Free-air ionization chambers

Metrologia

Volumn 46, Issue 2, 2009, Pages

  Burns, D T ^a   Buermann L ^b  

^a PAVILLON DE BRETEUIL   (France)

^b PHYSIKALISCH TECHNISCHE BUNDESANSTALT   (Germany)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

AIR CHAMBERS; AIR KERMA; CORRECTION FACTORS; CURRENT STATUS; DESIGN PARAMETERS; ENERGY X-RAYS; INTERNATIONAL COMPARISONS; MONTE CARLO TECHNIQUES; PARALLEL PLATES;

IONIZATION CHAMBERS; MONTE CARLO METHODS;

IONIZATION;

EID: 65249158001     PISSN: 00261394     EISSN: 16817575     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1088/0026-1394/46/2/S02     Document Type: Article

References (65)

1. Boag J W 1966 Ionization chambers Radiation Dosimetry vol II ed F H Attix and W C Roesch (New York: Academic) pp 1-72 (Pubitemid 47214468)
2. Kemp L A W E 1977 Intercomparison of the primary exposure standards Ionizing Radiation Metrology ed E Casnati (Bologna: Editrice Compositori) pp 85-100
3. Attix F H 1986 Ionization chambers An Introduction to Radiological Physics and Radiation Dosimetry (New York: Wiley Interscience) pp 292-345
4. Boag J W 1987 Ionization chambers The Dosimetry of Ionizing Radiation vol II ed K R Kase et al (New York: Academic) pp 169-243
5. Attix F H and DeLaVergne L 1954 Plate separation requirements for standard free-air ionization chambers Radiology 63 853-66
6. Attix F H and DeLaVergne L 1954 J. Res. Natl Bur. Stand. 53 393-402
7. Aston G H and Attix F H 1956 An intercomparison of the roentgen standards of Great Britain and U.S.A. Acta Radiol. 46 747-52
8. Wyckoff H O and Kirn F S 1957 Standard ionization-chamber requirements for 250 to 500 kilovolt x rays J. Res. Natl Bur. Stand. 58 111-7
9. Wyckoff H O and Attix F H 1957 Design of free-air ionization chambers National Bureau of Standards Handbook 64 (Washington, DC: United States Department of Commerce)
10. Ritz V H 1959 Design of free-air ionization chambers for the soft x-ray region (20-100 kV) Radiology 73 911-22
11. Ritz V H 1960 Standard free-air chamber for the measurement of low-energy x-rays (20 to 100 kilovolts-constant-potential) J. Res. Natl Bur. Stand. C 64 49-53
12. Allisy A and Roux A M 1961 Contribution la mesure des rayons roentgen dans le domaine de 5 50 kV Acta Radiol. 55 57-74
13. Greening J R 1960 A compact free-air chamber for use in the range 10-50 kV Br. J. Radiol. 33 178-83
14. Lamperti P J and Wyckoff H O 1965 NBS free-air chamber for measurement of 10 to 60 kV x rays J. Res. Natl Bur. Stand. C 69 39-47
15. Boutillon M, Henry W H and Lamperti P J 1969 Comparison of exposure standards in the 10-50 kV x-ray region Metrologia 5 1-11
16. ICRU 1998 Fundamental quantities and units for ionizing radiation ICRU Report 60 (Bethesda, MD: International Commission on Radiation Units and Measurements)
17. Büermann L, Grosswendt B, Kramer H-M, Selbach H-J, Gerlach M, Hoffmann M and Krumrey M 2006 Measurement of the x-ray mass energy-absorption coefficient of air using 3 keV to 10 keV synchrotron radiation Phys. Med. Biol. 51 5125-50 (Pubitemid 44540122)
18. ICRU 1971 Radiation quantities and units ICRU Report 19 (Bethesda, MD: International Commission on Radiation Units and Measurements)
19. CCEMRI 1985 Report of the 11th Session (Sèvres: BIPM) R131-2
20. Boutillon M and Perroche-Roux A M 1987 Re-evaluation of the W value for electrons in dry air Phys. Med. Biol. 32 213-19 (Pubitemid 17040369)
21. ICRU 1984 Stopping powers for electrons and positrons ICRU Report 37 (Bethesda, MD: International Commission on Radiation Units and Measurements)
22. ICRU 1979 Average energy required to produce an ion pair ICRU Report 31 (Bethesda, MD: International Commission on Radiation Units and Measurements)
23. Büermann L and Burns D T 2009 Air-kerma cavity standards Metrologia 46 S24-38
24. Niatel M T 1969 Etude expérimentale de l'influence de la vapeur d'eau sur l'ionisation produite dans l'air C. R. Acad. Sci. Paris B 268 1650
25. Wyckoff H O 1960 Measurement of cobalt-60 and caesium-137 gamma rays with a free-air chamber J. Res. Natl Bur. Stand. C 64 87-97
26. Joyet G 1963 Standard free-air chamber with magnetic field for x- or γ-rays up to about 50 MeV J. Appl. Math. Phys. (ZAMP) 14 195-7
27. Klein O and Nishina Y 1929 Scattering of radiation by free electrons in the new relativistic quantum dynamics of Dirac Z. Phys. 52 853-68
28. Burns D T 2001 Free-air chamber correction factors for electron loss, photon scatter, fluorescence and bremsstrahlung Report CCRI(I)/01-36 (Sèvres: Bureau International des Poids et Mesures)
29. Duane W and Lorenz E 1928 The standard ionization chamber for roentgen-ray dosage measurements Am. J. Roentgenol. 19 461-9
30. Failla G 1929 Criteria for the design of a standard ionization chamber Am. J. Roentgenol. 21 47-63
31. Miller W and Kennedy R J 1955 Measurement of field distortion in free-air ionization chambers by analogue method J. Res. Natl Bur. Stand. 55 291-7
32. Uotila I K 1980 Field distortion in guarded-wall free-air ionization chambers Metrologia 16 15-9
33. Boag J W 1964 Distortion of the electric field in an ionization chamber due to a difference in potential between guard ring and collector Phys. Med. Biol. 9 25-32
34. Burns D T and Roger P 2001 Characterization of the BIPM low-energy x-ray facility following a change of x-ray tube and high-voltage generator Report CCRI(I)/01-07 (Sèvres: Bureau International des Poids et Mesures)
35. McEwan A C 1982 Corrections for scattered photons in free-air ionization chambers Phys. Med. Biol. 27 375-86 (Pubitemid 12185688)
36. Kawrakow I and Rogers D W O 2000 The EGSnrc code system: Monte Carlo simulation of electron and photon transport NRCC Report PIRS-701 (Ottawa: National Research Council of Canada)
37. Salvat F, Fernandez-Varea J M, Acosta E and Sempau J 2003 PENELOPE-A code system for Monte Carlo simulation of electron and photon transport Workshop Proc. (Issy-les-Moulineaux, France, 7-10 July 2003) (Paris: OECD)
38. Seltzer S M 1991 Electron-photon Monte Carlo calculations: the ETRAN code Appl. Radiat. Isot. 42 917-41
39. Halbleib J A, Kensek R P, Mehlhorn T A, Valdez G D, Seltzer S M and Berger M J 1992 ITS Version 3.0: the Integrated Tiger Series of coupled electron/photon Monte Carlo transport codes Technical Report SAND91-1634 (Livermore, CA: Sandia National Laboratories)
40. Breismeister J F (ed) 2000 MCNP - A general Monte Carlo n-particle transport code, version 4B LANL Report LA-13079-M (Los Alamos, NM: Los Alamos National Laboratory)
41. Agostinelli S et al 2003 GEANT4 - a simulation toolkit Nucl. Instrum. Meth. Phys. Res. A 506 250-303
42. Takata N and Sakihara K 1985 Effects of scattered X rays and fluorescences on exposure measured with a free-air ionization chamber Radiat. Prot. Dosim. 11 53-6 (Pubitemid 15148736)
43. Grimbergen T W M, van Dijk E and de Vries W 1998 Correction factors for the NMi free-air ionization chamber for medium-energy x-rays calculated with the Monte Carlo method Phys. Med. Biol. 43 3207-24 (Pubitemid 28518203)
44. Kurosawa T and Takata N 2005 Estimation of electron-loss and photon-scattering corrections for parallel-plate free-air chambers J. Nucl. Sci. Techol. 42 1077-80 (Pubitemid 43228258)
45. Lin U-T and Chu C-H 2006 Correction factors for the INER-improved free-air ionization chambers calculated with the Monte Carlo method Appl. Radiat. Isot. 64 608-14 (Pubitemid 43383988)
46. Allisy-Roberts P J, Burns D T and Kessler C 2007 Measuring conditions used for the calibration of ionization chambers at the BIPM Rapport BIPM-07/06 (Sèvres: Bureau International des Poids et Mesures)
47. Somerwil A 1972 Influence of beam path length in standard free air chambers on the photon scatter correction in low energy X-radiation measurements Metrologia 8 42-6
48. De Almeida C E and Niatel M T 1986 Comparison between IRD and BIPM exposure and air-kerma standards for cobalt gamma rays Rapport BIPM-86/12 (Sèvres: Bureau International des Poids et Mesures)
49. Boutillon M 1998 Volume recombination parameter in ionization chambers Phys. Med. Biol. 43 2061-72 (Pubitemid 28372608)
50. Simons H A B 1962 The calculation of gamma ray penetration of the walls of cylindrical and conical collimating holes Phys. Med. Biol. 6 561-76
51. Kurosawa T and Takata N 2005 Correction factors for free-air ionization chambers for X-rays transmitted through a diaphragm edge and scattered from the surface of the diaphragm aperture Report CCRI(I)/05-27 (Sèvres: Bureau International des Poids et Mesures)
52. Burns D T and Kessler C 2009 Diaphragm correction factors for free-air chamber x-ray standards Phys. Med. Biol. at press
53. Saito N, Kurosawa T, Kato M, Morishita Y, Nohtomi A and Takata N 2007 Progress report on radiation dosimetry standards at NMIJ/AIST Report CCRI(I)/07-20 (Sèvres: Bureau International des Poids et Mesures)
54. Kustner H 1924 The standardization of x-ray dose measurement Strahlentherapie 17 1-48
55. Kustner H 1931 Precise measurements of air ionization by x-rays of various qualities and homogeneity in cylindrical chambers from the smallest to the largest size Strahlentherapie 42 337-42
56. Thoraeus R and Wyckoff H O 1956 Calibration of the portable Swedish free-air chamber equipment at the U.S. National Bureau of Standards Acta Radiol. 46 741-6
57. Attix F H 1961 Electronic equilibrium in free-air chambers and a proposed new chamber design Report NRL-5646 (Washington, DC: Naval Research Laboratory)
58. Engelke B-A, Oetzmann W and Struppek G 1988 Die Mereinrichtungen der Physikalisch-Technischen Bundesanstalt zur Darstellung der Einheiten der Standard-Ionendosis, Photonen-quivalentdosis und Luftkerma PTB-Report Dos-16 (Braunschweig: Physikalisch-Technischen Bundesanstalt)
59. Laitano R F and Toni M P 1984 The primary exposure standard of ENEA for medium energy X-ray: characteristics and measurement procedures Report RT/PROT(83)27 (Rome: Laboratorio di Metrologia della Radiazioni Ionizzanti ENEA)
60. Coletti J G, Pearson D W and DeWerd L A 1995 Mammography exposure standard: design and characterization of free-air ionization chamber Rev. Sci. Instrum. 66 2574-7
61. Coletti J G, Pearson D W, DeWerd L A, O'Brien C M and Lamperti P J 1997 Comparison of exposure standards in the mammography x-ray region Med. Phys. 24 1263-7 (Pubitemid 27366468)
62. Chen W L, Su S H, Su L L and Hwang W S 1999 Improved free-air ionization chamber for the measurement of x-rays Metrologia 36 19-24
63. 103Pd brachytherapy seeds J. Res. Natl Inst. Stand. Technol. 108 337-58
64. The online BIPM key comparison database (KCDB) contains Appendix B (Key and Supplementary Comparisons) and Appendix C (CMCs) of the CIPM MRA: http://kcdb.bipm.org
65. CIPM 1999 Mutual Recognition of National Measurement Standards and of Calibration and Measurement Certificates Issued by National Metrology Institutes (Sèvres: Bureau International des Poids et Mesures)