The measurement of the QT and QTc on the neonatal and infant electrocardiogram: A comprehensive reliability assessment

Annals of Noninvasive Electrocardiology

Volumn 14, Issue 2, 2009, Pages 165-175

  Gow, Robert M ^a   Ewald, Benjamin ^b   Lai, Lillian ^a   Gardin, Letizia ^a   Lougheed, Jane ^a  

^a CHILDREN S HOSPITAL OF EASTERN ONTARIO   (Canada)

^b UNIVERSITY OF NEWCASTLE   (Australia)

Author keywords

Electrocardiogram; Neonate; QT interval; Reliability analysis

Indexed keywords

ADULT; ARTICLE; CARDIOLOGIST; ELECTROCARDIOGRAM; HUMAN; INFANT; MAJOR CLINICAL STUDY; PRIORITY JOURNAL; QT INTERVAL; QT PROLONGATION; RELIABILITY;

ELECTROCARDIOGRAPHY; FEMALE; HEART RATE; HUMANS; INFANT; INFANT, NEWBORN; LONG QT SYNDROME; MALE; OBSERVER VARIATION; REPRODUCIBILITY OF RESULTS;

EID: 64949097303     PISSN: 1082720X     EISSN: 1542474X     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/j.1542-474X.2009.00292.x     Document Type: Article

References (42)

1. Viskin S, Rosovski U, Sands AJ, et al. Inaccurate electrocardiographic interpretation of long QT: The majority of physicians cannot recognize a long QT when they see one. Heart Rhythm 2005 2 : 569 574.
2. Last JM. A Dictionary of Epidemiology, 4th Edition, Oxford : Oxford University Press 2001.
3. Brenner H, Blettner M. Misclassification bias arising from random error in exposure measurement: Implications for dual measurement strategies. Am J Epidemiol 1993 138 : 453 461.
4. Whiting P, Rutjes AW, Reitsma JB, et al. Sources of variation and bias in studies of diagnostic accuracy: A systematic review. Ann Intern Med 2004 140 : 189 202.
5. Benatar A, Feenstra A, Decraene T, et al. Effects of cisapride on corrected QT interval, heart rate, and rhythm in infants undergoing polysomnography. Pediatrics 2000 106 : E85.
6. Schwartz PJ, Stramba-Badiale M, Segantini A, et al. Prolongation of the QT interval and the sudden infant death syndrome. N Engl J Med 1998 338 : 1709 1714.
7. Schwartz PJ, Priori SG, Dumaine R, et al. A molecular link between the sudden infant death syndrome and the long-QT syndrome. N Engl J Med 2000 343 : 262 267.
8. Ponsonby AL, Dwyer T, Cochrane J. Population trends in sudden infant death syndrome. Semin Perinatol 2002 26 : 296 305.
9. Arnestad M, Crotti L, Rognum TO, et al. Prevalence of long-QT syndrome gene variants in sudden infant death syndrome. Circulation 2007 115 : 361 367.
10. Tester DJ, Ackerman MJ. Sudden infant death syndrome: How significant are the cardiac channelopathies? Cardiovasc Res 2005 67 : 388 396.
11. Wedekind H, Bajanowski T, Friederich P, et al. Sudden infant death syndrome and long QT syndrome: An epidemiological and genetic study. Int J Legal Med 2006 120 : 129 137.
12. Southall DP. Examine data in Schwartz article with extreme care. Pediatrics 1999 103 (4 Pt 1 819 820.
13. Savelieva I, Yi G, Guo X, et al. Agreement and reproducibility of automatic versus manual measurement of QT interval and QT dispersion. Am J Cardiol 1998 81 : 471 477.
14. Ahnve S. Correction of the QT interval for heart rate: Review of different formulas and the use of Bazett's formula in myocardial infarction. Am Heart J 1985 109 (3 Pt 1 568 574.
15. Vaidean GD, Schroeder EB, Whitsel EA, et al. Short-term repeatability of electrocardiographic spatial T-wave axis and QT interval. J Electrocardiol 2005 38 : 139 147.
16. Campbell RW, Gardiner P, Amos PA, et al. Measurement of the QT interval. Eur Heart J 1985 6 (Suppl D 81 83.
17. Cowan JC, Yusoff K, Moore M, et al. Importance of lead selection in QT interval measurement. Am J Cardiol 1988 61 : 83 87.
18. Schwartz PJ, Garson A Jr., Paul T, et al. Guidelines for the interpretation of the neonatal electrocardiogram. A task force of the European Society of Cardiology. Eur Heart J 2002 23 : 1329 1344.
19. Bazett HC. An analysis of the time-relations of electrocardiograms. Heart 1920 7 : 353 386.
20. Fridericia LS. Die Systolendauer im Elektrocardiogramm bei normalen Menschen und bei Herzkranken. Acta Med Scand 1920 53 : 469 486.
21. Macfarlane PW, McLaughlin SC, Rodger JC. Influence of lead selection and population on automated measurement of QT dispersion. Circulation 1998 98 : 2160 2167.
22. Bland JM, Altman DG. Applying the right statistics: Analyses of measurement studies. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 2003 22 : 85 93.
23. Bland JM, Altman DG. Measuring agreement in method comparison studies. Stat Methods Med Res 1999 8 : 135 160.
24. Dunn G. Method comparison 1: Paired observations. Statistical Evaluation of Measurement Errors: Design and Analysis of Reliability Studies, 2nd Edition, London : Hodder Arnold, 2004 : pp. 46 80.
25. Altman DG, Bland JM. Measurement in medicine: The analysis of method comparison studies. The Statistician 1983 32 : 307 317.
26. McGraw KO, Wong SP. Forming inferences about some intraclass correlation coefficients. Psychol Methods 1996 1 : 30 46.
27. Landis JR, Koch GG. The measurement of observer agreement for categorical data. Biometrics 1977 33 : 159 174.
28. Schwartz PJ, Montemerlo M, Facchini M, et al. The QT interval throughout the first 6 months of life: A prospective study. Circulation 1982 66 : 496 501.
29. Donner A, Eliasziw M. Sample size requirements for reliability studies. Stat Med 1987 6 : 441 448.
30. De Groote K, Suys B, Deleeck A, et al. How accurately can QT interval be measured in newborn infants? Eur J Pediatr 2003 162 : 875 879.
31. Luo S, Michler K, Johnston P, et al. A comparison of commonly used QT correction formulae: The effect of heart rate on the QTc of normal ECGs. J Electrocardiol 2004 37 (Suppl 81 90.
32. Benatar A, Decraene T. Comparison of formulae for heart rate correction of QT interval in exercise ECGs from healthy children. Heart 2001 86 : 199 202.
33. Benatar A, Ramet J, Decraene T, et al. QT interval in normal infants during sleep with concurrent evaluation of QT correction formulae. Med Sci Monit 2002 8 : CR351 CR356.
34. Ahnve S. Errors in the visual determination of corrected QT (QTc) interval during acute myocardial infarction. J Am Coll Cardiol 1985 5 : 699 702.
35. Gow RM, Barrowman NJ, Lai L, et al. A review of five cardiology journals found that observer variability of measured variables was infrequently reported. J Clin Epidemiol 2008 61 : 394 401.
36. Kligfield P, Hancock EW, Helfenbein ED, et al. Relation of QT interval measurements to evolving automated algorithms from different manufacturers of electrocardiographs. Am J Cardiol 2006 98 : 88 92.
37. Davignon A, Rautaharju PM, Boissette E, et al. Normal ECG standards for infants and children. Pediatr Cardiol 1979 1 : 123 131.
38. Schulzer M, Anderson DR, Drance SM. Sensitivity and specificity of a diagnostic test determined by repeated observations in the absence of an external standard. J Clin Epidemiol 1991 44 : 1167 1179.
39. Valenstein PN. Evaluating diagnostic tests with imperfect standards. Am J Clin Pathol 1990 93 : 252 258.
40. Quaglini S, Rognoni C, Spazzolini C, et al. Cost-effectiveness of neonatal ECG screening for the long QT syndrome. Eur Heart J 2006 27 : 1824 1832.
41. Zupancic JA, Triedman JK, Alexander M, et al. Cost-effectiveness and implications of newborn screening for prolongation of QT interval for the prevention of sudden infant death syndrome. J Pediatr 2000 136 : 481 489.
42. Malik M. Errors and misconceptions in ECG measurement used for the detection of drug induced QT interval prolongation. J Electrocardiol 2004 37 (Suppl 25 33.