2008 Santa Fe Bone Symposium: Update on Osteoporosis

Journal of Clinical Densitometry

Volumn 12, Issue 2, 2009, Pages 135-157

  Lewiecki, E Michael ^a   Baim, Sanford ^b   Bilezikian, John P ^c   Eastell, Richard ^d   LeBoff, Meryl S ^e   Miller, Paul D ^b  

^a NEW MEXICO CLINICAL RESEARCH AND OSTEOPOROSIS CENTER   (United States)

^b University of Colorado Health Sciences Center   (United States)

^c Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons ^*  (United States)

^d UNIVERSITY OF SHEFFIELD   (United Kingdom)

^e HARVARD MEDICAL SCHOOL   (United States)

Author keywords

BMD; bone turnover markers; FRAX; osteoporosis; review; treatment; update

Indexed keywords

ALENDRONIC ACID; AMINO TERMINAL TELOPEPTIDE; ANASTROZOLE; CALCITONIN; CALCIUM; CARBOXY TERMINAL TELOPEPTIDE; CATHEPSIN K; DENOSUMAB; DEOXYPYRIDINOLINE; ESTROGEN; ETIDRONIC ACID; EXEMESTANE; GOSERELIN; IBANDRONIC ACID; LETROZOLE; ODANACATIB; OSTEOCALCIN; PARATHYROID HORMONE[1-34]; RALOXIFENE; RISEDRONIC ACID; STRONTIUM RANELATE; TAMOXIFEN; VITAMIN D; ZOLEDRONIC ACID;

ACUTE KIDNEY FAILURE; ADJUVANT THERAPY; BONE DENSITY; BONE TURNOVER; BREAST CANCER; COST OF ILLNESS; DISEASE MARKER; DRUG INDICATION; DUAL ENERGY X RAY ABSORPTIOMETRY; FEMUR FRACTURE; HEART ATRIUM FIBRILLATION; HIP FRACTURE; HUMAN; JAW OSTEONECROSIS; MEDICAL EXPERT; METABOLIC BONE DISEASE; OSTEOPOROSIS; PRACTICE GUIDELINE; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REVIEW; RISK ASSESSMENT; UNITED STATES; VITAMIN SUPPLEMENTATION;

ABSORPTIOMETRY, PHOTON; BONE DENSITY; FRACTURES, BONE; HUMANS; NEW MEXICO; OSTEOPOROSIS; PRACTICE GUIDELINES AS TOPIC;

EID: 65449148304     PISSN: 10946950     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.jocd.2009.02.002     Document Type: Review

References (155)

1. Lewiecki E.M., Bilezikian J.P., Cooper C., et al. Proceedings of the Eighth Annual Santa Fe Bone Symposium, August 3-4, 2007. J Clin Densitom 11 2 (2008) 313-324
2. Lewiecki E.M. Proceedings of the Santa Fe Bone Symposium 2006. Women's Health 2 6 (2006) 825-828
3. US Department of Health and Human Services. Bone health and osteoporosis: a report of the surgeon general (2004), US Department of Health and Human Services, Office of the Surgeon General, Rockville, MD
4. National Osteoporosis Foundation. Clinician's guide to prevention and treatment of osteoporosis (2008), National Osteoporosis Foundation, Washington, DC
5. Cole Z.A., Dennison E.M., and Cooper C. Osteoporosis epidemiology update. Curr Rheumatol Rep 10 2 (2008) 92-96
6. Tosteson A.N., Melton III L.J., Dawson-Hughes B., et al. Cost-effective osteoporosis treatment thresholds: the United States perspective. Osteoporos Int 19 4 (2008) 437-447
7. WHO Scientific Group on the assessment of osteoporosis at primary health care level (2004), World Health Organization, University of Sheffield, UK Printed by the University of Sheffield
8. Hans D., Downs Jr. R.W., Duboeuf F., et al. Skeletal sites for osteoporosis diagnosis: the 2005 ISCD Official Positions. J Clin Densitom 9 1 (2006) 15-21
9. Hans D.B., Shepherd J.A., Schwartz E.N., et al. Peripheral dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry in the management of osteoporosis: the 2007 ISCD Official Positions. J Clin Densitom 11 1 (2008) 188-206
10. Khosla S., and Melton III L.J. Osteopenia. Clinical practice. N Engl J Med 356 22 (2007) 2293-2300
11. Siris E.S., Brenneman S.K., Miller P.D., et al. Predictive value of low BMD for 1-year fracture outcomes is similar for postmenopausal women ages 50-64 and 65 and older: results from the National Osteoporosis Risk Assessment (NORA). J Bone Miner Res 19 8 (2004) 1215-1220
12. Pasco J.A., Seeman E., Henry M.J., et al. The population burden of fractures originates in women with osteopenia, not osteoporosis. Osteoporos Int 17 9 (2006) 1404-1409
13. Sornay-Rendu E., Munoz F., Garnero P., et al. Identification of osteopenic women at high risk of fracture: the OFELY study. J Bone Miner Res 20 10 (2005) 1813-1819
14. Kanis J.A., and on behalf of the World Health Organization Scientific Group. 2007 Assessment of osteoporosis at the primary health-care level. Technical Report (2007), World Health Organization Collaborating Centre for Metabolic Bone Diseases, University of Sheffield, UK Printed by the University of Sheffield
15. Sanders K.M., Nicholson G.C., Watts J.J., et al. Half the burden of fragility fractures in the community occur in women without osteoporosis. When is fracture prevention cost-effective?. Bone 38 5 (2006) 694-700
16. World Health Organization. FRAX WHO fracture risk assessment tool (2008), World Health Organization. http://http://www.shef.ac.uk/FRAX/ Available at: http://www.shef.ac.uk/FRAX/. Accessed March 23, 2009
17. Kanis J.A., Johnell O., Oden A., et al. FRAX and the assessment of fracture probability in men and women from the UK. Osteoporos Int 19 4 (2008) 385-397
18. Kanis J.A., Oden A., Johnell O., et al. The use of clinical risk factors enhances the performance of BMD in the prediction of hip and osteoporotic fractures in men and women. Osteoporos Int 18 8 (2007) 1033-1046
19. Kanis J.A., Black D., Cooper C., et al. A new approach to the development of assessment guidelines for osteoporosis. Osteoporos Int 13 7 (2002) 527-536
20. Kanis J.A., Johnell O., De Laet C., et al. A meta-analysis of previous fracture and subsequent fracture risk. Bone 35 2 (2004) 375-382
21. Kanis J.A., Borgstrom F., De Laet C., et al. Assessment of fracture risk. Osteoporos Int 16 6 (2005) 581-589
22. Kanis J.A., Johnell O., Oden A., et al. Smoking and fracture risk: a meta-analysis. Osteoporos Int 16 2 (2005) 155-162
23. Kanis J.A., Johansson H., Johnell O., et al. Alcohol intake as a risk factor for fracture. Osteoporos Int 16 7 (2005) 737-742
24. Kanis J.A., Johansson H., Oden A., et al. A meta-analysis of prior corticosteroid use and fracture risk. J Bone Miner Res 19 6 (2004) 893-899
25. Dargent-Molina P., Favier F., Grandjean H., et al. Fall-related factors and risk of hip fracture: the EPIDOS prospective study. Lancet 348 9021 (1996) 145-149
26. Jarvinen T.L., Sievanen H., Khan K.M., et al. Shifting the focus in fracture prevention from osteoporosis to falls. BMJ 336 7636 (2008) 124-126
27. Bayly J., and Masud T. Preventing falls: not at the expense of osteoporosis care. BMJ 336 7640 (2008) 343
28. Dawson-Hughes B., Tosteson A.N., Melton III L.J., et al. Implications of absolute fracture risk assessment for osteoporosis practice guidelines in the USA. Osteoporos Int 19 4 (2008) 449-458
29. Binkley N., Bilezikian J.P., Kendler D.L., et al. Official Positions of the International society for clinical densitometry and executive summary of the 2005 position development conference. J Clin Densitom 9 1 (2006) 4-14
30. Lenchik L., Leib E.S., Hamdy R.C., et al. Executive summary International society for clinical densitometry position development conference Denver, Colorado July 20-22, 2001. J Clin Densitom 5 Suppl (2002) S1-S3
31. Leib E.S., Lewiecki E.M., Binkley N., and Hamdy R.C. Official Positions of the International society for clinical densitometry. J Clin Densitom 7 1 (2004) 1-6
32. Baim S., Binkley N., Bilezikian J.P., et al. Official Positions of the International society for clinical densitometry and executive summary of the 2007 ISCD position development conference. J Clin Densitom 11 1 (2008) 75-91
33. Baim S., Leonard M.B., Bianchi M.L., et al. Official Positions of the International society for clinical densitometry and executive summary of the 2007 ISCD pediatric position development conference. J Clin Densitom 11 1 (2008) 6-21
34. Cochrane reviews handbook Vol. 4.1.5 (2002), The Cochrane Collaboration, Oxford, UK
35. Fitch K., Bernstein S.J., Aguilar B., et al. The RAND/UCLA appropriateness method user's manual (2001), The RAND Corporation, Santa Monica, CA
36. Krieg M.A., Barkmann R., Gonnelli S., et al. Quantitative ultrasound in the management of osteoporosis: the 2007 ISCD Official Positions. J Clin Densitom 11 1 (2008) 163-187
37. Engelke K., Adams J.E., Armbrecht G., et al. Clinical use of quantitative computed tomography and peripheral quantitative computed tomography in the management of osteoporosis in adults: the 2007 ISCD Official Positions. J Clin Densitom 11 1 (2008) 123-162
38. Cummings S.R., McClung M.R., Christiansen C., et al. A phase III study of the effects of denosumab on vertebral, nonvertebral, and hip fracture in women with osteoporosis: results from the FREEDOM trial. J Bone Miner Res 23 Suppl 1 (2008) S80
39. Neer R.M., Arnaud C.D., Zanchetta J.R., et al. Effect of parathyroid hormone (1-34) on fractures and bone mineral density in postmenopausal women with osteoporosis. N Engl J Med 344 (2001) 1434-1441
40. Canalis E., Giustina A., and Bilezikian J.P. Mechanisms of anabolic therapies for osteoporosis. N Engl J Med 357 9 (2007) 905-916
41. Black D.M., Greenspan S.L., Ensrud K.E., et al. The effects of parathyroid hormone and alendronate alone or in combination in postmenopausal osteoporosis. N Engl J Med 349 13 (2003) 1207-1215
42. Finkelstein J.S., Hayes A., Hunzelman J.L., et al. The effects of parathyroid hormone, alendronate, or both in men with osteoporosis. N Engl J Med 349 13 (2003) 1216-1226
43. Deal C., Omizo M., Schwartz E.N., et al. Combination teriparatide and raloxifene therapy for postmenopausal osteoporosis: results from a 6-month double-blind placebo-controlled trial. J Bone Miner Res 20 11 (2005) 1905-1911
44. Miller P.D., Delmas P.D., Lindsay R., et al. Early responsiveness of women with osteoporosis to teriparatide after therapy with alendronate or risedronate. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 93 10 (2008) 3785-3793
45. Black D.M., Bilezikian J.P., Ensrud K.E., et al. One year of alendronate after one year of parathyroid hormone (1-84) for osteoporosis. N Engl J Med 353 6 (2005) 555-565
46. Cosman F., Nieves J., Zion M., et al. Daily and cyclic parathyroid hormone in women receiving alendronate. N Engl J Med 353 6 (2005) 566-575
47. Eastell R., and Hannon R.A. Biomarkers of bone health and osteoporosis risk. Proc Nutr Soc 67 2 (2008) 157-162
48. Valimaki M.J., Tahtela R., Jones J.D., et al. Bone resorption in healthy and osteoporotic postmenopausal women: comparison markers for serum carboxy-terminal telopeptide of type I collagen and urinary pyridinium cross-links. Eur J Endocrinol 131 3 (1994) 258-262
49. Kushida K., Takahashi M., Kawana K., and Inoue T. Comparison of markers for bone formation and resorption in premenopausal and postmenopausal subjects, and osteoporosis patients. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 80 8 (1995) 2447-2450
50. Eastell R., Robins S.P., Colwell T., et al. Evaluation of bone turnover in type I osteoporosis using biochemical markers specific for both bone formation and bone resorption. Osteoporos Int 3 5 (1993) 255-260
51. Schneider D.L., and Barrett-Connor E.L. Urinary N-telopeptide levels discriminate normal, osteopenic, and osteoporotic bone mineral density. Arch Intern Med 157 (1997) 1241-1245
52. Meier C., Meinhardt U., Greenfield J.R., et al. Serum cathepsin K concentrations reflect osteoclastic activity in women with postmenopausal osteoporosis and patients with Paget's disease. Clin Lab 52 1-2 (2006) 1-10
53. Rogers A., Hannon R.A., and Eastell R. Biochemical markers as predictors of rates of bone loss after menopause. J Bone Miner Res 15 7 (2000) 1398-1404
54. Mole P.A., Walkinshaw M.H., Robins S.P., and Paterson C.R. Can urinary pyridinium crosslinks and urinary oestrogens predict bone mass and rate of bone loss after the menopause. Eur J Clin Invest 22 (1992) 767-771
55. Uebelhart D., Schlemmer A., Johansen J.S., et al. Effect of menopause and hormone replacement therapy on the urinary excretion of pyridinium cross-links. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 72 2 (1991) 367-373
56. Cosman F., Nieves J., Wilkinson C., et al. Bone density change and biochemical indices of skeletal turnover. Calcif Tissue Int 58 (1996) 236-243
57. Dresner-Pollak R., Parker R., Poku M., et al. Biochemical markers of bone turnover reflect femoral bone loss in elderly women. Calcif Tissue Int 59 (1996) 328-333
58. Bauer D.C., Sklarin P.M., Stone K.L., et al. Biochemical markers of bone turnover and prediction of hip bone loss in older women: the study of osteoporotic fractures. J Bone Miner Res 14 8 (1999) 1404-1410
59. Garnero P., Sornay-Rendu E., Duboeuf F., and Delmas P.D. Markers of bone turnover predict postmenopausal forearm bone loss over 4 years: the OFELY study. J Bone Miner Res 14 9 (1999) 1614-1621
60. Hannon R.A., and Eastell R. Biochemical markers of bone turnover and fracture prediction. J Br Menopause Soc 9 1 (2003) 10-15
61. Gerdhem P., Ivaska K.K., Alatalo S.L., et al. Biochemical markers of bone metabolism and prediction of fracture in elderly women. J Bone Miner Res 19 3 (2004) 386-393
62. Garnero P., Hausherr E., Chapuy M.-C., et al. Markers of bone resorption predict hip fracture in elderly women: the EPIDOS prospective study. J Bone Miner Res 11 (1996) 1531-1538
63. Melton III L.J., Khosla S., Atkinson E.J., et al. Relationship of bone turnover to bone density and fractures. J Bone Miner Res 12 (1997) 1083-1091
64. Garnero P., Cloos P., Sornay-Rendu E., et al. Type I collagen racemization and isomerization and the risk of fracture in postmenopausal women: the OFELY prospective study. J Bone Miner Res 17 5 (2002) 826-833
65. Sarkar S., Reginster J.Y., Crans G.G., et al. Relationship between changes in biochemical markers of bone turnover and BMD to predict vertebral fracture risk. J Bone Miner Res 19 3 (2004) 394-401
66. Garnero P., Dargent-Molina P., Hans D., et al. Do markers of bone resorption add to bone mineral density and ultrasonographic heel measurement for the prediction of hip fracture in elderly women? The EPIDOS prospective study. Osteoporos Int 8 6 (1998) 563-569
67. Greenspan S.L., Resnick N.M., and Parker R.A. Early changes in biochemical markers of bone turnover are associated with long-term changes in bone mineral density in elderly women on alendronate, hormone replacement therapy, or combination therapy: a three-year, double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomized clinical trial. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 90 5 (2005) 2762-2767
68. Greenspan S.L., Rosen H.N., and Parker R.A. Early changes in serum N-telopeptide and C-telopeptide cross-linked collagen type 1 predict long-term response to alendronate therapy in elderly women. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 85 10 (2000) 3537-3540
69. Ravn P., Thompson D.E., Ross P.D., and Christiansen C. Biochemical markers for prediction of 4-year response in bone mass during bisphosphonate treatment for prevention of postmenopausal osteoporosis. Bone 33 1 (2003) 150-158
70. Chen P., Satterwhite J.H., Licata A.A., et al. Early changes in biochemical markers of bone formation predict BMD response to teriparatide in postmenopausal women with osteoporosis. J Bone Miner Res 20 6 (2005) 962-970
71. Bauer D.C., Garnero P., Bilezikian J.P., et al. Short-term changes in bone turnover markers and bone mineral density response to parathyroid hormone in postmenopausal women with osteoporosis. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 91 4 (2006) 1370-1375
72. Eastell R., Barton I., Hannon R.A., et al. Relationship of early changes in bone resorption to the reduction in fracture risk with risedronate. J Bone Miner Res 18 (2003) 1051-1056
73. Clowes J.A., Peel N.F., and Eastell R. The impact of monitoring on adherence and persistence with antiresorptive treatment for postmenopausal osteoporosis: a randomized controlled trial. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 89 3 (2004) 1117-1123
74. Cummings S.R., Browner W.S., Bauer D., et al. Endogenous hormones and the risk of hip and vertebral fractures among older women. Study of Osteoporotic Fractures Research Group. N Engl J Med 339 11 (1998) 733-738
75. Chapurlat R.D., Garnero P., Bréart G., et al. Serum estradiol and sex hormone-binding globulin and the risk of hip fracture in elderly women: the EPIDOS study. J Bone Miner Res 15 9 (2000) 1835-1841
76. Vestergaard P., Rejnmark L., and Mosekilde L. Effect of tamoxifen and aromatase inhibitors on the risk of fractures in women with breast cancer. Calcif Tissue Int 82 5 (2008) 334-340
77. Howell A., Cuzick J., Baum M., et al. Results of the ATAC (Arimidex, Tamoxifen, Alone or in Combination) trial after completion of 5 years' adjuvant treatment for breast cancer. Lancet 365 9453 (2005) 60-62
78. Forbes J.F., Cuzick J., Buzdar A., et al. Effect of anastrozole and tamoxifen as adjuvant treatment for early-stage breast cancer: 100-month analysis of the ATAC trial. Lancet Oncol 9 1 (2008) 45-53
79. Eastell R., Adams J.E., Coleman R.E., et al. Effect of anastrozole on bone mineral density: 5-year results from the anastrozole, tamoxifen, alone or in combination trial 18233230. J Clin Oncol 26 7 (2008) 1051-1057
80. Eastell R., Hannon R.A., Cuzick J., et al. Effect of an aromatase inhibitor on BMD and bone turnover markers: 2-year results of the Anastrozole, Tamoxifen, Alone or in Combination (ATAC) trial (18233230). J Bone Miner Res 21 8 (2006) 1215-1223
81. Thurlimann B., Keshaviah A., Coates A.S., et al. A comparison of letrozole and tamoxifen in postmenopausal women with early breast cancer. N Engl J Med 353 26 (2005) 2747-2757
82. Goss P.E., Ingle J.N., Martino S., et al. A randomized trial of letrozole in postmenopausal women after five years of tamoxifen therapy for early-stage breast cancer. N Engl J Med 349 19 (2003) 1793-1802
83. Harper-Wynne C., Ross G., Sacks N., et al. Effects of the aromatase inhibitor letrozole on normal breast epithelial cell proliferation and metabolic indices in postmenopausal women: a pilot study for breast cancer prevention. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 11 7 (2002) 614-621
84. Coates A.S., Keshaviah A., Thurlimann B., et al. Five years of letrozole compared with tamoxifen as initial adjuvant therapy for postmenopausal women with endocrine-responsive early breast cancer: update of study BIG 1-98. J Clin Oncol 25 5 (2007) 486-492
85. Perez E.A., Josse R.G., Pritchard K.I., et al. Effect of letrozole versus placebo on bone mineral density in women with primary breast cancer completing 5 or more years of adjuvant tamoxifen: a companion study to NCIC CTG MA.17. J Clin Oncol 24 22 (2006) 3629-3635
86. Coombes R.C., Kilburn L.S., Snowdon C.F., et al. Survival and safety of exemestane versus tamoxifen after 2-3 years' tamoxifen treatment (Intergroup Exemestane Study): a randomised controlled trial. Lancet 369 9561 (2007) 559-570
87. Geisler J., Lonning P.E., Krag L.E., et al. Changes in bone and lipid metabolism in postmenopausal women with early breast cancer after terminating 2-year treatment with exemestane: a randomised, placebo-controlled study. Eur J Cancer 42 17 (2006) 2968-2975
88. Brufsky A., Bundred N., Coleman R., et al. Integrated analysis of zoledronic acid for prevention of aromatase inhibitor-associated bone loss in postmenopausal women with early breast cancer receiving adjuvant letrozole. Oncologist 13 5 (2008) 503-514
89. Bundred N.J., Campbell I.D., Davidson N., et al. Effective inhibition of aromatase inhibitor-associated bone loss by zoledronic acid in postmenopausal women with early breast cancer receiving adjuvant letrozole: ZO-FAST Study results. Cancer 112 5 (2008) 1001-1010
90. Ellis G.K., Bone H.G., Chlebowski R., et al. Randomized trial of denosumab in patients receiving adjuvant aromatase inhibitors for nonmetastatic breast cancer. J Clin Oncol 26 30 (2008) 4875-4882
91. Reid D.M., Doughty J., Eastell R., et al. Guidance for the management of breast cancer treatment-induced bone loss: a consensus position statement from a UK Expert Group. Cancer Treat Rev 34 Suppl 1 (2008) S3-S18
92. Cooper C., Campion G., and Melton III L.J. Hip fractures in the elderly: a world-wide projection. Osteoporos Int 2 6 (1992) 285-289
93. Colon-Emeric C.S., Biggs D.P., Schenck A.P., and Lyles K.W. Risk factors for hip fracture in skilled nursing facilities: who should be evaluated?. Osteoporos Int 14 6 (2003) 484-489
94. Schroder H.M., Petersen K.K., and Erlandsen M. Occurrence and incidence of the second hip fracture. Clin Orthop Relat Res 289 (1993) 166-169
95. Wolinsky F.D., and Fitzgerald J.F. Subsequent hip fracture among older adults. Am J Public Health 84 8 (1994) 1316-1318
96. Gullberg G., Johnell O., and Kanis J.A. World-wide projections for hip fracture. Osteoporos Int 7 (1997) 407-413
97. Melton III L.J., Eddy D.M., and Johnston Jr. C.C. Screening for osteoporosis. Ann Intern Med 112 (1990) 516-528
98. Foley K.A., Foster S.A., Meadows E.S., et al. Assessment of the clinical management of fragility fractures and implications for the new HEDIS osteoporosis measure. Med Care 45 9 (2007) 902-906
99. LeBoff M.S., Kohlmeier L., Hurwitz S., et al. Occult vitamin D deficiency in postmenopausal US women with acute hip fracture. JAMA 281 16 (1999) 1505-1511
100. LeBoff M.S., Hawkes W.G., Glowacki J., et al. Vitamin D-deficiency and post-fracture changes in lower extremity function and falls in women with hip fractures. Osteoporos Int 19 9 (2008) 1283-1290
101. Pieper C.F., Colon-Emeric C., Caminis J., et al. Distribution and correlates of serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels in a sample of patients with hip fracture. Am J Geriatr Pharmacother 5 4 (2007) 335-340
102. Lyles K.W., Colon-Emeric C.S., Magaziner J.S., et al. Zoledronic acid and clinical fractures and mortality after hip fracture. N Engl J Med 357 18 (2007) 1799-1809
103. Cauley J.A., LaCroix A.Z., Wu L., et al. Serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentrations and risk for hip fractures. Ann Intern Med 149 4 (2008) 242-250
104. Eriksen E.F., Lyles K.W., Colon-Emeric C.S., et al. Antifracture Efficacy and Reduction of Mortality in Relation to Timing of First Dose of Zoledronic Acid After Hip Fracture. J Bone Miner Res. Epub (2009)
105. Streeten E.A., Mohamed A., Gandhi A., et al. The inpatient consultation approach to osteoporosis treatment in patients with a fracture. Is automatic consultation needed?. J Bone Joint Surg Am 88 9 (2006) 1968-1974
106. Edwards B.J., Langman C.B., Bunta A.D., et al. Secondary contributors to bone loss in osteoporosis related hip fractures. Osteoporos Int 19 7 (2008) 991-999
107. Solomon D.H., Morris C., Cheng H., et al. Medication use patterns for osteoporosis: an assessment of guidelines, treatment rates, and quality improvement interventions. Mayo Clin Proc 80 2 (2005) 194-202
108. Majumdar S.R., Beaupre L.A., Harley C.H., et al. Use of a case manager to improve osteoporosis treatment after hip fracture: results of a randomized controlled trial. Arch Intern Med 167 19 (2007) 2110-2115
109. Harrington J.T., Barash H.L., Day S., and Lease J. Redesigning the care of fragility fracture patients to improve osteoporosis management: a health care improvement project. Arthritis Rheum 53 2 (2005) 198-204
110. Tosi L.L., Gliklich R., Kannan K., and Koval K.J. The American Orthopaedic Association's "own the bone" initiative to prevent secondary fractures. J Bone Joint Surg Am 90 1 (2008) 163-173
111. Siris E.S., Harris S.T., Rosen C.J., et al. Adherence to bisphosphonate therapy and fracture rates in osteoporotic women: relationship to vertebral and nonvertebral fractures from 2 US claims databases. Mayo Clin Proc 81 8 (2006) 1013-1022
112. Lewiecki E.M. Medications don't work if patients don't take them. South Med J 100 12 (2007) 1190-1191
113. Miller P.D., Bonnick S.L., and Rosen C. Guidelines for the clinical utilization of bone mass measurement in the adult population. Society for Clinical Densitometry. Calcif Tissue Int 57 4 (1995) 251-252
114. Miller P.D. Bone density and markers of bone turnover in predicting fracture risk and how changes in these measures predict fracture risk reduction. Curr Osteoporos Rep 3 3 (2005) 103-110
115. Bonnick S.L., and Shulman L. Monitoring osteoporosis therapy: bone mineral density, bone turnover markers, or both?. Am J Med 119 4 Suppl 1 (2006) S25-S31
116. Wasnich R.D., and Miller P.D. Antifracture efficacy of antiresorptive agents are related to changes in bone density. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 85 1 (2000) 231-236
117. Miller P.D., Hochberg M.C., Wehren L.E., et al. How useful are measures of BMD and bone turnover?. Curr Med Res Opin 21 4 (2005) 545-554
118. Hochberg M.C., Greenspan S., Wasnich R.D., et al. Changes in bone density and turnover explain the reductions in incidence of nonvertebral fractures that occur during treatment with antiresorptive agents. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 87 4 (2002) 1586-1592
119. Bonnick S.L., Johnston Jr. C.C., Kleerekoper M., et al. Importance of precision in bone density measurements. J Clin Densitom 4 2 (2001) 105-110
120. Bonnick S.L. Bone densitometry in clinical practice- application and interpretation. 2nd ed. (2004), Humana Press, Totowa, NJ
121. Shepherd J.A., Lu Y., Wilson K., et al. Cross-calibration and minimum precision standards for dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry: The 2005 ISCD Official Positions. J Clin Densitom 9 1 (2006) 31-36
122. Lewiecki E.M. Nonresponders to osteoporosis therapy. J Clin Densitom 6 4 (2003) 307-314
123. Delmas P.D., Eastell R., Garnero P., et al. The use of biochemical markers of bone turnover in osteoporosis. Committee of Scientific Advisors of the International Osteoporosis Foundation. Osteoporos Int 11 Suppl 6 (2000) S2-S17
124. Miller P.D., Baran D.T., Bilezikian J.P., et al. Practical clinical application of biochemical markers of bone turnover: consensus of an expert panel. J Clin Densitom 2 3 (1999) 323-342
125. Srivastava A.K., Vliet E.L., Lewiecki E.M., et al. Clinical use of serum and urine bone markers in the management of osteoporosis. Curr Med Res Opin 21 7 (2005) 1015-1026
126. Vokes T., Bachman D., Baim S., et al. Vertebral fracture assessment: the 2005 ISCD Official Positions. J Clin Densitom 9 1 (2006) 37-46
127. Lewiecki E.M., and Watts N.B. Assessing response to osteoporosis therapy. Osteoporos Int 19 10 (2008) 1363-1368
128. Miller P.D. Anti-resorptives in the management of osteoporosis. Best Pract Res Clin Endocrinol Metab 22 5 (2008) 849-868
129. Miller PD, Delmas PD, Huss H, et al. Increases in hip and spine bone mineral density are predictive for anti-fracture efficacy. J Bone Miner Res, in press.
130. Garnero P., and Delmas P.D. Contribution of bone mineral density and bone turnover markers to the estimation of risk of osteoporotic fracture in postmenopausal women. J Musculoskelet Neuronal Interact 4 1 (2004) 50-63
131. Lewiecki E.M., and Laster A.J. Clinical applications of vertebral fracture assessment by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 91 11 (2006) 4215-4222
132. Genant H.K., Wu C.Y., van K.C., and Nevitt M.C. Vertebral fracture assessment using a semiquantitative technique. J Bone Miner Res 8 9 (1993) 1137-1148
133. Schousboe J.T., Ensrud K.E., Nyman J.A., et al. Cost-effectiveness of vertebral fracture assessment to detect prevalent vertebral deformity and select postmenopausal women with a femoral neck T-score>-2.5 for alendronate therapy: a modeling study. J Clin Densitom 9 2 (2006) 133-143
134. Fleisch H., Russell R.G., and Francis M.D. Diphosphonates inhibit hydroxyapatite dissolution in vitro and bone resorption in tissue culture and in vivo. Science 165 (1969) 1262-1264
135. Watts N.B., Harris S.T., Genant H.K., et al. Intermittent cyclical etidronate treatment of postmenopausal osteoporosis. N Engl J Med 323 (1990) 73-79
136. Miller P.D. Bisphosphonates: pharmacology and use in the treatment of osteoporosis. 3rd ed. (2007), Elsevier Academic Press, San Diego, CA 1725-1736
137. Delmas P.D., Adami S., Strugala C., et al. Intravenous ibandronate injections in postmenopausal women with osteoporosis: one-year results from the dosing intravenous administration study. Arthritis Rheum 54 6 (2006) 1838-1846
138. Black D.M., Delmas P.D., Eastell R., et al. Once-yearly zoledronic acid for treatment of postmenopausal osteoporosis. N Engl J Med 356 18 (2007) 1809-1822
139. Miller P.D., McClung M.R., Macovei L., et al. Monthly oral ibandronate therapy in postmenopausal osteoporosis: 1-year results from the MOBILE study. J Bone Miner Res 20 8 (2005) 1315-1322
140. Harris S.T., Blumentals W.A., and Miller P.D. Ibandronate and the risk of non-vertebral and clinical fractures in women with postmenopausal osteoporosis: results of a meta-analysis of phase III studies. Curr Med Res Opin 24 1 (2008) 237-245
141. Cranney A., Wells G.A., Yetisir E., et al. Ibandronate for the prevention of nonvertebral fractures: a pooled analysis of individual patient data. Osteoporos Int 20 2 (2008) 291-297
142. Boniva [package insert]. 2008 Roche Pharmaceuticals, Nutley, NJ.
143. Reid I.R., Brown J.P., Burckhardt P., et al. Intravenous zoledronic acid in postmenopausal women with low bone mineral density. N Engl J Med 346 (2002) 653-661
144. Reid I.R., Miller P., Lyles K., et al. Comparison of a single infusion of zoledronic acid with risedronate for Paget's disease. N Engl J Med 353 9 (2005) 898-908
145. Heckbert S.R., Li G., Cummings S.R., et al. Use of alendronate and risk of incident atrial fibrillation in women. Arch Intern Med 168 8 (2008) 826-831
146. Sorensen H.T., Christensen S., Mehnert F., et al. Use of bisphosphonates among women and risk of atrial fibrillation and flutter: population based case-control study. BMJ 336 7648 (2008) 813-816
147. U.S. Food and Drug Administration. Early communication of an ongoing safety review (2007), U.S. Food and Drug Administration. http://http://www.fda.gov/cder/drug/early_comm/biophosphonates.htm Available at: http://www.fda.gov/cder/drug/early_comm/biophosphonates.htm. Accessed Decenber 1, 2008.
148. U.S. Food and Drug Administration. Update of safety review follow-up to the October 1, 2007. Early communication about the ongoing safety review of bisphosphonates (2008), U.S. Food and Drug Administration. http://www.fda.gov/cder/drug/early_comm/biophosphosphonates_update_200811.htm Available at: http://www.fda.gov/cder/drug/early_comm/biophosphosphonates_update_200811.htm. Accessed February 24, 2008
149. Lewiecki E.M., and Miller P.D. Renal safety of intravenous bisphosphonates in the treatment of osteoporosis. Expert Opin Drug Saf 6 6 (2007) 663-672
150. Boonen S., Sellmeyer D.E., Lippuner K., et al. Renal safety of annual zoledronic acid infusions in osteoporotic postmenopausal women. Kidney Int 74 5 (2008) 641-648
151. Miller P., Leigh C., and Ward P. Renal tolerability of intravenous ibandronate allows administration by short injection. Ann Rheum Dis 65 Suppl 2 (2006) 422
152. Ruggiero S.L., Mehrotra B., Rosenberg T.J., and Engroff S.L. Osteonecrosis of the jaws associated with the use of bisphosphonates: a review of 63 cases. J Oral Maxillofac Surg 62 5 (2004) 527-534
153. Khosla S., Burr D., Cauley J., et al. Bisphosphonate-associated osteonecrosis of the jaw: report of a task force of the American Society for Bone and Mineral Research. J Bone Miner Ress 22 10 (2007) 1479-1489
154. Lenart B.A., Lorich D.G., and Lane J.M. Atypical fractures of the femoral diaphysis in postmenopausal women taking alendronate. N Engl J Med 358 12 (2008) 1304-1306
155. Neviaser A.S., Lane J.M., Lenart B.A., et al. Low-energy femoral shaft fractures associated with alendronate use. J Orthop Trauma 22 5 (2008) 346-350