Formation mechanisms of latitudinal CO2 gradients in the upper troposphere over the subtropics and tropics

Journal of Geophysical Research Atmospheres

Volumn 114, Issue 3, 2009, Pages

  Miyazaki, Kazuyuki ^a   Machida, Toshinobu ^b   Patra, Prabir K ^a   Iwasaki, Toshiki ^d   Sawa, Yousuke ^c   Matsueda, Hidekazu ^c   Nakazawa, Takakiyo ^a,d  

^a JAPAN AGENCY FOR MARINE EARTH SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY   (Japan)

^b NATIONAL INSTITUTE FOR ENVIRONMENTAL STUDIES   (Japan)

^c METEOROLOGICAL RESEARCH INSTITUTE   (Japan)

^d TOHOKU UNIVERSITY   (Japan)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

AIRCRAFT; ATMOSPHERIC AEROSOLS; CARBON DIOXIDE; POLARIZATION; TROPOSPHERE;

AIRCRAFT FLIGHTS; AIRCRAFT OBSERVATIONS; ANALYSIS RESULTS; ATMOSPHERIC TRANSPORT MODELS; ATMOSPHERIC TRANSPORTS; BOREAL WINTERS; CARBON FLUXES; CYCLONIC ACTIVITIES; EARTH'S SURFACES; EDDY FLUXES; EXTRATROPICAL; FORMATION MECHANISMS; HADLEY CIRCULATIONS; ISENTROPIC SURFACES; LARGE LATITUDINAL GRADIENTS; MERIDIONAL TRANSPORTS; MID-LATITUDES; MIXING RATIOS; NUMERICAL SIMULATIONS; SEASONAL MIGRATIONS; TRANSPORT PROCESS; UPPER TROPOSPHERES;

TROPICS;

ATMOSPHERIC CHEMISTRY; ATMOSPHERIC TRANSPORT; CARBON DIOXIDE; CARBON FLUX; FORMATION MECHANISM; LATITUDINAL GRADIENT; MIXING RATIO; SUBTROPICAL REGION; TROPOSPHERE;

EID: 65249174526     PISSN: 01480227     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1029/2008JD010545     Document Type: Article

References (46)

1. Bowman, K. P. (1996), Rossby wave phase speeds and mixing barriers in the stratosphere, part I: Observations, J. Atmos. Sci., 53, 905-916.
2. Bowman, K. P., and G. R. Carrie (2002), The mean-meridional transport circulation of the troposphere in an idealized GCM, J. Atmos. Sci., 59, 1502-1514.
3. Bowman, K. P., and P. J. Cohen (1997), Interhemispheric exchange by seasonal modulation of the Hadley circulation, J. Atmos. Sci., 54, 2045-2059.
4. Brenket, A. L. (1998), Carbon dioxide emission estimates from fossil-fuel burning, hydraulic cement production and gas flaring for 1995 on a one degree grid cell basis, Rep. NDP058A, Carbon Dioxide Inf. Anal. Cent., Oak Ridge. Natl. Lab., Oak Ridge, Tenn. (Available at http://cdiac.esd.oml.gov/ndps/ ndp058a.html)
5. 2 due to seasonal exchange with land biota, Nature, 376, 204-243.
6. Duncan, B. N., S. E. Strahan, Y. Yoshida, S. D. Steenrod, and N. Livesey (2007), Model study of the cross-tropopause transport of biomass burning pollution, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 7, 3713-3736.
7. Erukhimova, T, and K. P. Bowman (2006), Role of convection in globalscale transport in the troposphere, J. Geophys. Res., 111, D03105, doi: 10.1029/2005JD006006.
8. 2 in the equatorial Pacific, Deep Sea Res. II, 49, 2443-2469.
9. 2 inversion intercomparison: 1. Annual mean control results and sensitivity to transport and prior flux information, Tellus, 55B, 555-579.
10. 2 (2007), Cooperative Atmospheric Data Integration Project-Carbon Dioxide [CD-ROM], NOAA ESRL, Boulder, Colo.
11. Hartley, R. X., and D. E. Black (1995), Mechanistic analysis of interhemispheric transport, Geophys. Res. Lett., 22, 2945-2948.
12. Haynes, P. H., and E. F. Shuckburgh (2000), Effective diffusivity as a diagnostic of atmospheric transport: 2. Troposphere and lower stratosphere, J. Geophys. Res., 105, 22, 795-22,810.
13. Hess, P. G. (2005), A comparison of two paradigms: The relative global roles of moist convective versus nonconvective transport, J. Geophys. Res., 110, D20302, doi:10.1029/2004JD005456.
14. Hoke, J. E., and R. A. Anthes (1976), The initialization of numerical models by a dynamic initialization technique, Mon. Weather Rev., 104, 1551-1556.
15. Iwasaki, T. (1989), A diagnostic formulation for wave-mean flow interactions and Lagrangian-mean circulation with a hybrid vertical coordinate of pressure and isentropes, J. Meteorol. Soc Jpn., 67, 293-312.
16. Kalnay, E., et al. (1996), The NCEP/NCAR 40-year «analysis project, Bull. Am. Meteorol. Soc., 77, 437-471.
17. 2 transport simulations using meteorological data from the NASA data assimilation system, J. Geophys. Res., 109, D18312, doi:10.1029/2004JD004554.
18. 2: Experimental overview and diurnal cycle results for 2002, Global Biogeochem. Cycles, 22, GB3009, doi:10.1029/2007GB003050.
19. Lintner, B. R., A. B. Gilliland, and I. Y. Fung (2004), Mechanisms of convection-induced modulation of passive tracer interhemispheric transport interannual variability, J. Geophys. Res., 109, D13102, doi:10.1029/2003JD004306.
20. 2 variability, J. Geophys. Res., 111, D13104, doi:10.1029/2005JD006535.
21. 2 and other trace gas species using commercial airlines, J. Atmos. Oceanic. Technol., 25, 1744-1754.
22. Mahlman, J. D. (1997), Dynamics of transport processes in the upper troposphere, Science, 276, 1076-1083.
23. Matsueda, H., H. Y. Inoue, and M. Ishii (2002), Aircraft observation of carbon dioxide at 8 -13 km altitude over the western Pacific from 1993 to 1999, Tellus, 54B, 1-22.
24. 2 measurements from new flask air sampling of JAL airliner observations, Pap. Meteorol Geophys., 59, 1-17.
25. Miyazaki, K., and T. Iwasaki (2005), Diagnosis of meridional ozone transport based on mass weighted isentropic zonal means, J. Atmos. Sci., 63, 1192-1208.
26. Miyazaki, K., and T. Iwasaki (2008), The gradient genesis of stratospheric trace species in the subtropics and around the polar vortex, J. Atmos. Sci., 65, 490-508.
27. Miyazaki, K., T. Iwasaki, K. Shibata, M. Deushi, and T. Sekiyama (2005), The impact of changing meteorological variables to be assimilated into GCM on ozone simulation with MRI CTM, J. Meteorol. Soc. Jpn., 83, 909-918.
28. Miyazaki, K., P. K. Patra, M. Takigawa, and T. Nakazawa (2008), Globalscale transport of carbon dioxide in the troposphere, J. Geophys. Res., 113, D15301, doi:10.1029/2007JD009557.
29. Nakajima, T., M. Tsukamoto, Y. Tsusima, and A. Numaguti (1995), Modeling of the radiative process in a AGCM, in Reports of a New Program for Creative Basic Research Studies, Studies of Global Environment Change to Asia and Pacific Regions, Rep. 1-3, pp. 104-123, CCSR, Tokyo.
30. Nakamura, N. (1996), Two-dimensional mixing, edge formation, and permeability diagnosed in area coordinates, J. Atmos. Set, 53, 1524-1537.
31. Nakazawa, T., K. Miyashita, S. Aoki, and M. Tanaka (1991), Temporal and spatial variations of upper tropospheric and lower stratospheric carbon dioxide, Tellus, 44B, 106-117.
32. Newell, R. E., Y. Zhu, E. V. Browell, W. G. Read, and J. W. Waters (1996), Walker circulation and tropical upper tropospheric water vapor, J. Geophys. Res., 101, 1961-1974.
33. Numaguti, A. (1993), Dynamics and energy balance of the Hadley circulation and the tropical precipitation zones: Significance of the distribution of evaporation, J. Atmos. Sci., 50, 1874-1887.
34. Numaguti, A., M. Takahashi, T. Nakajima, and A. Sumi (1995), Development of an atmospheric general circulation model, in Reports of a New Program for Creative Basic Research Studies, Studies of Global Environment Change to Asia and Pacific Regions, Rep. 1-3, pp. 1 -27, CCSR, Tokyo.
35. 2: Analysis of synoptic scale variations for the period 2002-2003, Global Biogeochem. Cycles, 22, GB4013, 10.1029/2007GB003081.
36. Plumb, R. A., and J. D. Mahlman (1987), The zonally-averaged transport characteristics of the GFDL general circulation/tracer model, J. Atmos. Sci., 44, 298-327.
37. Polvani, L., D. Waugh, and R. A. Plumb (1995), On the subtropical edge of the stratospheric surf zone, J. Atmos. Sci., 52, 1288-1309.
38. Prinn, R., et al. (1992), Global average concentration and trend forhydroxyl radicals deduced from ALE/GAGE trichloroethane (methylchloroform) data for 1978-1990, J. Geophys. Res., 97, 445-2461.
39. Randerson, J. T., M. V. Thompson, T. J. Conway, I. Y. Fung, and C. B. Field (1997), The contribution of terrestrial sources and sinks to trends in the seasonal cycle of atmospheric carbon dioxide, Global Biogeochem. Cycles, 11, 535-560.
40. 2 near the tropopause observed by commercial aircraft, J. Geophys. Res., 113, D23301, doi:10.1029/2008JD010568.
41. Scott, R. K., E. F. Shuckburgh, J.-P. Cammas, and B. Legras (2003), Stretching rates and equivalent length near the tropopause, J. Geophys. Res., 108(D13), 4394, doi:10.1029/2002JD002988.
42. 2, and seasonal biological and temperature effects, Deep Sea Res. II, 49, 1601-1622.
43. Tomas, P. J., and R. W. Webster (1994), Horizontal and vertical structure of cross-equatorial wave propagation, J. Atmos. Sci., 51, 1417-1430.
44. Trenberth, K. E., D. P. Stepaniak, and J. M. Caron (2000), The global monsoon as seen through the divergent atmospheric circulation, J. Clim., 13, 3969-3993.
45. Tung, K. K. (1982), On the two-dimensional transport of stratospheric trace gases in isentropic coordinates, J. Atmos. Sci., 38, 2230-2355.
46. Webster, P., and J. Holton (1982), Cross-equatorial response to middlelatitude forcing in a zonally varying basic state, J. Atmos. Sci., 39, 722-733.