Bladder tumor markers: A review of the literature

International Journal of Biological Markers

Volumn 23, Issue 4, 2008, Pages 249-261

  Volpe, Andrea ^a   Racioppi, M ^a   D'Agostino, D ^a   Cappa, E ^a   Gardi, M ^a   Totaro, A ^a   Pinto, F ^a   Sacco, E ^a   Marangi, F ^a   Palermo, G ^a   Bassi, P F ^a  

^a CATHOLIC UNIVERSITY   (Italy)

Author keywords

Bladder cancer; BLCA 4; BTA stat; Cytokeratins; Cytology; DD23; Hyaluronic acid; Marker; NMP22; Proteomics; Sensitivity; Specificity; Survivin; Telomerase; uPA

Indexed keywords

CASPASE 3; CYTOKERATIN; EPIDERMAL GROWTH FACTOR; FAS ANTIGEN; FIBRIN DEGRADATION PRODUCT; FIBRINOGEN DEGRADATION PRODUCT; FIBROBLAST GROWTH FACTOR; HYALURONIC ACID; HYALURONIDASE; MICROSATELLITE DNA; MOLECULAR MARKER; NUCLEAR MATRIX PROTEIN; NUCLEAR MATRIX PROTEIN 22; PROTEIN BCL 2; SURVIVIN; TELOMERASE; TUMOR MARKER; UROKINASE;

BLADDER CANCER; CANCER DIAGNOSIS; CANCER GRADING; CANCER INCIDENCE; CYSTOSCOPY; DIAGNOSTIC PROCEDURE; DIAGNOSTIC VALUE; EARLY DIAGNOSIS; FOLLOW UP; HUMAN; NON INVASIVE MEASUREMENT; REVIEW; SENSITIVITY AND SPECIFICITY; URINALYSIS; URINE CYTOLOGY; BLADDER TUMOR; PATHOLOGY; URINE;

HUMANS; SENSITIVITY AND SPECIFICITY; TUMOR MARKERS, BIOLOGICAL; URINARY BLADDER NEOPLASMS;

EID: 65349095674     PISSN: 03936155     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.5301/JBM.2009.4479     Document Type: Review

References (145)

1. Messing EM, Young TB, Hunt VB, et al. Comparison of bladder cancer outcome in men undergoing hematuria home screening versus those with standard clinical presentations. Urology 1995; 45: 387-96; discussion 396-7.
2. Newling DW. Preventing recurrence and progression in superficial bladder cancer. Curr Opin Urol 1996; 6: 272.
3. Kurth KH, Denis L, Bouffioux C, et al. Factors affecting recurrence and progression in superficial bladder tumours. Eur J Cancer 1995; 31A: 1840-6.
4. Raab SS, Lenel J, Cohen MB. Low-grade transitional cell carcinoma of the bladder: Cytologic diagnosis by key features as identified by logistic regression analysis. Cancer 1994; 74: 1621-6.
5. Umiker W. Accuracy of cytologic diagnosis of cancer of the urinary tract. Acta Cytol 1964; 8: 186-93.
6. Bastacky S, Ibrahim S, Wilczynski SP, Murphy WM. The accuracy of urinary cytology in daily practice. Cancer 1999; 87: 118-28.
7. Wakui M, Shiigai T. Urinary tract cancer screening through analysis of urinary red blood cell volume distribution. Int J Urol 2000; 7: 248-53.
8. Lokeshwar VB, Habuchi T, Grossman HB, et al. Bladder tumor markers beyond cytology: International Consensus Panel on bladder tumor markers. Urology 2005; 66 (6 Suppl 1): 35-63.
9. Messing EM, Madeb R, Young T, et al. Long-term outcome of hematuria home screening for bladder cancer in men. Cancer 2006; 107: 2173-9.
10. Walsh IK, Keane PF, Ishak LM, Flessland KA. The BTA stat test: a tumor marker for the detection of upper tract transitional cell carcinoma. Urology 2001; 58: 532-5.
11. Gutierrez Banos JL, Del Henar Rebollo Rodrigo M, Antolin Juarez FM, Garcia BM. Usefulness of the BTA stat test for the diagnosis of bladder cancer. Urology 2001; 57: 685-9.
12. Schamhart DH, De Reijke TM, Van Der Poel HG, et al. The Bard BTA test: its mode of action, sensitivity and specificity, compared to cytology of voided urine, in the diagnosis of superficial bladder cancer. Eur Urol 1998; 34: 99-106.
13. Sarosdy MF, Hudson MA, Ellis WJ, et al. Improved detection of recurrent bladder cancer using the Bard BTA stat test. Urology 1997; 50: 349-53.
14. Raitanen MP, Marttila T, Nurmi M, et al. Human complement factor H related protein test for monitoring bladder cancer. J Urol 2001; 165: 374-7.
15. Sarosdy MF. The use of the BTA test in the detection of persistent or recurrent transitional-cell cancer of the bladder. World J Urol 1997; 15: 103-6.
16. Schroeder GL, Lorenzo-Gomez MF, Hautmann SH, et al. A side by side comparison of cytology and biomarkers for bladder cancer detection. J Urol, 2004; 172: 1123-6.
17. Keesee SK, Briggman JV, Thill G, et al. Utilization of nuclear matrix proteins for cancer diagnosis. Crit Rev Eukaryot Gene Expr 1996; 6: 189-214.
18. Soloway MS, Briggman V, Carpinito GA, et al. Use of a new tumor marker, urinary NMP22, in the detection of occult or rapidly recurring transitional cell carcinoma of the urinary tract following surgical treatment. J Urol 1996; 156: 363-7.
19. Carpinito GA, Stadler WM, Briggman JV, et al. Urinary nuclear matrix protein as a marker for transitional cell carcinoma of the urinary tract. J Urol 1996; 156: 1280-5.
20. Muzzonigro GT, Minardi D, Galosi AB, et al. Urinary NMP22 as a new marker in patients with transitional cell carcinoma. Arch Ital Urol Androl 1999; 71: 171-7.
21. Atsu N, Ekici S, Oge OO, et al. False-positive results of the NMP22 test due to hematuria. J Urol 2002; 167: 555-8.
22. Miyanaga N, Akaza H, Ishikawa S, et al. Clinical evaluation of nuclear matrix protein 22 (NMP22) in urine as a novel marker for urothelial cancer. Eur Urol 1997; 31: 163-8.
23. Casetta G, Gontero P, Zitella A, et al. BTA quantitative assay and NMP22 testing compared with urine cytology in the detection of transitional cell carcinoma of the bladder. Urol Int 2000; 65: 100-5.
24. Chahal R, Darshane A, Browning AJ, et al. Evaluation of the clinical value of urinary NMP22 as a marker in the screening and surveillance of transitional cell carcinoma of the urinary bladder. Eur Urol 2001; 40: 415-20.
25. Black PC, Brown GA, Dinney CP. Molecular markers of urothelial cancer and their use in the monitoring of superficial urothelial cancer. J Clin Oncol 2006; 24: 5528-35.
26. Lokeshwar VB, Selzer MG. Urinary bladder tumor markers. Urol Oncol 2006; 24: 528-37.
27. Grossman HB, Soloway M, Messing E, et al. Surveillance for recurrent bladder cancer using a point-of-care proteomic assay. JAMA 2006; 295: 299-305.
28. Kumar A, Kumar R, Gupta NP. Comparison of NMP22 BladderChek test and urine cytology for the detection of recurrent bladder cancer. Jpn J Clin Oncol 2006; 36: 172-5.
29. Tritschler S, Scharf S, Karl A, et al. Validation of the diagnostic value of NMP22 BladderChek1 test as a marker for bladder cancer by photodynamic diagnosis. Eur Urol 2007; 51: 403-8.
30. Attallah AM, Sakr HA, Ismail H, et al. An office-based immunodiagnostic assay for detecting urinary nuclear matrix protein 52 in patients with bladder cancer. BJU Int 2005; 96: 334-9.
31. Getzenberg RH. The nuclear matrix and the regulation of gene expression: tissue specificity. J Cell Biochem 1994; 55: 22-31.
32. Myers-Irvin JM, Van Le TS, Getzenberg RH. Mechanistic analysis of the role of BLCA-4 in bladder cancer pathobiology. Cancer Res 2005; 65: 7145-50.
33. Van Le TS, Myers J, Konety BR, et al. Functional characterization of the bladder cancer marker, BLCA-4. Clin Cancer Res 2004; 10: 1384-91.
34. Konety BR, Nguyen TS, Brenes G, et al. Clinical usefulness of the novel marker BLCA-4 for the detection of bladder cancer. J Urol 2000; 164: 634-9.
35. Konety BR, Nguyen TS, Dhir R, et al. Detection of bladder cancer using a novel nuclear matrix protein, BLCA-4. Clin Cancer Res 2000; 6: 2618-25.
36. Altieri DC. Survivin, versatile modulation of cell division and apoptosis in cancer. Oncogene 2003; 22: 8581-9.
37. Ku JH, Kwak C, Lee HS, et al. Expression of survivin, a novel inhibitor of apoptosis, in superficial transitional cell carcinoma of the bladder. J Urol 2004; 171: 631-5.
38. Lehner R, Lucia MS, Jarboe EA, et al. Immunohistochemical localization of the IAP protein survivin in bladder mucosa and transitional cell carcinoma. Appl Immunohistochem Mol Morphol 2002; 10: 134-8.
39. Gazzaniga P, Gradilone A, Giuliani L, et al. Expression and prognostic significance of LIVIN, SURVIVIN and other apoptosis-related genes in the progression of superficial bladder cancer. Ann Oncol 2003; 14: 85-90.
40. Schultz IJ, Kiemeney LA, Witjes JA, et al. Survivin mRNA expression is elevated in malignant urothelial cell carcinomas and predicts time to recurrence. Anticancer Res 2003; 23: 3327-31.
41. Smith SD, Wheeler MA, Plescia J, et al: Urine detection of survivin and diagnosis of bladder cancer. JAMA 2001; 285: 324-8.
42. Sharp JD, Hausladen DA, Maher MG, et al. Bladder cancer detection with urinary survivin, an inhibitor of apoptosis. Front Biosci 2002; 7: E36-41.
43. Shariat SF, Casella R, Khoddami SM, et al. Urine detection of survivin is a sensitive marker for the non-invasive diagnosis of bladder cancer. J Urol 2004; 171: 626-30.
44. Hausladen DA, Wheeler MA, Altieri DC, et al. Effect of intravesical treatment of transitional cell carcinoma with bacillus Calmette-Guérin and mitomycin C on urinary survivin levels and outcome. J Urol 2003; 170: 230-4.
45. Schultz IJ, Kiemeney LA, Karthaus HF, et al. Survivin mRNA copy number in bladder washings predicts tumor recurrence in patients with superficial urothelial cell carcinomas. Clin Chem 2004; 50: 1425-8.
46. Knudson W, Biswas C, Li XQ, et al. The role and regulation of tumour-associated hyaluronan. Ciba Found Symp 1989; 143: 150-9.
47. Lokeshwar VB, Obek C, Soloway MS, et al. Tumor-associated hyaluronic acid: A new sensitive and specific urine marker for bladder cancer. Cancer Res 1997; 57: 773-7.
48. Lokeshwar VB, Obek C, Pham HT, et al. Urinary hyaluronic acid and hyaluronidase: markers for bladder cancer detection and evaluation of grade. J Urol 2000; 163: 348-56.
49. Lokeshwar VB, Soloway MS, Block NL. Secretion of bladder tumor-derived hyaluronidase activity by invasive bladder tumor cells. Cancer Lett 1998; 131: 21-7.
50. Pham HT, Block NL, Lokeshwar VB. Tumor-derived hyaluronidase: a diagnostic urine marker for high-grade bladder cancer. Cancer Res 1997; 57: 778-83.
51. Hautmann SH, Schroeder GL, Civantos F, et al. Hyaluronic acid and hyaluronidase. Two new bladder carcinoma markers [in German]. Urologe A 2001; 40: 121-6.
52. Lokeshwar VB, Schroeder GL, Selzer MG, et al. Bladder tumor markers for monitoring recurrence and screening comparison of hyaluronic acid-hyaluronidase and BTAStat tests. Cancer 2002; 95: 61-72.
53. Southgate J, Harnden P, Trejdosiewicz LK. Cytokeratin expression patterns in normal and malignant urothelium: a review of the biological and diagnostic implications. Histol Histopathol 1999; 14: 657-64.
54. Attallah AM, Sakr HA, Ismail H, et al. Rapid diagnosis and follow up of bladder cancer patients using urinary high molecular weight cytokeratins. World J Urol 2006; 24: 345-52.
55. Ramos D, Navarro S, Villamón R, Gil-Salom M, Llombart-Bosch A. Cytokeratin expression patterns in low-grade papillary urothelial neoplasms of the urinary bladder. Cancer 2003; 97: 1876-83.
56. Papanicolaou GN, Marshall VF. Urine sediment smears as a diagnostic procedure in cancers of the urine tract. Science 1945; 101: 519-20.
57. Glas AS, Roos D, Deutekom M, et al. Tumor markers in the diagnosis of primary bladder cancer. A systematic review. J Urol 2003; 169: 1975-82.
58. Van Rhijn BW, Van der Poel HG, Van der Kwast TH. Urine markers for bladder cancer surveillance: a systematic review. Eur Urol 2005; 47: 736-48.
59. Sanchini MA, Gunelli R, Nanni O, et al. Relevance of urine telomerase in the diagnosis of bladder cancer. JAMA 2005; 294: 2052-6.
60. Eissa S, Swellam M, Ali-Labib R, Mansour A, El-Malt O, Tash FM. Detection of telomerase in urine by 3 methods: evaluation of diagnostic accuracy for bladder cancer. J Urol 2007; 178: 1068-72.
61. Weikert S, Christoph F, Miller K. Urine telomerase and bladder cancer detection. JAMA 2006; 295: 998-9.
62. Placer J, Espinet B, Salido M, et al. Clinical utility of a multiprobe FISH assay in voided urine specimens for the detection of bladder cancer and its recurrences, compared with urinary cytology. Eur Urol 2002; 42: 547-52.
63. Sarosdy MF, Schellhammer P, Bokinsky G, et al. Clinical evaluation of a multi-target fluorescent in situ hybridization assay for detection of bladder cancer. J Urol 2002; 168: 1950-4.
64. Lodde M, Mian C, Negri G, et al. Role of uCyt + in the detection and surveillance of urothelial carcinoma. Urology 2003; 61: 243-7.
65. Pfister C, Chautard D, Devonec M, et al. ImmunoCyt test improves the diagnostic accuracy of urinary cytology: results of a French multicenter study. J Urol 2003; 169: 921-4.
66. Halling KC, King W, Sokolova IA, Meyer RG, Burkhardt HM, Halling ACI. A comparison of cytology and fluorescence in situ hybridization for the detection of urothelial carcinoma. J Urol 2000; 164: 1768-75.
67. Goessl C, Muller M, Straub B, et al. DNA alterations in body fluids as molecular tumor markers for urological malignancies. Eur Urol 2002; 41: 668-76.
68. Bartoletti R, Dal Canto M, Cai T, et al. Early diagnosis and monitoring of superficial transitional cell carcinoma by microsatellite analysis on urine sediment. Oncol Rep 2005; 13: 531-7.
69. Wang Y, Hung SC, Linn JF, et al. Microsatellite-based cancer detection using capillary array electrophoresis and energy-transfer fluorescent primers. Electrophoresis 1997; 18: 1742-9.
70. Chen XQ, Stroun M, Magnenat JL, et al. Microsatellite alterations in plasma DNA of small cell lung cancer patients. Nat Med 1996; 2: 1033-5.
71. Sawczuk IS, Pickens CL, Vasa UR, et al. DD23 Biomarker. A prospective clinical assessment in routine urinary cytology specimens from patients being monitored for TCC. Urol Oncol 2002; 7: 185-90.
72. Gilbert SM, Veltri RW, Sawczuk A, et al. Evaluation of DD23 as a marker for detection of recurrent transitional cell carcinoma of the bladder in patients with a history of bladder cancer. Urology 2003; 61: 539-43.
73. Tsihlias J, Grossman HB. The utility of fibrin/fibrinogen degradation products in superficial bladder cancer. Urol Clin North Am 2000; 27: 39-46.
74. Schmetter BS, Habicht KK, Lamm DI, Morales A, Bander NH, Grossman HB. A multicenter trial evaluation of the fibrin/fibrinogen degradation product test for detection and monitoring bladder cancer. J Urol 1997; 158: 801-5.
75. Takahashi C, Miyagawa I, Kumano S. Detection of telomerase activity in prostate cancer by needle biopsy. Eur Urol 1997; 32: 494-8.
76. Trott PA, Edwards L. Comparison of bladder washings and urine cytology in the diagnosis of bladder cancer. J Urol 1973; 110: 664-6.
77. Umiker W. Accuracy of cytologic diagnosis of cancer of the urinary tract. Acta Cytol 1964; 8: 186-93.
78. Zhang W, Piatyszek MA, Kobayashi T, et al. Telomerase activity in human acute myelogenous leukaemia: inhibition of telomerase activity by differentiation-inducing agents. Clin Cancer Res 1996; 2: 799-803.
79. Yoshida K, Sugino T, Tahara H. Telomerase activity in bladder carcinoma and its implication for noninvasive diagnosis by detection of exfoliated cancer cells in urine. Cancer 1997; 79: 362-9.
80. Bianco FJ, Gervasi DC, Tiguert R, et al. Matrix metalloproteinase-9 expression in bladder washes from bladder cancer patients predict pathological stage and grade. Clin Cancer Res 1998; 4: 3011-6.
81. Durkan GC, Nutt JE, Marsh C, et al. Alteration in urinary matrix metalloproteinase-9 to tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase-1 ratio predicts recurrence in nonmuscle-invasive bladder cancer. Clin Cancer Res 2003; 9: 2576-82.
82. Sier CF, Casetta G, Verheijen JH, et al. Enhanced urinary gelatinase activities (matrix metalloproteinases 2 and 9) are associated with early-stage bladder carcinoma: a comparison with clinically used tumor markers. Clin Cancer Res 2000; 6: 2333-40.
83. Hasui Y, Marutsuka K, Asada Y, et al. Prognostic value of urokinase-type plasminogen activator in patients with superficial bladder cancer. Urology 1996; 47: 34-7.
84. Casella R, Shariat SF, Monoski MA, et al. Urinary levels of urokinase-type plasminogen activator and its receptor in the detection of bladder carcinoma. Cancer 2002; 95: 2494-9.
85. Shariat SF, Casella R, Monoski MA, et al. The addition of urinary urokinase-type plasminogen activator to urinary nuclear matrix protein 22 and cytology improves the detection of bladder cancer. J Urol 2003; 170: 2244-7.
86. Messing EM, Murphy-Brooks N. Recovery of epidermal growth factor in voided urine of patients with bladder cancer. Urology 1994; 44: 502-6.
87. Fuse H, Mizuno I, Sakamoto M, et al. Epidermal growth factor in urine from patients with urothelial tumors. Urol Int 1992; 48: 261-4.
88. Momose H, Kakinuma H, Shariff SY, et al. Tumor-promoting effect of urinary epidermal growth factor in rat urinary bladder carcinogenesis. Cancer Res 1991; 51: 5487-90.
89. Chow NH, Liu HS, Lee EI, et al. Significance of urinary epidermal growth factor and its receptor expression in human bladder cancer. Anticancer Res 1997; 17: 1293-6.
90. Saika T, Tsushima T, Nasu Y, et al. Epidermal growth factor in urine from patients with bladder cancer. Urol Res 2000; 28: 230-4.
91. Chodak GW, Hospelhorn V, Judge SM, et al. Increased levels of fibroblast growth factor-like activity in urine from patients with bladder or kidney cancer. Cancer Res 1988; 48: 2083-8.
92. Chopin DK, Caruelle JP, Colombel M, et al. Increased immunodetection of acidic fibroblast growth factor in bladder cancer, detectable in urine. J Urol 1993; 150: 1126-30.
93. Eder IE, Stenzl A, Hobisch A, et al. Transforming growth factors beta 1 and beta 2 in serum and urine from patients with bladder carcinoma. J Urol 1996; 156: 953-7.
94. Crew JP, O'Brien T, Bicknell R, et al. Urinary vascular endothelial growth factor and its correlation with bladder cancer recurrence rates. J Urol 1999; 161: 799-804.
95. Jeon SH, Lee SJ, Chang SG. Clinical significance of urinary vascular endothelial growth factor in patients with superficial bladder tumors. Oncol Rep 2001; 8: 1265-7.
96. Matsumura Y, Hanbury D, Smith J, et al. Non-invasive detection of malignancy by identification of unusual CD44 gene activity in exfoliated cancer cells. BMJ 1994; 308: 619-24.
97. Miyake H, Hara I, Gohji K, et al. Urinary cytology and competitive reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction analysis of a specific CD44 variant to detect and monitor bladder cancer. J Urol 1998; 160: 2004-8.
98. Miyake H, Hara II, Arakawa S, et al. Utility of competitive reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction analysis of specific CD44 variant RNA for detecting upper urinary tract transitional-cell carcinoma. Mol Urol 1999; 3: 365-70.
99. Miyake H, Eto H, Arakawa S, et al. Over expression of CD44V8-10 in urinary exfoliated cells as an independent prognostic predictor in patients with urothelial cancer. J Urol 2002; 167: 1282-7.
100. Woodman AC, Goodison S, Drake M, Noble J, Tarin D. Noninvasive diagnosis of bladder carcinoma by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay detection of CD44 isoforms in exfoliated urothelia. Clin Cancer Res 2000; 6: 2381-92.
101. Svatek RS, Herman MP, Lotan Y, et al. Soluble Fas-A promising novel urinary marker for the detection of recurrent superficial bladder cancer. Cancer 2006; 106: 1701-7.
102. Mizutani Y, Yoshida O, Ukimura O, Kawauchi A, Bonavida B, Miki T. Prognostic significance of a combination of soluble Fas and soluble Fas ligand in the serum of patients with Ta bladder cancer. Cancer Biother Radiopharm 2002; 17: 563-7.
103. Mizutani Y, Yoshida O, Bonavida B. Prognostic significance of soluble Fas in the serum of patients with bladder cancer. J Urol 1998; 160: 571-6.
104. Burton PB, Anderson CJ, Corbishly CM. Caspase 3 and p27 as predictors of invasive bladder cancer. N Engl J Med 2000; 343: 1418-20.
105. Karam JA, Lotan Y, Karakiewicz PI, et al. Use of combined apoptosis biomarkers for prediction of bladder cancer recurrence and mortality after radical cystectomy. Lancet Oncol 2007; 8: 128-36.
106. Kluck RM, Bossy-Wetzel E, Green DR, et al. The release of cytochrome c from mitochondria: a primary site for Bcl-2 regulation of apoptosis. Science 1997; 275: 1132-6.
107. Kong G, Shin KY, Oh YH, et al. Bcl-2 and p53 expressions in invasive bladder cancers. Acta Oncol 1998; 37: 715-20.
108. Cote RJ, Dunn MD, Chatterjee SJ, et al. Elevated and absent pRb expression is associated with bladder cancer progression and has cooperative effects with p53. Cancer Res 1998; 58: 1090-4.
109. Shariat SF, Tokunaga H, Zhou J, et al. p53, p21, pRB, and p16 expression predict clinical outcome in cystectomy with bladder cancer. J Clin Oncol 2004; 22: 1014-24.
110. Chatterjee SJ, Datar R, Youssefzadeh D, et al. Combined effects of p53, p21 and pRb expression in the progression of bladder transitional cell carcinoma. J Clin Oncol 2004; 22: 1007-13.
111. Shariat SF, Kim J, Raptidis G, et al. Association of p53 and p21 expression with clinical outcome in patients with carcinoma in situ of the urinary bladder. Urology 2003; 61: 1140-5.
112. Cordon-Cardo C, Zhang ZF, Dalbagni G, et al. Cooperative effects of p53 and pRB alterations in primary superficial bladder tumors. Cancer Res 1997; 57: 1217-21.
113. Holyoake A, O'Sullivan P, Pollock R, et al. Development of a multiplex RNA urine test for the detection and stratification of transitional cell carcinoma of the bladder. Clin Cancer Res 2008; 14: 742-9.
114. Shariat SF, Ashfaq R, Sagalowsky AI, et al. Correlation of cyclin D1 and E1 expression with bladder cancer presence, invasion, progression, and metastasis. Hum Pathol 2006; 37: 1568-76.
115. Shariat SF, Zlotta AR, Ashfaq R, Sagalowsky AI, Lotan Y. Cooperative effect of cell-cycle regulators expression on bladder cancer development and biologic aggressiveness. Mod Pathol 2007; 20: 445-59.
116. Dyrskjot L, Zieger K, Kruhoffer M, et al. A molecular signature in superficial bladder carcinoma predicts clinical outcome. Clin Cancer Res 2005; 11: 4029-36.
117. Blaveri E, Simko JP, Korkola JE, et al. Bladder cancer outcome and subtype classification by gene expression. Clin Cancer Res 2005; 11: 4044-55.
118. Aaboe M, Birkenkamp-Demtroder K, Wiuf C, et al. SOX4 expression in bladder carcinoma: clinical aspects and in vitro functional characterization. Cancer Res 2006; 66: 3434-42.
119. Elsamman E, Fukumori T, Ewis AA, et al. Differences in gene expression between noninvasive and invasive transitional cell carcinoma of the human bladder using complementary deoxyribonucleic acid microarray: preliminary results. Urol Oncol 2006; 24: 109-15.
120. Theodorescu D, Wittke S, Ross MM, et al. Discovery and validation of new protein biomarkers for urothelial cancer: a prospective analysis. Lancet Oncol 2006; 7: 230-40.
121. Lee SW, Lee KI, Kim JY. Revealing urologic diseases by proteomic techniques. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2005; 815: 203-13.
122. Celis JE, Gromov P. Proteomics in translational cancer research: Toward an integrated approach. Cancer Cell 2003; 3: 9-15.
123. Celis JE. Danish Centre for Translational Breast Cancer Research (DTCB) database. Available at: http://proteomics.cancer.dk. Accessed September 2005.
124. Ohlsson G, Moreira JM, Gromov P, et al. Loss of expression of the adipocyte-type fatty acid-binding protein (AFABP) is associated with progression of human urothelial carcinomas. Mol Cell Proteomics 2005; 4: 570-81.
125. Ostergaard M, Rasmussen HH, Nielsen HV, et al. Proteome profiling of bladder squamous cell carcinomas: identification of markers that define their degree of differentiation. Cancer Res 1997; 57: 4111-7.
126. Kageyama S, Isono T, Iwaki H, et al. Identification by proteomic analysis of calreticulin as a marker for bladder cancer and evaluation of the diagnostic accuracy of its detection in urine. Clin Chem 2004; 50: 857-66.
127. Iwaki H, Kageyama S, Isono T, et al. Diagnostic potential in bladder cancer of a panel of tumor markers (calreticulin, gamma-synuclein and catechol-o-methyltransferase) identified by proteomic analysis. Cancer Sci 2004; 95: 955-61.
128. Wright GL Jr. SELDI proteinchip MS: A platform for biomarker discovery and cancer diagnosis. Expert Rev Mol Diagn 2002; 2: 549-63.
129. Hartmann A, Moser K, Kriegmair M, Hofstetter A, Hofstaedter F, Knuechel R. Frequent genetic alterations in simple urothelial hyperplasias of the bladder in patients with papillary urothelial carcinoma. Am J Pathol 1999: 154: 721-7.
130. Stoehr R, Zietz S, Burger M, et al. Deletions of chromosome 9 and 8p in histologically normal urothelium of patients with bladder cancer. Eur Urol 2005: 47: 58-63.
131. Chow NH, Cairns P, Eisemberger CF, et al. Papillary urothelial hyperplasia is a clonal precursor to papillary transitional cell bladder cancer. Int J Cancer 2000; 89: 514-8.
132. Hartmann A, Schlake G, Zaak D, et al. Occurrence of chromosome 9 and p53 alterations in multifocal dysplasia and carcinoma in situ of human urinary bladder. Cancer Res 2002; 62: 809-18.
133. Krüger S, Mess F, Böhle A, Feller AC. Numerical aberrations of chromosome 17 and the 9p21 locus are independent predictors of tumor recurrence in non-invasive transitional cell carcinoma of the urinary bladder. Int J Oncol 2003; 23: 41-8.
134. Fadl-Elmula I, Kytola S, Pan Y, et al. Characterization of chromosomal abnormalities in uroepithelial carcinomas by G-banding, spectral karyotyping and FISH analysis. Int J Cancer 2001; 92: 824-31.
135. Olumi AF, Tsai YC, Nichols PW, et al. Allelic loss of chromosome 17p distinguishes high grade from low grade transitional cell carcinomas of the bladder. Cancer Res 1990; 50: 7081-3.
136. Presti JC Jr, Reuter VE, Galan T, Fair WR, Cordon-Cardo C. Molecular genetic alterations in superficial and locally advanced human bladder cancer. Cancer Res 1991; 51: 5405-9.
137. Pycha A, Mian C, Posch B, et al. Numerical chromosomal aberrations in muscle invasive squamous cell and transitional cell cancer of the urinary bladder: an alternative to classic prognostic indicators? Urology 1999; 53: 1005-10.
138. Thibodeau SN, Bren G, Schaid D. Microsatellite instability in cancer of the proximal colon. Science 1993; 260: 816-9.
139. Sardi I, Bartoletti R, Occhini I, et al. Microsatellite alterations in superficial and locally advanced transitional cell carcinoma of the bladder. Oncol Report 1999; 6: 901-5.
140. Soulitzis N, Sourvinos G, Dokianakis DN, Spandidos DA. p53 codon 72 polymorphism and its association with bladder cancer. Cancer Lett 2002; 179: 175-83.
141. Toruner GA, Akyerli C, Ucar A, et al. Polymorphisms of glutathione S transferase genes (GSTM1, GSTP1 and GSTT1) and bladder cancer susceptibility in the Turkish population. Arch Toxicol 2001; 75: 459-64.
142. Clark SJ, Melki J. DNA methylation and gene silencing in cancer: which is the guilty party? Oncogene 2002; 21: 5380-7.
143. Hoque MO, Begum S, Topaloglu O, et al. Quantitation of promoter methylation of multiple genes in urine DNA and bladder cancer detection. J Natl Cancer Inst 2006; 98: 996-1004.
144. Pu RT, Laitala LE, Clark DP. Methylation profiling of urothelial carcinoma in bladder biopsy and urine. Acta Cytol 2006; 50: 499-506.
145. Dhawan D, Hamdy FC, Rehman I, et al. Evidence for the early onset of aberrant promoter methylation in urothelial carcinoma. J Pathol 2006; 209: 336-43.