Time to reconsider nonsurgical therapy of benign non-toxic multinodular goitre: Focus on recombinant human TSH augmented radioiodine therapy

European Journal of Endocrinology

Volumn 160, Issue 4, 2009, Pages 517-528

  Fast, Søren ^a   Nielsen, Viveque Egsgaard ^a   Bonnema, Steen Joop ^a   Hegegüs, Laszlo ^a  

^a ODENSE UNIVERSITY HOSPITAL   (Denmark)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

IODINE; IODINE 131; LEVOTHYROXINE; PLACEBO; RADIOACTIVE IODINE; RECOMBINANT THYROTROPIN; RECOMBINANT PROTEIN; THYROTROPIN; THYROXINE;

CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM; CLINICAL FEATURE; CLINICAL TRIAL; CONSERVATIVE TREATMENT; DOSAGE SCHEDULE COMPARISON; DOSE RESPONSE; DRUG ABSORPTION; DRUG DOSE COMPARISON; DRUG POTENTIATION; DRUG USE; FUNCTIONAL MORPHOLOGY; GOITER; GOITER VOLUME REDUCTION; HEADACHE; HUMAN; HYPERTHYROIDISM; HYPOTHYROIDISM; MUSCULOSKELETAL SYSTEM; NAUSEA; NODULAR GOITER; OPTIMAL DRUG DOSE; PAIN; PRIORITY JOURNAL; RESPIRATORY FUNCTION; REVIEW; SIDE EFFECT; THYROIDITIS; THYROTOXICOSIS; TRACHEA COMPRESSION; TREATMENT OUTCOME; TREATMENT RESPONSE; ANIMAL; DIET SUPPLEMENTATION; MULTIMODALITY CANCER THERAPY;

ANIMALS; COMBINED MODALITY THERAPY; DIETARY SUPPLEMENTS; GOITER, NODULAR; HUMANS; IODINE; IODINE RADIOISOTOPES; RECOMBINANT PROTEINS; THYROTROPIN; THYROXINE;

EID: 64549129181     PISSN: 08044643     EISSN: 1479683X     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1530/EJE-08-0779     Document Type: Review

References (70)

1. Knudsen N, Bulow I, Jorgensen T, Laurberg P, Ovesen L & Perrild H. Goitre prevalence and thyroid abnormalities at ultrasonography: a comparative epidemiological study in two regions with slightly different iodine status. Clinical Endocrinology 2000 53 479-485.
2. Bonnema SJ, Bennedbaek FN, Wiersinga WM & Hegedus L. Management of the nontoxic multinodular goitre: a European questionnaire study. Clinical Endocrinology 2000 53 5-12.
3. Bonnema SJ, Bennedbaek FN, Ladenson PW & Hegedus L. Management of the nontoxic multinodular goiter: a North American survey. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism 2002 87 112-117.
4. Bhagat MC, Dhaliwal SS, Bonnema SJ, Hegedus L & Walsh JP. Differences between endocrine surgeons and endocrinologists in the management of non-toxic multinodular goitre. British Journal of Surgery 2003 90 1103-1112.
5. Diehl LA, Garcia V, Bonnema SJ, Hegedus L, Albino CC & Graf H. Management of the nontoxic multinodular goiter in Latin America: comparison with North America and Europe, an electronic survey. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism 2005 90 117-123.
6. American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists and Associazione. Medici Endocrinologi medical guidelines for clinical practice for the diagnosis and management of thyroid nodules. Endocrine Practice 2006 12 63-102.
7. Hegedus L, Bonnema SJ & Bennedbaek FN. Management of simple nodular goiter: current status and future perspectives. Endocrine Reviews 2003 24 102-132.
8. Wesche MF, Tiel V, Lips P, Smits NJ & Wiersinga WM. A randomized trial comparing levothyroxine with radioactive iodine in the treatment of sporadic nontoxic goiter. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism 2001 86 998-1005.
9. Cooper DS, Doherty GM, Haugen BR, Kloos RT, Lee SL, Mandel SJ, Mazzaferri EL, McIver B, Sherman SI & Tuttle RM. Management guidelines for patients with thyroid nodules and differentiated thyroid cancer. Thyroid 2006 16 109-142.
10. Hegedus L. Clinical practice. The thyroid nodule. New England Journal of Medicine 2004 351 1764-1771.
11. Roti E & Uberti ED. Iodine excess and hyperthyroidism. Thyroid 2001 11 493-500.
12. Hegedus L, Hansen BM, Knudsen N & Hansen JM. Reduction of size of thyroid with radioactive iodine in multinodular non-toxic goitre. BMJ 1988 297 661-662.
13. Nygaard B, Hegedus L, Gervil M, Hjalgrim H, Soe-Jensen P & Hansen JM. Radioiodine treatment of multinodular non-toxic goitre. BMJ 1993 307 828-832.
14. Bonnema SJ, Nielsen VE & Hegedus L. Long-term effects of radioiodine on thyroid function, size and patient satisfaction in non-toxic diffuse goitre. European Journal of Endocrinology/European Federation of Endocrine Societies 2004 150 439-445.
15. Bonnema SJ, Bertelsen H, Mortensen J, Andersen PB, Knudsen DU, Bastholt L & Hegedus L. The feasibility of high dose iodine 131 treatment as an alternative to surgery in patients with a very large goiter: effect on thyroid function and size and pulmonary function. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism 1999 84 3636-3641.
16. Nielsen VE, Bonnema SJ & Hegedus L. The effects of recombinant human thyrotropin, in normal subjects and patients with goitre. Clinical Endocrinology 2004 61 655-663.
17. Bonnema SJ, Nielsen VE, Boel-Jorgensen H, Grupe P, Andersen PB, Bastholt L & Hegedus L. Improvement of goiter volume reduction after 0.3 mg recombinant human thyrotropin-stimulated radioiodine therapy in patients with a very large goiter: a double-blinded, randomized trial. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism 2007 92 3424-3428.
18. Nielsen VE, Bonnema SJ, Boel-Jorgensen H, Grupe P & Hegedus L. Stimulation with 0.3-mg recombinant human thyrotropin prior to iodine 131 therapy to improve the size reduction of benign nontoxic nodular goiter: a prospective randomized double-blind trial. Archives of Internal Medicine 2006 166 1476-1482.
19. Silva MN, Rubio IG, Romao R, Gebrin EM, Buchpiguel C, Tomimori E, Camargo R, Cardia MS & Medeiros-Neto G. Administration of a single dose of recombinant human thyrotrophin enhances the efficacy of radioiodine treatment of large compressive multinodular goitres. Clinical Endocrinology 2004 60 300-308.
20. Nieuwlaat WA, Huysmans DA, van den Bosch HC, Sweep CG, Ross HA, Corstens FH & Hermus AR. Pretreatment with a single, low dose of recombinant human thyrotropin allows dose reduction of radioiodine therapy in patients with nodular goiter. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism 2003 88 3121-3129.
21. Hansen JM, Kampmann J, Madsen SN, Skovsted L, Solgaard S, Grytter C, Grontvedt T & Rasmussen SN. L-thyroxine treatment of diffuse non-toxic goitre evaluated by ultrasonic determination of thyroid volume. Clinical Endocrinology 1979 10 1-6.
22. Hintze G & Kobberling J. Treatment of iodine deficiency goiter with iodine, levothyroxine or a combination of both. Thyroidology 1992 4 37-40.
23. Kreissl M, Tiemann M, Hanscheid H, Rendl J & Reiners C. Comparison of the effectiveness of two different dosages of levothyroxine-iodide combinations for the therapy of euthyroid diffuse goiter. Deutsche Medizinische Wochenschrift 2001 126 227-231.
24. Perrild H, Hansen JM, Hegedus L, Rytter L, Holm B, Gundtofte E & Johansen K. Triiodothyronine and thyroxine treatment of diffuse non-toxic goitre evaluated by ultrasonic scanning. Acta Endocrinologica 1982 100 382-387.
25. Sdano MT, Falciglia M, Welge JA & Steward DL. Efficacy of thyroid hormone suppression for benign thyroid nodules: meta-analysis of randomized trials. Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery 2005 133 391-396.
26. Berghout A, Wiersinga WM, Drexhage HA, Smits NJ & Touber JL. Comparison of placebo with L-thyroxine alone or with carbimazole for treatment of sporadic non-toxic goitre. Lancet 1990 336 193-197.
27. Koc M, Ersoz HO, Akpinar I, Gogas-Yavuz D, Deyneli O & Akalin S. Effect of low- and high-dose levothyroxine on thyroid nodule volume: a crossover placebo-controlled trial. Clinical Endocrinology 2002 57 621-628.
28. Papini E, Petrucci L, Guglielmi R, Panunzi C, Rinaldi R, Bacci V, Crescenzi A, Nardi F, Fabbrini R & Pacella CM. Long-term changes in nodular goiter: a 5-year prospective randomized trial of levothyroxine suppressive therapy for benign cold thyroid nodules. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism 1998 83 780-783.
29. Lima N, Knobel M, Cavaliere H, Sztejnsznajd C, Tomimori E & Medeiros-Neto G. Levothyroxine suppressive therapy is partially effective in treating patients with benign, solid thyroid nodules and multinodular goiters. Thyroid 1997 7 691-697.
30. Fast S, Bonnema SJ & Hegedus L. The majority of Danish nontoxic goitre patients are ineligible for levothyroxine suppressive therapy. Clinical Endocrinology 2008 69 653-658.
31. La Rosa GL, Lupo L, Giuffrida D, Gullo D, Vigneri R & Belfiore A. Levothyroxine and potassium iodide are both effective in treating benign solitary solid cold nodules of the thyroid. Annals of Internal Medicine 1995 122 1-8.
32. Harach HR & Williams ED. Thyroid cancer and thyroiditis in the goitrous region of Salta, Argentina, before and after iodine prophylaxis. Clinical Endocrinology 1995 43 701-706.
33. Le MR, Wesche MF, Tiel-Van Buul MM & Wiersinga WM. Determinants of longterm outcome of radioiodine therapy of sporadic non-toxic goitre. Clinical Endocrinology 1999 50 783-789.
34. de Klerk JM, van Isselt JW, van DA, Hakman ME, Pameijer FA, Koppeschaar HP, Zelissen PM, van Schaik JP & van Rijk PP. Iodine-131 therapy in sporadic nontoxic goiter. Journal of Nuclear Medicine 1997 38 372-376.
35. Huysmans DA, Hermus AR, Corstens FH, Barentsz JO & Kloppenborg PW. Large, compressive goiters treated with radioiodine. Annals of Internal Medicine 1994 121 757-762.
36. Howarth DM, Epstein MT, Thomas PA, Allen LW, Akerman R & Lan L. Outpatient management of patients with large multi-nodular goitres treated with fractionated radioiodine. European Journal of Nuclear Medicine 1997 24 1465-1469.
37. Ron E, Doody MM, Becker DV, Brill AB, Curtis RE, Goldman MB, Harris BS III, Hoffman DA, McConahey WM, Maxon HR, Preston-Martin S, Warshauer ME, Wong FL & Boice JD Jr. Cancer mortality following treatment for adult hyperthyroidism. Cooperative Thyrotoxicosis Therapy Follow-up Study Group. Journal of the American Medical Association 1998 280 347-355.
38. Angusti T, Codegone A, Pellerito R & Favero A. Thyroid cancer prevalence after radioiodine treatment of hyperthyroidism. Journal of Nuclear Medicine 2000 41 1006-1009.
39. Metso S, Jaatinen P, Huhtala H, Auvinen A, Oksala H & Salmi J. Increased cardiovascular and cancer mortality after radioiodine treatment for hyperthyroidism. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism 2007 92 2190-2196.
40. Huysmans DA, Nieuwlaat WA, Erdtsieck RJ, Schellekens AP, Bus JW, Bravenboer B & Hermus AR. Administration of a single low dose of recombinant human thyrotropin significantly enhances thyroid radioiodide uptake in nontoxic nodular goiter. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism 2000 85 3592-3596.
41. 123I thyroid uptake and thyroid size at 24, 48, and 72 hours after the administration of recombinant human thyroid-stimulating hormone to normal volunteers. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism 2006 91 506-510.
42. Torres MS, Ramirez L, Simkin PH, Braverman LE & Emerson CH. Effect of various doses of recombinant human thyrotropin on the thyroid radioactive iodine uptake and serum levels of thyroid hormones and thyroglobulin in normal subjects. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism 2001 86 1660-1664.
43. Albino CC, Mesa CO Jr, Olandoski M, Ueda CE, Woellner LC, Goedert CA, Souza AM & Graf H. Recombinant human thyrotropin as adjuvant in the treatment of multinodular goiters with radioiodine. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism 2005 90 2775-2780.
44. Cohen O, Ilany J, Hoffman C, Olchovsky D, Dabhi S, Karasik A, Goshen E, Rotenberg G & Zwas ST. Low-dose recombinant human thyrotropin-aided radioiodine treatment of large, multinodular goiters in elderly patients. European Journal of Endocrinology/European Federation of Endocrine Societies 2006 154 243-252.
45. Duick DS & Baskin HJ. Significance of radioiodine uptake at 72 hours versus 24 hours after pretreatment with recombinant human thyrotropin for enhancement of radioiodine therapy in patients with symptomatic nontoxic or toxic multinodular goiter. Endocrine Practice 2004 10 253-260.
46. Paz-Filho GJ, Mesa-Junior CO, Olandoski M, Woellner LC, Goedert CA, Boguszewski CL, Carvalho GA & Graf H. Effect of 30 mCi radioiodine on multinodular goiter previously treated with recombinant human thyroid-stimulating hormone. Brazilian Journal of Medical and Biological Research 2007 40 1661-1670.
47. Lawrence JE, Emerson CH, Sullaway SL & Braverman LE. The effect of recombinant human tsh on the thyroid (123)I uptake in iodide treated normal subjects. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism 2001 86 437-440.
48. 131I therapy of patients with nodular goiter: an evaluation by a randomized double-blinded trial. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism 2005 90 79-83.
49. Postgard P, Himmelman J, Lindencrona U, Bhogal N, Wiberg D, Berg G, Jansson S, Nystrom E, Forssell-Aronsson E & Nilsson M. Stunning of iodide transport by (131)I irradiation in cultured thyroid epithelial cells. Journal of Nuclear Medicine 2002 43 828-834.
50. Kogai T, Endo T, Saito T, Miyazaki A, Kawaguchi A & Onaya T. Regulation by thyroid-stimulating hormone of sodium/iodide symporter gene expression and protein levels in FRTL-5 cells. Endocrinology 1997 138 2227-2232.
51. Fast S, Grupe P, Nielsen VE, Bonnema SJ & Hegedus L. Influence of the interval (24, 48, or 72 hours) between the administration of 0.1 mg recombinant human thyrotropin (rhTSH) and subsequent thyroid radioiodine uptake in nontoxic goiter patients. Evaluation by a randomized double-blinded trial. ETA annual meeting. Abstract No. O45, 2008.
52. Giusti M, Cappi C, Santaniello B, Ceresola E, Augeri C, Lagasio C & Minuto F. Safety and efficacy of administering 0.2 mg of recombinant human TSH for two consecutive days as an adjuvant to therapy with low radioiodine doses in elderly out-patients with large nontoxic multinodular goiter. Minerva Endocrinologica 2006 31 191-209.
53. Duick DS & Baskin HJ. Utility of recombinant human thyrotropin for augmentation of radioiodine uptake and treatment of nontoxic and toxic multinodular goiters. Endocrine Practice 2003 9 204-209.
54. Paz-Filho GJ, Mesa CO, Carvalho GA, Goedert CA & Graf H. Recombinant human TSH associated with radioiodine does not have further effects on thyroid volume and function after 2 years. Clinical Endocrinology 2008 69 345-346.
55. Cardia MS, Rubio IG & Medeiros-Neto G. Prolonged follow-up of multinodular goitre patients treated with radioiodine preceded or not by human recombinant TSH. Clinical Endocrinology 2006 64 474.
56. Watt T, Rasmussen AK, Groenvold M, Bjorner JB, Watt SH, Bonnema SJ, Hegedus L & Feldt-Rasmussen U. Improving a newly developed patient-reported outcome for thyroid patients, using cognitive interviewing. Quality of Life Research 2008 17 1009-1017.
57. Gittoes NJ, Miller MR, Daykin J, Sheppard MC & Franklyn JA. Upper airways obstruction in 153 consecutive patients presenting with thyroid enlargement. BMJ 1996 312 484.
58. Bonnema SJ, Nielsen VE, Boel-Jorgensen H, Grupe P, Andersen PB, Bastholt L & Hegedus L. Recombinant human thyrotropin-stimulated radioiodine therapy of large nodular goiters facilitates tracheal decompression and improves inspiration. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism 2008 93 3981-3984.
59. Nieuwlaat WA, Hermus AR, Sivro-Prndelj F, Corstens FH & Huysmans DA. Pretreatment with recombinant human TSH changes the regional distribution of radioiodine on thyroid scintigrams of nodular goiters. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism 2001 86 5330-5336.
60. Bonnema SJ, Bennedbaek FN, Veje A, Marving J & Hegedus L. Propylthiouracil before 131I therapy of hyperthyroid diseases: effect on cure rate evaluated by a randomized clinical trial. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism 2004 89 4439-4444.
61. Ladenson PW, Braverman LE, Mazzaferri EL, Brucker-Davis F, Cooper DS, Garber JR, Wondisford FE, Davies TF, DeGroot LJ, Daniels GH, Ross DS & Weintraub BD. Comparison of administration of recombinant human thyrotropin with withdrawal of thyroid hormone for radioactive iodine scanning in patients with thyroid carcinoma. New England Journal of Medicine 1997 337 888-896.
62. Nielsen VE, Bonnema SJ & Hegedus L. Effects of 0.9 mg recombinant human thyrotropin on thyroid size and function in normal subjects: a randomized, double-blind, cross-over trial. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism 2004 89 2242-2247.
63. Nielsen VE, Bonnema SJ & Hegedus L. Transient goiter enlargement after administration of 0.3 mg of recombinant human thyrotropin in patients with benign nontoxic nodular goiter: a randomized, double-blind, crossover trial. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism 2006 91 1317-1322.
64. Barca MF, Gruppi C, Oliveira MT, Romao R, Cardia MS, Rubio I, Knobel M & Medeiros-Neto G. Cardiovascular assessment of hyperthyroid patients with multinodular goiter before and after radioiodine treatment preceded by stimulation with recombinant human TSH. Endocrine 2007 32 175-181.
65. Giovanni V, Arianna LG, Antonio C, Francesco F, Michele K, Giovanni S, Marco S & Giovanni L. The use of recombinant human TSH in the follow-up of differentiated thyroid cancer: experience from a large patient cohort in a single centre. Clinical Endocrinology 2002 56 247-252.
66. 131I therapy of multinodular goitre. Clinical Endocrinology 1994 41 715-718.
67. Grozinsky-Glasberg S, Fraser A, Nahshoni E, Weizman A & Leibovici L. Thyroxine-triiodothyronine combination therapy versus thyroxine monotherapy for clinical hypothyroidism: meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism 2006 91 2592-2599.
68. 131I treatment in patients with nontoxic goiter. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism 1997 82 2926-2930.
69. Rubio IG, Perone BH, Silva MN, Knobel M & Medeiros-Neto G. Human recombinant TSH preceding a therapeutic dose of radioiodine for multinodular goiters has no significant effect in the surge of TSH-receptor and TPO antibodies. Thyroid 2005 15 134-139.
70. Nieuwlaat WA, Hermus AR, Ross HA, Buijs WC, Edelbroek MA, Bus JW, Corstens FH & Huysmans DA. Dosimetry of radioiodine therapy in patients with nodular goiter after pretreatment with a single, low dose of recombinant human thyroid-stimulating hormone. Journal of Nuclear Medicine 2004 45 626-633.