual data for one million adults in 61 prospective studies. Prospective Studies Collaboration. Lancet 360 (2002) 1903-1913
11. Neaton J.D., and Wentworth D. Serum cholesterol, blood pressure, cigarette smoking, and death from coronary heart disease. Overall findings and differences by age for 316,099 white men. Multiple Risk Factor Intervention Trial Research Group. Arch Intern Med 152 (1992) 56-64
12. Liszka H.A., Mainous A.G., King D.E., et al. Prehypertension and cardiovascular morbidity. Ann Fam Med 3 (2005) 294-299
13. Vasan R.S., Larson M.G., Leip E.P., et al. Assessment of frequency of progression to hypertension in non-hypertensive subjects in the Framingham Heart Study. Lancet 358 (2001) 1682-1686
14. Kannel W.B., Wilson P.W., Nam B.H., et al. A likely explanation for the J-curve blood pressure cardiovascular risk. Am J Cardiol 94 (2004) 380-384
15. Cruickshank J.M., Thorp J.M., and Zacharias F.J. Benefits and potential harm of lowering high blood pressure. Lancet 1 (1987) 581-584
16. Neaton J.D., Kuller L., Stamler J., et al. Impact of systolic and diastolic blood pressure on cardiovascular mortality. In: Laragh J.H., and Brenner B.M. (Eds). Hypertension: pathophysiology, diagnosis and management. 2nd edition (1995), NY Raven Press Ltd, New York 127-144
17. SHEP Cooperative Research Group. Prevention of stroke by antihypertensive drug treatment in older persons with isolated systolic hypertension. JAMA 265 (1991) 3255-3264
18. Stassen J.A., Fagard R., Thijs L., et al. Randomized double blind comparison of placebo and active treatment for older patients with isolated systolic hypertension. Lancet 350 (1997) 757-764
19. Kannel W.B., Dannenberg A.L., and Levy D. Population implications of left ventricular hypertrophy. Am J Cardiol 60 (1987) 851-931
20. Kannel W.B. Left ventricular hypertrophy as a risk factor in hypertension. Eur Heart J 13 (1992) 82-88
21. Levy D., Salomon M., D'Agostino R.B., et al. Prognostic implications of baseline electrocardiographic features and their serial changes in subjects with left ventricular hypertrophy. Circulation 90 (1994) 1786-1793
22. Bikkina M., Larson M.G., and Levy D. Prognostic implications of asymptomatic ventricular arrhythmias: the Framingham Heart Study. Ann Intern Med 117 12 (1992) 990-996
23. Kannel W.B., Anderson K., McGee D.L., et al. Nonspecific electrocardiographic abnormality as a predictor of coronary heart disease: the Framingham Study. Am Heart J 113 (1987) 370-376
24. Gillman M.W., Kannel W.B., Belanger A., et al. Influence of heart rate on mortality among persons with hypertension: the Framingham Study. Am Heart J 125 (1993) 1148-1154
25. Schneider J.F., Thomas Jr. H.E., Kreger B.E., et al. Newly acquired left bundle-branch block: the Framingham study. Ann Intern Med 90 (1979) 303-310
26. Denes P., Larson J.C., Lloyd-Jones D.M., et al. Major and minor ECG abnormalities in asymptomatic women and risk of cardiovascular events and mortality. JAMA 297 (2007) 978-985
27. Kannel W.B., Dannenberg A.L., and Abbott R.D. Unrecognized myocardial infarction and hypertension in the Framingham study. Am Heart J 109 (1985) 581-585
28. Kannel W.B. Fifty years of Framingham study contributions to understanding hypertension. J Hum Hypertens 14 (2000) 83-90
29. Wilson P.W.F., and Kannel W.B. Clustering of risk factors, obesity and syndrome X. Nutr Clin Care 1 (1999) 44-50
30. Kannel W.B. Risk stratification of hypertension; new insights from the Framingham Study. Am J Hypertens 13 (2000) 3S-10S
31. Wang T.J., Larson M.G., Levy D., et al. Impact of obesity on plasma natriuretic peptide levels. Circulation 109 (2004) 594-600
32. Kannel W.B., D'Agostino R.B., Silbershatz H., et al. Profile for estimating risk of heart failure. Arch Intern Med 159 (1999) 1197-1204
33. Wolf P.A., D'Agostino R.B., Belanger A.J., et al. Probability of stroke: a risk profile from the Framingham study. Stroke 3 (1991) 312-318
34. Murabito J.M., D'Agostino R.B., Silberschatz H., et al. Intermittent claudication: a risk profile from the Framingham Heart Study. Circulation 96 (1997) 44-49
35. Kannel W.B., McGee D., and Gordon T. A general cardiovascular risk profile: the Framingham study. Am J Cariol 38 (1976) 46-51
36. Anderson K.M., Wilson P.W.F., Odell P.M., et al. An updated coronary risk profile: a statement for health professionals. Circulation 83 (1991) 357-363
37. Wilson P.W.F., D'Agostino R.B., Levy D., et al. Prediction of coronary heart disease using risk factor categories. Circulation 97 (1998) 1837-1847
38. D'Agostino R.B., Vasan R.S., Pencina M.J., et al. General cardiovascular risk profile for use in primary care. Circulation 117 (2008) 743-753
39. Guidelines Committee. 2003 European Society of Hypertension-European Society of Cardiology guidelines for the management of arterial hypertension. J Hypertens 21 (2003) 1011-1053
40. Mancia G. Guidelines Committee. 2003 European Society of Hypertension-European Society of Cardiology guidelines for the management of arterial hypertension. J Hypertens 21 (2003) 1011-1053
41. Joint National Committee. The sixth report of the Joint National Committee on prevention, detection, evaluation and treatment of high blood pressure. Arch Intern Med 157 (1997) 2314-2446
42. Lloyd-Jones D.M., Evans J.C., Larson M.G., et al. Differential control of systolic and diastolic blood pressure: factors associated with lack of blood pressure control in the community. Hypertension 36 (2000) 504-550
43. Hajjar T., and Kotchen T.A. Trends in prevalence awareness, treatment and control of hypertension in the U.S. 1988-2000. JAMA 290 (2003) 199-206
44. Berlowitz D.R., Ash A.S., Hickey E.C., et al. Hypertension management in patients with diabetes. The need for more aggressive therapy. Diabetes Care 26 (2005) 355-359
45. Fonarow G.C., French W.J., Parsons L.S., et al. Use of lipid-lowering medications at discharge in patients with acute myocardial infarction data from the National Registry of Myocardial Infarction 3. Circulation 103 (2001) 38-44
46. Ferrucci L., Furberg C.D., Penninx W.J.H., et al. Treatment of isolated systolic hypertension is most effective in older patients with high-risk profile. Circulation 104 (2001) 1923-1926
47. Ogden L.G., He J., Lydick E., et al. Long-term absolute benefit of lowering blood pressure in hypertensive patients according to JNC VI risk stratification. Hypertension 35 (2000) 539-543
48. Expert Panel on Detection, Evaluation and Treatment of High Blood Cholesterol in Adults. Executive Summary of the Third Report of the NCEP Expert Panel. Adult Treatment Panel III. JAMA 285 (2001) 2486-2497
49. Parich N.I., Pencina M.J., Wang T.J., et al. A risk score for predicting near term hypertension: the Framingham Heart Study. Ann Intern Med 148 (2008) 102-110
50. Marrugat J., D'Agostino R.B., Sullivan L., et al. An adaptation of the Framingham coronary heart disease risk function to European Mediterranean Areas. J Epidemiol Community Health 57 (2003) 634-638
51. Liu J., Hong Y., D'Agostino R.B., et al. Predictive value for the Chinese of the Framingham CHD risk assessment tool compared with the Chinese Multi-Provincial Cohort Study. JAMA 291 (2004) 2591-2599