A panel data analysis of the relationships of nursing home staffing levels and standards to regulatory deficiencies

Journals of Gerontology - Series B Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences

Volumn 64, Issue 2, 2009, Pages 269-278

  Kim, Hongsoo ^a   Kovner, Christine ^a   Harrington, Charlene ^b   Greene, William ^c   Mezey, Mathy ^a  

^a NEW YORK UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^b UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA   (United States)

^c NEW YORK UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

Deficiencies; Nursing home quality; Nursing staffing; State staffing standard

Indexed keywords

ARTICLE; HEALTH CARE; HEALTH CARE QUALITY; HEALTH SERVICE; LONG TERM CARE; NURSING HOME; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REGISTERED NURSE; AGED; EPIDEMIOLOGY; HOME FOR THE AGED; HUMAN; MANPOWER; NURSING STAFF; SAFETY; STANDARD; UNITED STATES;

AGED; AGED, 80 AND OVER; CALIFORNIA; HEALTH CARE SURVEYS; HOMES FOR THE AGED; HUMANS; NURSING HOMES; NURSING STAFF; QUALITY INDICATORS, HEALTH CARE; QUALITY OF HEALTH CARE; REFERENCE STANDARDS; SAFETY MANAGEMENT;

EID: 64149128086     PISSN: 10795014     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1093/geronb/gbn019     Document Type: Article

References (56)

1. Aaronson, W. E., Zinn, J. S., & Rosko, M. D. (1995). Structure, environment and strategic outcome: A study of Pennsylvania nursing homes. Health Services Management Research, 8, 23 - 37.
2. Anderson, R. A., Hsieh, P., & Su, H. (1998). Resource allocation and resident outcomes in nursing homes: Comparisons between the best and worst. Research in Nursing and Health, 21, 297 - 313.
3. Arling, G., Kane, R. L., Mueller, C., Bershadsky, J., & Degenholtz, H. B. (2007). Nursing effort and quality of care for nursing home residents. The Gerontologist, 47, 672 - 682.
4. Barney, J. B. (1991). Firm resource and sustained competitive advantage. Journal of Management, 17, 99 - 120.
5. Bates-Jensen, B. M., Schnelle, J. F., Alessi, C. A., Al-Samarrai, N. R., & Levy-Storms, L. (2004). The effects of staffi ng on in-bed times of nursing home residents. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society, 52, 931 - 938.
6. Becker, B., & Gerhart, B. (1996). The impact of human resource management on organizational performance: Progress and prospects. Academy of Management Journal, 39, 779 - 801.
7. Blundell, R., Griffi th, R., & Windmeijer, F. (2002). Individual effects and dynamics in count data models. Journal of Econometrics, 108, 113 - 131.
8. Bostick, J. E. (2004). Relationship of nursing personnel and nursing home care quality. Journal of Nursing Care Quality, 19, 130 - 136.
9. Bostick, J. E., Rantz, M. J., Flesner, M. K., & Riggs, C. J. (2006). Systematic review of studies of staffi ng and quality in nursing homes. Journal of the American Medical Directors Association, 7, 366 - 376.
10. Brannon, D., Barry, T., Kemper, P., Schreiner, A., & Vasey, J. (2007). Job perceptions and intent to leave among direct care workers: Evidence from the Better Jobs Better Care demonstrations. The Gerontologist, 47, 820 - 829.
11. California Department of Public Health Licensing and Certifi cation Program. (2001). 1999 ACLAIMS database. Sacramento, CA: Author.
12. California Offi ce of Statewide Health Planning and Development. (2004). Long-term care facility annual fi nancial data for report periods ended January 1, 2003 through December 31, 2003, Retrieved May 1, 2008, from http://www.oshpd.cahwnet.gov/HID/ltc/fi nance/manuals/ index.htm.
13. Castle, N. G. (2008). Nursing home caregiver staffi ng levels and quality of care: A literature review. Journal of Applied Gerontology, 27, 375 - 405.
14. Castle, N. G., & Engberg, J. (2007). The infl uence of staffi ng characteristics on quality of care in nursing homes. Health Services Research, 42, 1822 - 1847.
15. U.S. Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services [CMS]. (2000). Appropriateness of minimum nurse staffi ng ratios in nursing homes: Report to Congress, Phase I report. Baltimore, MD : Author.
16. CMS. (2001). Appropriateness of minimum nurse staffi ng ratios in nursing homes: Report to Congress, Phase II report, Baltimore, MD: Author.
17. Dellefi eld, M. E. (2006). Organizational correlates of the risk-adjusted pressure ulcer prevalence and subsequent survey defi ciency citation in California nursing homes. Research in Nursing & Health, 29, 345 - 358.
18. Donabedian, A. (1988). The quality of care: How can it be assessed? JAMA, 260, 1743 - 1748.
19. Dyck, M. J. (2007). Nursing staffi ng and resident outcomes in nursing homes: Weight loss and dehydration. Quality Management in Health Care, 22, 59 - 65.
20. Econometric Software. (2002). LIMDEP version 8.0 econometric modeling guide vol. 2. Plainview, NY : Econometric Software.
21. Fries, B. E., Schneider, D. P., Foley, W. J., Gavazzi, M., Burke, R., & Cornelius, E. (1994). Refi ning a case-mix measure for nursing homes: Resource utilization groups (RUG-III). Medical Care, 32, 668 - 685.
22. Greene, W. H. (2003). Econometric analysis (5th ed.). Upper Saddle River, NJ : Prentice Hall.
23. Greene, W. H. (2007). Fixed and random effects models for count data. Retrieved January 7, 2008, from http://ideas.repec.org/p/ste/nystbu/ 07-16. html#download.
24. Harrington, C. (2005a). Addressing the dramatic decline in RN staffi ng in nursing homes. American Journal of Nursing, 105 (9), 25.
25. Harrington, C. (2005b). Nurse staffi ng in nursing homes in the United States. Journal of Gerontological Nursing, 31 (2), 18 - 23.
26. Harrington, C. (2005c). Nurse staffi ng in nursing homes in the United States: Part II. Journal of Gerontological Nursing, 31 (3), 9 - 15.
27. Harrington, C., & O'Meara, J. (2006). Assessing California's nursing home staffi ng standards. Policy, Politics, & Nursing Practice, 7 (1), 11 - 13.
28. Harrington, C., O'Meara, J., & Kang, T. (2006). Snapshot: Staffi ng and quality in California nursing homes. Retrieved August 15, 2008, http://www.chcf.org/documents/hospitals/SnapshotNursingHome Staffi ngQuality06.pdf.
29. Harrington, C., Swan, J. H., & Carrillo, H. (2007). Nurse staffi ng levels and Medicaid reimbursement rates in nursing facilities. Health Services Research, 42 (3 Pt 1 ), 1105 - 1129.
30. Harrington, C., Zimmerman, D., Karon, S. L., Robinson, J., & Beutel, P. (2000). Nursing home staffi ng and its relationship to defi ciencies. Journals of Gerontology: Social Sciences, 55, S278 - S287.
31. Jackson, S. E., DeNisi, A., & Hitt, M. A (Eds.). (2003). Managing knowledge for sustained competitive advantage: Designing strategies for effective human resource management. San Francisco : John Wiley & Sons.
32. Johnson-Pawlson, J., & Infeld, D. L. (1996). Nurse staffi ng and quality of care in nursing facilities. Journal of Gerontological Nursing, 22 (8), 36 - 45.
33. Kane, R. L. (2004). Commentary: Nursing home staffi ng-more is necessary but not necessarily suffi cient. Health Services Research, 39, 251 - 256.
34. Kash, B. A., Hawes, C., & Phillips, C. D. (2007). Comparing staffi ng levels in the online survey certifi cation and reporting (OSCAR) system with the Medicaid cost report data: Are differences systematic? The Gerontologist, 47, 480 - 489.
35. Konetzka, R. T., Spector, W., & Shaffer, T. (2004). Effects of nursing home ownership type and resident payer source on hospitalization for suspected pneumonia. Medical Care, 42, 1001 - 1008.
36. Konetzka, R. T., Yi, D., Norton, E. C., & Kilpatrick, K. E. (2004). Effects of Medicare payment changes on nursing home staffi ng and defi ciencies. Health Services Research, 39 (3), 463 - 488.
37. Lee, R. H., Gajewski, B. J., & Thompson, S. (2006). Reliability of the nursing home survey process: A simultaneous survey approach. The Gerontologist, 46, 772 - 779.
38. Lopez, V. A. (2003). Intangible resources as drivers of performance: Evidence from a Spanish study of manufacturing fi rms. Irish Journal of Management, 24 (2), 125 - 134.
39. Mor, V. (2005). Improving the quality of long-term care with better information. The Milbank Quarterly, 83 (3), 333 - 364.
40. Mueller, C., Arling, G., Kane, R., Bershadsky, J., Holland, D., & Joy, A. (2006). Nursing home staffi ng standards: Their relationship to nurse staffi ng levels. The Gerontologist, 46, 74 - 80.
41. Mullan, J. T., & Harrington, C. (2001). Nursing home defi ciencies in the united states: A confi rmatory factor analysis. Research on Aging, 23 (5), 503 - 531.
42. Oliver, C. (1997). Sustainable competitive advantage: Combining institutional and resource-based views. Strategic Management Journal, 18, 697 - 713.
43. O'Meara, J., Collier, E., & Harrington, C. (2005). G uide to understanding nursing home data on CalNHS.org. San Francisco : University of California San Francisco, Department of Social and Behavioral Sciences.
44. O'Neill, C., Harrington, C., Kitchener, M., & Saliba, D. (2003). Quality of care in nursing homes: An analysis of relationships among profit, quality, and ownership. Medical Care, 41, 1318 - 1330.
45. Porter, M. E., & Teisberg, E. O. (2004). Redefi ning competition in health care. Harvard Business Review, 82 (6), 65 - 76.
46. Rantz, M. J., & Connolly, R. P. (2004). Measuring nursing care quality and using large data sets in nonacute care settings: State of the science. Nursing Outlook, 52, 23 - 37.
47. Rantz, M. J., & Hicks, L. Grando, V., Petroski, G. F., Madsen, R. W., Mehr, D. R., et al. (2004). Nursing home quality, cost, staffi ng, and staff mix. Gerontologist, 44 (1), 24 - 38.
48. Schnelle, J. F. (2004). Determining the relationship between staffi ng and quality. The Gerontologist, 44, 10 - 12.
49. Schnelle, J. F., Simmons, S. F., Harrington, C., Cadogan, M., Garcia, E., & Bates-Jensen, B. M. (2004). Relationship of nursing home staffi ng to quality of care. Health Services Research, 39, 225 - 250.
50. Simmons, S. F., & Schnelle, J. F. (2004). Individualized feeding assistance care for nursing home residents: Staffi ng requirements to implement two interventions. Journals of Gerontology: Medical Sciences, 59, M966 - M973.
51. Tsoukalas, T., Rudder, C., Mollot, R. J., Shineman, M., Lee, H. Y., & Harrington, C. (2006). The collection and use of funds from civil money penalties and fi nes from nursing homes. The Gerontologist, 46, 759 - 771.
52. U.S. Bureau of Economic Analysis. (2003). Regional economic accounts. Retrieved September 17, 2008, from http://www.BEA.gov Weech-Maldonado, R., Meret-Hanke, L., Neff, M. C., & Mor, V. (2004). Nurse staffi ng patterns and quality of care in nursing homes. Health Care Management Review, 29, 107 - 116.
53. Wernerfelt, B. (1984). A resource-based view of the fi rm. Strategic Management Journal, 5, 171 - 180.
54. Wooldridge, J. M. (2002). Econometric analysis of cross section and panel data. Cambridge, UK : The MIT Press.
55. Zhang, X., & Grabowski, D. C. (2004). Nursing home staffi ng and quality under the nursing home reform act. The Gerontologist, 44, 13 - 23.
56. Zinn, J. S., Aaronson, W. E., & Rosko, M. D. (1994). Strategic groups, performance, and strategic response in the nurisng home industry. Health Services Research, 29, 187 - 205.