"Specializes" versus "samplers" in youth sport: Comparing experiences and outcomes

Sport Psychologist

Volumn 23, Issue 1, 2009, Pages 77-92

  Strachan, Leisha ^a   Côté, Jean ^a   Deakin, Janice ^a  

^a QUEEN S UNIVERSITY   (Canada)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 64749104558     PISSN: 08884781     EISSN: 15432793     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1123/tsp.23.1.77     Document Type: Article

References (50)

1. Allen, J.B. (2003). Social motivation in youth sport. Journal of Sport & Exercise Psychology, 25, 551-567.
2. Baker, J., Cote, J., & Deakin, J. (2005). Expertise in ultra-endurance triathletes early sport involvement, training structure, and the theory of deliberate practice. Journal of Applied Sport Psychology, 17, 64-78.
3. Benson, P.L. (1997). All kids are our kids: What communities must do to raise caring and responsible children and adolescents. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.
4. Broh, B.A. (2002). Linking extracurricular programming to academic achievement: Who benefits and why? Sociology of Education, 75, 69-91.
5. Bussed, M.A., Rose-Krasnor, L.. Willoughby, T., & Chalmers, H. (2006). A longitudinal examination of breadth and intensity of youth activity involvement and successful development. Developmental Psychology, 42(6), 1313-1326.
6. Carpenter, P.J., & Scanlan, IK. (1998). Changes over time in the determinants of sport commitment. Pediatric Exercise Science, 10, 356-365.
7. Coakley, J.J. (1992). Burnout among adolescent athletes: A personal failure or social problem? Sociology of Sport Journal, 9(3), 271-285.
8. Côté, J. (1999). The influence of the family in the development of talent in sports. The Sport Psychologist, 13, 395-417.
9. Côté, J. (2002). Coach and peer influence on children's development through sport. In J.M. Silva & D. Stevens (Eds.), Psychological foundations of sport (pp. 520-540). Boston: Allyn and Bacon.
10. Côté, J.. Baker, J., & Abemethy, B. (2007). Practice and play in the development of sport expertise. In G. Tenenbaum & R.C. Eklund (Eds.). Handbook of Sport Psychology pp. 184-202). Hoboken. NJ: Wiley.
11. Côté, J., & Eraser-Thomas, J. (2007). Youth involvement in sport. In P. Crocker (Ed.), Sport psychology: A Canadian perspective (pp. 270-298). Toronto, Canada: Pearson.
12. Cresswell, S.L., & Eklund. R.C. (2007). Athlete burnout: A longitudinal qualitative study. The Sport Psychologist, 21. 1-20.
13. Damon, W. (2004). What is positive youth development? The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, 591(1), 13-24.
14. Eccles, J.S., & Barber, B.L. (1999). Student council, volunteering, basketball, or marching band: What kind of extracurricular involvement matters? Journal of Adolescent Research, 14, 10-43.
15. Ericsson, K.A., Krampe, R.T., & Tesch-Romer, C. (1993). The role of deliberate practice in the acquisition of expert performance. Psychological Review, 100(3), 363-406.
16. Eraser-Thomas, J., & Cote, J. (2006. September). Youth sports: Implementing findings and moving forward with research. Athletic Insight, 8, Article 2. Retrieved January 10, 2008, from http://www.athleticinsight. com/Vol8Iss3/YouthSpoits.htm.
17. Eraser-Thomas, J., Cote, J., & Deakin, J. (2008). Examining adolescent sport dropout and prolonged engagement from a developmental perspective. Journal of Applied Sport Psychology, 20(3), 318-333.
18. Fredricks, J.A., & Eccles, J.S. (2006). Extracurricular involvement and adolescent adjustment: Impact of duration, number of activities and breadth of participation. Applied Developmental Science, 10, 132-146.
19. Garcia Bengoechea, E. (2002). Integrating knowledge and expanding horizons in developmental sport psychology: A bioecological perspective. Quest, 54, 1-20.
20. Gould, D., & Carson, S. (2004). Fun and games? Myths surrounding the role of youth sports in developing Olympic champions. Youth Studies Australia, 23(1). 19-26.
21. Gould, D.. Tuffey, S.. Udry. E., & Loehr, J. (1997). Burnout in competitive junior tennis players: III. Individual differences in the burnout experience. The Sport Psychologist, 11, 257-276.
22. Gould, D., Udry, E., Tuffey, S., & Loehr. J. (1996). Burnout in competitive tennis players: I. A quantitative psychological assessment. The Sport Psychologist, 10, 322-340.
23. Greendorfer, S.L. (2002). Socialization process and sport behavior. In T. Horn (Ed.). Advances in sport psychology (pp. 377-401). Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics.
24. Gustafsson, H., Kentta, G., Hassmen, P., & Lundqvist, C. (2007). Prevalence of burnout in competitive adolescent athletes. The Sport Psychologist, 21, 21-37.
25. Hansen, D.M., & Larson, R.W. (2005). The Youth Experience Survey. Unpublished manuscript. University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign,
26. Hansen, D.M., & Larson, R.W. (2007). Amplifiers of developmental and negative experiences in organized activities: Dosage, motivation, lead roles, and adult-youth ratios. Journal of Applied Developmental Psychology, 28, 360-374.
27. Jowett, S., & Poczwardowski, A. (2007). Understanding the coach-athlete relationship. In S. Jowett & D. Lavallee (Eds.), Social psychology in sport (pp. 3-14). Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics.
28. Larson, R.W., Hansen, D.M., & Moneta, G. (2006). Differing profiles of developmental experiences across types of organized youth activities. Developmental Psychology, 42(5), 849-863.
29. Law, M.P., Côté, J.. & Ericsson, K.A. (2007). Characteristics of expert development in rhythmic gymnastics: A retrospective study. International Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 5, 82-103.
30. Macphail, A., & Kirk, D. (2006). Young people's socialisation into sport: Experiencing the specialising phase. Leisure Studies, 25, 57-74.
31. National Research Council and Institute of Medicine. (2002). Community programs to promote youth development. Washington, DC: National Academy Press.
32. Petitpas, A.J., Cornelius, A.E., Van Raalte, J.L., & Jones, T. (2005). A framework for planning youth sport programs that foster psychosocial development. The Sport Psychologist, 19, 63-80.
33. Raedeke. T.D. (1997). Is athlete burnout more than just stress? A sport commitment perspective. Journal of Sport & Exercise Psychology, 19, 396-417.
34. Raedeke. T.D., & Smith, A.L. (2001). Development and preliminary validation of an athlete burnout measure. Journal of Sport & Exercise Psychology, 23, 281-306.
35. Raedeke, T.D., & Smith, A.L. (2004). Coping resources and athlete burnout: An examination of stress mediated and moderation hypotheses. Journal of Sport & Exercise Psychology, 26, 525-541.
36. Scales, P.C., Benson. PL., Leffert, N., & Blyth. D.A. (2000). Contribution of developmental assets to the prediction of thriving among adolescents. Applied Developmental Science, 4(1), 27-46.
37. Scales, P.C., Benson, PL., Roehlkepartain, E.G., Sesma, A., Jr., & van Dulmen, M. (2006). The role of developmental assets in predicting academic achievement: A longitudinal study. Journal of Adolescence, 29, 691-708.
38. Scanlan. T.K., Carpenter, P.J., Lobel. M., & Simons, J.P. (1993). Sources of enjoyment for youth sport athletes. Pediatric Exercise Science, 5, 275-285.
39. Scanlan, T.K., Carpenter, P.J., Schmidt, G.W., Simons, J.P., & Keeler, B. (1993). An introduction to the sport commitment model. Journal of Sport & Exercise Psychology, 15, 1-15.
40. Scanlan. T.K., Stein, G.L., & Ravizza, K. (1989). An in-depth study of former elite figure skaters: II. Sources of enjoyment. Journal of Sport & Exercise Psychology, 11, 65-83.
41. Search Institute. (2004). Developmental assets profile preliminary user manual. Minneapolis, MN: Search Institute.
42. Smith, A.L. (2007). Youth peer relationships in sport. In S. Jowett & D. Lavallee (Eds.), Social psychology in sport (pp. 41-54). Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics.
43. Smith, R.E. (1986). Toward a cognitive-affective model of athletic burnout. Journal of Sport Psychology, 8, 36-50.
44. Stuart, M.E., &Ebbeck, V. (1995). The influence of perceived social approval on moral development in youth sport. Pediatric Exercise Science, 7, 270-280.
45. Tabachnick, B.C. & Fidell. L.S. (2007). Using multivariate statistics (5th ed.). Boston. MA: Pearson Education.
46. Vincent, W.J. (1999). Statistics in kinesiology (2nd ed.). Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics.
47. Weiss, M.R., Kimmel, L.A., & Smith, A.L. (2001). Determinants of sport commitment among junior tennis players: Enjoyment as a mediating variable. Pediatric Exercise Science, 13, 131-144.
48. Weiss, M.R., & Smith, A.L. (2002). Friendship quality in youth sport: Relationship to age, gender, and motivation variables. Journal of Sport & Exercise Psychology, 24, 420-437.
49. Wiersma. L.D. (2001). Conceptualization and development of the sources of enjoyment in youth sport questionnaire. Measurement in Physical Education and Exercise Science, 5(3), 153-177.
50. Wilkes, S.. MacDonald, D.J., Horton, S., & Côté, J. (in press).The benefits of sampling sports during childhood. The Physical and Health Education Journal.