Improving the quality of long-term care with better information

Milbank Quarterly

Volumn 83, Issue 3, 2005, Pages 333-364

  Mor, Vincent ^a,b  

^a BROWN UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^b BROWN UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

Home care agencies; Nursing home; Quality indicators; Quality of health care

Indexed keywords

HOME CARE; INFORMATION DISSEMINATION; LONG TERM CARE; METHODOLOGY; NURSING HOME; ORGANIZATION AND MANAGEMENT; OUTCOME ASSESSMENT; QUALITY CONTROL; REPRODUCIBILITY; REVIEW; STANDARD; TOTAL QUALITY MANAGEMENT; UNITED STATES;

BENCHMARKING; HOME CARE AGENCIES; INFORMATION DISSEMINATION; LONG-TERM CARE; NURSING HOMES; OUTCOME ASSESSMENT (HEALTH CARE); REPRODUCIBILITY OF RESULTS; TOTAL QUALITY MANAGEMENT; UNITED STATES;

EID: 27644511643     PISSN: 0887378X     EISSN: 14680009     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/j.1468-0009.2005.00405.x     Document Type: Review

References (112)

1. Arling, G., S.L. Karon, F. Sainfort, D.R. Zimmerman, and R. Ross. 1997. Risk Adjustment of Nursing Home Quality Indicators. The Gerontologist 37(6):757-66.
2. Baier, R.R., D.R. Gifford, C.H. Lyder, M.W. Schall, D.L. Funston-Dillon, J.M. Lewis, and D.L. Ordin. 2003. Quality Improvement for Pressure Ulcer Care in the Nursing Home Setting: The Northeast Pressure Ulcer Project. Journal of the American Medical Directors Association 4(6):291-301.
3. Baier, R.R., D.R. Gifford, and V. Mor. 2005. Reporting Nursing Home Quality in Rhode Island. Medicine and Health/Rhode Island 88(6):186-91.
4. Baier, R.R., D.R. Gifford, G. Patry, S.M. Banks, T. Rochon, D. DeSilva, and J.M. Teno. 2004. Ameliorating Pain in Nursing Homes: A Collaborative Quality-Improvement Project. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society 52(12):1988-95.
5. Banaszak-Holl, J., J.S. Zinn, D. Brannon, N.G. Castle, and V. Mor. 1997. Specialization and Diversification in the Nursing Home Industry. Health Care Management 3(1):91-9.
6. Bates-Jensen, B.M., C.A. Alessi, N.R. Al-Samarrai, and J.F. Schnelle. 2003. The Effects of an Exercise and Incontinence Intervention on Skin Health Outcomes in Nursing Home Residents. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society 51(3):348-55.
7. Benbassat, J., and M. Taragin. 2000. Hospital Readmissions as a Measure of Quality of Health Care: Advantages and Limitations. Archives of Internal Medicine 160(8):1074-81.
8. Berg, K., K.M. Murphy, V. Mor, T. Moore, J.N. Morris, and Y. Harris. 2002. Identification and Evaluation of Existing Nursing Homes Quality Indicators. Health Care Finance Review 23(4):19-36.
9. Berlowitz, D.R., G.H. Brandeis, J.J. Anderson, A.S. Ash, B. Kader, J.N. Morris, and M.A. Moskowitz. 2001. Evaluation of a Risk-Adjustment Model for Pressure Ulcer Development Using the Minimum Data Set. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society 49(7):872-6.
10. Berlowitz, D.R., A.K. Rosen, F. Wang, D. Tsilimingras, P.N. Tariot, J. Englehardt, B. Kader, and D.B. Mukamel. 2005. Purchasing or Providing Nursing Home Care: Can Quality of Care Data Provide Guidance. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society 53(4):603-8.
11. Berlowitz, D.R., G.J. Young, E.C. Hickey, D. Saliba, B.S. Mittman, E. Czarnowski, B. Simon, et al. 2003. Quality Improvement Implementation in the Nursing Home. Health Services Research 38(1, part 1):65-83.
12. Bourbonniere, M., V. Mor, and S.M. Allen. 2003. Symptom Management and Rehospitalization for Older Persons Following Surgical Treatment for Colorectal Cancer. Paper accepted for presentation at the 7th National Conference on Cancer Nursing Research, San Diego.
13. Bowles, K.H., M.D. Naylor, and J.B. Foust. 2002. Patient Characteristics at Hospital Discharge and a Comparison of Home Care Referral Decisions. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society 50(2):336-42.
14. Carman, K.L., P.F. Short, D.O. Farley, J.A. Schnaier, D.B. Elliott, and P.M. Gallagher. 1999. Epilogue: Early Lessons from CAHPS Demonstrations and Evaluations. Consumer Assessment of Health Plans Study. Medical Care 37(3, suppl.):MS97-105.
15. Castle, N.G. 2001. Innovation in Nursing Homes: Which Facilities Are the Early Adopters? The Gerontologist 41(2):161-72.
16. Castle, N.G. 2002. Nursing Homes with Persistent Deficiency Citations for Physical Restraint Use. Medical Care 40(10):868-78.
17. Castle, N.G. 2004. Family Satisfaction with Nursing Facility Care. International Journal for Quality in Health Care 16(6):483-9.
18. Castle, N.G., and T.J. Lowe. 2005. Report Cards and Nursing Homes. The Gerontologist 45(1):48-67.
19. Chernew, M., G. Gowrisankaran, C. McLaughlin, and T. Gibson. 2004. Quality and Employers' Choice of Health Plans. Journal of Health Economics 23(3):471-92.
20. Collier, E.J., and C. Harrington. 2005. Discharge Planning, Nursing Home Placement, and the Internet. Nursing Outlook 53(2):95-103.
21. Crisler, K.S., and A.A. Richard. 2002. A Basic and Practical Overview of the Six Steps of Outcome-Based Quality Improvement. Interpreting Outcome Reports: The Basics. Home Healthcare Nurse 20(8):517-22.
22. Decker, F.H. 2005. Nursing Homes, 1977-99: What Has Changed, What Has Not? Hyattsville, Md.: National Center for Health Statistics.
23. Donabedian, A. 1980. Methods for Deriving Criteria for Assessing the Quality of Medical Care. Medical Care Review 37(7):653-98.
24. Fahey, T., A.A. Montgomery, J. Barnes, and J. Protheroe. 2003. Quality of Care for Elderly Residents in Nursing Homes and Elderly People Living at Home: Controlled Observational Study. British Medical Journal 326(7389):580.
25. Fortinsky, R.H., R.I. Garcia, T. Joseph Sheehan, E.A. Madigan, and S. Tullai-McGuinness. 2003. Measuring Disability in Medicare Home Care Patients: Application of Rasch Modeling to the Outcome and Assessment Information Set. Medical Care 41(5):601-15.
26. Fortinsky, R.H., and E.A. Madigan. 2004. Data, Information, and Quality Indicators for Home Healthcare: Rapid Implementation, What's Next? Journal for Healthcare Quality 26(3):44-51.
27. Fortinsky, R.H., E.A. Madigan, and S. Tullai-McGuinness. 2000. Resource Use & Patient Outcomes in Medicare Home Care. Caring 19(11):20-22.
28. Fries, B.E., D.P. Schneider, W.J. Foley, M. Gavazzi, R. Burke, and E. Cornelius. 1994. Refining a Case-Mix Measure for Nursing Homes: Resource Utilization Groups (RUG-III). Medical Care 32(7):668-85.
29. Goldfield, N., R. Burford, R. Averill, B. Boissonnault, W. Kelly, T. Kravis, and N. Smithline. 2005. Pay for Performance: An Excellent Idea That Simply Needs Implementation. Quality Management in Health Care 14(1):31-44.
30. Grabowski, D.C., and J.J. Angelelli. 2004. The Relationship of Medicaid Payment Rates, Bed Constraint Policies, and Risk-Adjusted Pressure Ulcers. Health Services Research 39(4, part 1):793-812.
31. Grabowski, D.C., and N.G. Castle. 2004. Nursing Homes with Persistent High and Low Quality. Medical Care Research & Review 61(1):89-115.
32. Grabowski, D.C., Z. Feng, O. Intrator, and V. Mor. 2004. Recent Trends in State Nursing Home Payment Policies. Health Affairs Supplement Web Exclusives:W4-363-73.
33. Harrington, C., J. O'Meara, M. Kitchener, L.P. Simon, and J.F. Schnelle. 2003. Designing a Report Card for Nursing Facilities: What Information Is Needed and Why. The Gerontologist 43(2):47-57.
34. Harrington, C., D. Zimmerman, S.L. Karon, J. Robinson, and P. Beutel. 2000. Nursing Home Staffing and Its Relationship to Deficiencies. Journals of Gerontology Series B-Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences 55(5):S278-87.
35. Harris, Y., and S.B. Clauser. 2002. Achieving Improvement through Nursing Home Quality Measurement. Health Care Finance Review 23(4):5-18.
36. Hawes, C., V. Mor, C.D. Phillips, B.E. Fries, J.N. Morris, E. Steele-Friedlob, A.M. Greene, and M. Nennstiel. 1997. The OBRA-87 Nursing Home Regulations and Implementation of the Resident Assessment Instrument: Effects on Process Quality. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society 45(8):977-85.
37. Hibbard, J.H., and L.G. Pawlson. 2004. Why Not Give Consumers a Framework for Understanding Quality? Joint Commission Journal on Quality & Safety 30(6):347-51.
38. Hibbard, J.H., and E. Peters. 2003. Supporting Informed Consumer Health Care Decisions: Data Presentation Approaches That Facilitate the Use of Information in Choice. Annual Review of Public Health 24:413-33.
39. Hibbard, J.H., J. Stockard, and M. Tusler. 2003. Does Publicizing Hospital Performance Stimulate Quality Improvement Efforts? Health Affairs 22(2):84-94.
40. Hittle, D.F., P.W. Shaughnessy, K.S. Crisler, M.C. Powell, A.A. Richard, K.S. Conway, P.M. Stearns, and K. Engle. 2003. A Study of Reliability and Burden of Home Health Assessment Using OASIS. Home Health Care Services Quarterly 22(4):43-63.
41. Intrator, O., and K. Berg. 2002. Comparing Outcomes of Post Acute Care Following Hip Fracture. The Gerontologist 42:75.
42. Intrator, O., Z. Feng, V. Mor, D. Gifford, M. Bourbonniere, and J. Zinn. 2005. The Effect of State Medicaid Policies on the Employment of Nurse Practitioners and Physician Assistants in U.S. Nursing Homes. The Gerontologist 45(4):486-95.
43. Intrator, O., and V. Mor. 2004. Effect of State Medicaid Reimbursement Rates on Hospitalizations from Nursing Homes. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society 52(3):393-8.
44. Institute of Medicine (IOM). 1986. Improving the Quality of Care in Nursing Homes. Washington, D.C.
45. Institute of Medicine (IOM). 2001. Improving the Quality of Long-Term Care. Washington, D.C.: National Academy Press.
46. Kaiser Family Foundation and the Agency for Health Research and Quality. 2000. National Survey on Americans as Health Care Consumers: An Update on the Role of Quality Information.
47. Kane, R.A., A.L. Caplan, E.K. Urv-Wong, I.C. Freeman, M.A. Aroskar, and M. Finch. 1997. Everyday Matters in the Lives of Nursing Home Residents: Wish for and Perception of Choice and Control. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society 45(9):1086-93.
48. Kane, R.A., K.C. Kling, B. Bershadsky, R.L. Kane, K. Giles, H. Degenholtz, J. Liu, and L.J. Cutler. 2003. Quality of Life Measures for Nursing Home Residents. Journals of Gerontology Series A - Biological Sciences and Medical Sciences 58(3):240-48.
49. Kane, R.L., B. Bershadsky, R.A. Kane, H. Degenholtz, J. Liu, K. Giles, and K.C. Kling. 2004. Using Resident Reports of Quality of Life to Distinguish among Nursing Homes. The Gerontologist 44(5):624-32.
50. Kissam, S., D.R. Gifford, P. Parks, G. Patry, L. Palmer, M. Fitzgerald, L. Wilkes, A. Stollenwerk Petrulis, and L. Barnette. 2003. Approaches to Quality Improvement in Nursing Homes: Lessons Learned from the Six-State Pilot of CMS's Nursing Home Quality Initiative. BMC Geriatrics 3(1):2.
51. Kizer, K.W. 2001. Establishing Health Care Performance Standards in an Era of Consumerism. Journal of the American Medical Association 286(10):1213-7.
52. Kramer, A.M., P.W. Shaughnessy, M.K. Bauman, and K.S. Crisler. 1990. Assessing and Assuring the Quality of Home Health Care: A Conceptual Framework. Milbank Quarterly 68(3):413-43.
53. Kurtzman, E.T., and K.W. Kizer. 2005. Evaluating the Performance and Contribution of Nurses to Achieve an Environment of Safety. Nursing Administration Quarterly 29(1):14-23.
54. Lee, R.H., and L. Wendling. 2004. The Extent of Quality Improvement Activities in Nursing Homes. American Journal of Medical Quality 19(6):255-65.
55. Lowe, T.J., J.A. Lucas, N.G. Castle, J.P. Robinson, and S. Crystal. 2003. Consumer Satisfaction in Long-Term Care: State Initiatives in Nursing Homes and Assisted Living Facilities. The Gerontologist 43(6):883-96.
56. Lucas, J.A., T. Avi-Itzhak, J.P. Robinson, C.G. Morris, M.J. Koren, and S.C. Reinhard. 2005. Continuous Quality Improvement as an Innovation: Which Nursing Facilities Adopt It? The Gerontologist 45(1):68-77.
57. Madigan, E.A. 2002. The Scientific Dimensions of OASIS for Home Care Outcome Measurement. Home Healthcare Nurse 20(9):579-83.
58. Marshall, M.N., P.S. Romano, and H.T. Davies. 2004. How Do We Maximize the Impact of the Public Reporting of Quality of Care? International Journal for Quality in Health Care 16:57-63.
59. Mattke, S., J. Needleman, P. Buerhaus, M. Stewart, and K. Zelevinksky. 2004. Evaluating the Role of Patient Sample Definitions for Quality Indicators Sensitive to Nurse Staffing Patterns. Medical Care 42(2, suppl.):II21-II33.
60. Mattke, S., K. Reilly, E. Martinez-Vidal, B. McLean, and D. Gifford. 2003. Reporting Quality of Nursing Home Care to Consumers: The Maryland Experience. International Journal for Quality in Health Care 15(2):169-77.
61. Miller, S.C., V. Mor, N. Wu, P. Gozalo, and K. Lapane. 2002. Does Receipt of Hospice Care in Nursing Homes Improve the Management of Pain at the End of Life? Journal of the American Geriatrics Society 50(3):507-15.
62. Mitchell, S.L., J.M. Teno, S.C. Miller, and V. Mor. 2005. A National Study of the Location of Death for Older Persons with Dementia. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society 53(2):299-305.
63. Mor, V. 2004. A Comprehensive Clinical Assessment Tool to Inform Policy and Practice: Applications of the Minimum Data Set. Medical Care 42(4, suppl.):III50-III59.
64. Mor, V., J. Angelelli, D. Gifford, J. Morris, and T. Moore. 2003a. Benchmarking and Quality in Residential and Nursing Homes: Lessons from the U.S. International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry 18(3):258-66.
65. Mor, V., J. Angelelli, R. Jones, J. Roy, T. Moore, and J. Morris. 2003b. Inter-Rater Reliability of Nursing Home Quality Indicators in the U.S. BMC Health Services Research 3(1):20.
66. Mor, V., K. Berg, J. Angelelli, D. Gifford, J. Morris, and T. Moore. 2003c. The Quality of Quality Measurement in U.S. Nursing Homes. The Gerontologist 43(spec. no. 2):37-46.
67. Morris, J.N., C. Hawes, B.E. Fries, C.D. Phillips, V. Mor, S. Katz, K. Murphy, M.L. Drugovich, and A.S. Friedlob. 1990. Designing the National Resident Assessment Instrument for Nursing Homes. The Gerontologist 30(3):293-307.
68. Morris, J.N., S. Nonemaker, K. Murphy, C. Hawes, B.E. Fries, V. Mor, and C. Phillips. 1997. A Commitment to Change: Revision of HCFA's RAI. Journal of the American Geriatric Society 45(8):1011-6.
69. Mukamel, D.B. 1997. Risk-Adjusted Outcome Measures and Quality of Care in Nursing Homes. Medical Care 35(4):367-85.
70. Mukamel, D.B., and A.I. Mushlin. 2001. The Impact of Quality Report Cards on Choice of Physicians, Hospitals, and HMOs: A Midcourse Evaluation. Joint Commission Journal on Quality Improvement 27(1):20-27.
71. Mukamel, D.B., A.I. Mushlin, D. Weimer, J. Zwanziger, T. Parker, and I. Indridason. 2000. Do Quality Report Cards Play a Role in HMOs' Contracting Practices? Evidence from New York State. Health Services Research 35(1, part 2):319-32.
72. Mukamel, D.B., and W.D. Spector. 2000. Nursing Home Costs and Risk-Adjusted Outcome Measures of Quality. Medical Care 38(1):78-89.
73. Mukamel, D.B., and W.D. Spector. 2003. Quality Report Cards and Nursing Home Quality. The Gerontologist 43(spec. no. 2):58-66.
74. Mukamel, D.B., N.M. Watson, H. Meng, and W.D. Spector. 2003. Development of a Risk-Adjusted Urinary Incontinence Outcome Measure of Quality for Nursing Homes. Medical Care 41(4):467-78.
75. Outcome Concepts Systems. 2004. The Effect of the Prospective Payment System on Home Health Quality of Care. Report submitted to the Medicare Payment Advisory Commission, Seattle Washington.
76. Pentz, C., and A. Wilson. 2001. Ensuring the Quality of OASIS Data: One Agency's Plan. Home Healthcare Nurse 19(1):38-42.
77. Potthoff, S., R.L. Kane, and S.J. Franco. 1997. Improving Hospital Discharge Planning for Elderly Patients. Health Care Finance Review 19(2):47-72.
78. Rantz, M.J., L. Hicks, V. Grando, G.F. Petroski, R.W. Madsen, D.R. Mehr, V. Conn, et al. 2004a. Nursing Home Quality, Cost, Staffing, and Staff Mix. The Gerontologist 44(1):24-38.
79. Rantz, M.J., L. Hicks, G.F. Petroski, R.W. Madsen, D.R. Mehr, V. Conn, M. Zwygart-Staffacher, and M. Maas. 2004b. Stability and Sensitivity of Nursing Home Quality Indicators. Journals of Gerontology Series A - Biological Sciences and Medical Sciences 59(1):79-82.
80. Rantz, M.J., D.R. Mehr, V.S. Conn, L.L. Hicks, R. Porter, R.W. Madsen, G.F. Petroski, and M. Maas. 1996. Assessing Quality of Nursing Home Care: The Foundation for Improving Resident Outcomes. Journal of Nursing Care Quality 10(4):1-9.
81. Rantz, M.J., L. Popejoy, G.F. Petroski, R.W. Madsen, D.R. Mehr, M. Zwygart-Staffacher, L.L. Hicks, et al. 2001. Randomized Clinical Trial of a Quality Improvement Intervention in Nursing Homes. The Gerontologist 41(4):525-38.
82. Rantz, M.J., A. Vogelsmeier, P. Manion, D. Minner, B. Markway, V. Conn, M.A. Aud, and D.R. Mehr. 2003. Statewide Strategy to Improve Quality of Care in Nursing Facilities. The Gerontologist 43(2):248-58.
83. Richards, S.H., J. Coast, and T.J. Peters. 2003. Patient-Reported Use of Health Service Resources Compared with Information from Health Providers. Health Social Care Community 11(6):510-18.
84. Romano, P.S., and H. Zhou. 2004. Do Well-Publicized Risk-Adjusted Outcomes Reports Affect Hospital Volume? Medical Care 42(4):367-77.
85. Roy, J., and V. Mor. 2005. The Effect of Provider-Level Ascertainment Bias on Profiling Nursing Homes. Statistics in Medicine. In press.
86. Saliba, D., L.V. Rubenstein, B. Simon, E. Hickey, B. Ferrell, E. Czarnowski, and D. Berlowitz. 2003. Adherence to Pressure Ulcer Prevention Guidelines: Implications for Nursing Home Quality. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society 51(1):56-62.
87. Sangl, J., D. Saliba, D.R. Gifford, and D.F. Hittle. 2005. Challenges in Measuring Nursing Home and Home Health Quality: Lessons from the First National Healthcare Quality Report. Medical Care 43(3, suppl.):I24-I32.
88. Schnelle, J.F., B.M. Bates-Jensen, L. Chu, and S.F. Simmons. 2004a. Accuracy of Nursing Home Medical Record Information about Care-Process Delivery: Implications for Staff Management and Improvement. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society 52(8):1378-83.
89. Schnelle, J.F., B.M. Bates-Jensen, L. Levy-Storms, V. Grbic, J. Yoshii, M. Cadogan, and S.F. Simmons. 2004b. The Minimum Data Set Prevalence of Restraint Quality Indicator: Does It Reflect Differences in Care? The Gerontologist 44(2):245-55.
90. Schnelle, J.F., J.G. Ouslander, and P.A. Cruise. 1997. Policy without Technology: A Barrier to Improving Nursing Home Care. The Gerontologist 37(4):527-32.
91. Schnelle, J.F., S.F. Simmons, C. Harrington, M. Cadogan, E. Garcia, and B.M. Bates-Jensen. 2004c. Relationship of Nursing Home Staffing to Quality of Care. Health Services Research 39(2):225-50.
92. Shaller, D., S. Sofaer, S.D. Findlay, J.H. Hibbard, D. Lansky, and S. Delbanco. 2003. Consumers and Quality-Driven Health Care: A Call to Action. Health Affairs 22(2):95-101.
93. Shaughnessy, P.W., K.S. Crisler, and R.E. Bennett. 2000. We've Collected the OASIS Data, Now What? Home Healthcare Nurse 18(4):258-65, quiz 266.
94. Shaughnessy, P.W., K.S. Crisler, R.E. Schlenker, and A.G. Arnold. 1995. Outcome-Based Quality Improvement in Home Care. Caring 14(2):44-9.
95. Shaughnessy, P.W., K.S. Crisler, R.E. Schlenker, A.G. Arnold, A.M. Kramer, M.C. Powell, and D.F. Hittle. 1994. Measuring and Assuring the Quality of Home Health Care. Health Care Finance Review 16(1):35-67.
96. Shaughnessy, P.W., D.F. Hittle, K.S. Crisler, M.C. Powell, A.A. Richard, A.M. Kramer, R.E. Schlenker, et al. 2002. Improving Patient Outcomes of Home Health Care: Findings from Two Demonstration Trials of Outcome-Based Quality Improvement. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society 50(8):1354-64.
97. Shaughnessy, P.W., and A.A. Richard. 2002. Performance Benchmarking. Part 1: What It Is & How to Use It. Caring 21(11):18.
98. Simmons, S.F., S. Babineau, E. Garcia, and J.F. Schnelle. 2002. Quality Assessment in Nursing Homes by Systematic Direct Observation: Feeding Assistance. Journals of Gerontology Series A - Biological Sciences and Medical Sciences 57(10):M665-71.
99. Simmons, S.F., J.F. Schnelle, G.C. Uman, A.D. Kulvicki, K.O. Lee, and J.G. Ouslander. 1997. Selecting Nursing Home Residents for Satisfaction Surveys. The Gerontologist 37(4):543-50.
100. Sofaer, S., J. Gruman, S. Connaughton, R. Grier, and C. Maule. 2000. Developing Performance Indicators That Reflect an Expanded View of Health: Findings from the Use of an Innovative Methodology. The Joint Commission Journal on Quality Improvement 26(4):189-202.
101. Stevenson, D.G., and D.M. Studdert. 2005. Nursing Home Consumer Complaints and Their Potential Role in Assessing Quality of Care. Medical Care 43(2):102-11.
102. Stoker, J. 1998. OASIS as a Mandatory Medicare Requirement. Home Healthcare Nurse 16(9):595.
103. Teno, J.M., V.A. Casey, L.C. Welch, and S. Edgman-Levitan. 2001a. Patient-Focused, Family-Centered End-of-Life Medical Care: Views of the Guidelines and Bereaved Family Members. Journal of Pain & Symptom Management 22(3):738-51.
104. Teno, J.M., B. Clarridge, V. Casey, S. Edgman-Levitan, and J. Fowler. 2001b. Validation of Toolkit After-Death Bereaved Family Member Interview. Journal of Pain & Symptom Management 22(3):752-8.
105. Wipke-Tevis, D.D., D.A. Williams, M.J. Rantz, L.L. Popejoy, R.W. Madsen, G.F. Petroski, and A.A. Vogelsmeier. 2004. Nursing Home Quality and Pressure Ulcer Prevention and Management Practices. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society 52(4):583-8.
106. Wu, N., S.C. Miller, K. Lapane, and P. Gozalo. 2003. The Problem of Assessment Bias When Measuring the Hospice Effect on Nursing Home Residents' Pain. Journal of Pain and Symptom Management 26(5):998-1009.
107. Wu, N., S.C. Miller, K. Lapane, J. Roy, and V. Mor. 2005. The Quality of the Quality Indicator of Pain Derived from the Minimum Data Set. Health Services Research 40(4):1197-1216.
108. Zimmerman, D.R. 2003. Improving Nursing Home Quality of Care through Outcomes Data: The MDS Quality Indicators. International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry 18(3):250-57.
109. Zimmerman, D.R., S.L. Karon, G. Arling, B.R. Clark, T. Collins, R. Ross, and F. Sainfort. 1995. Development and Testing of Nursing Home Quality Indicators. Health Care Finance Review 16(4):107-27.
110. Zinn, J.S., W.E. Aaronson, and M.D. Rosko. 1994. Strategic Groups, Performance, and Strategic Response in the Nursing Home Industry. Health Services Research 29(2):187-205.
111. Zinn, J.S., and V. Mor. 1994. Nursing Home Special Care Units: Distribution by Type, State, and Facility Characteristics. The Gerontologist 34(3):371-7.
112. Zinn, J.S., R.J. Weech, and D. Brannon. 1998. Resource Dependence and Institutional Elements in Nursing Home TQM Adoption. Health Services Research 33(2, part 1):261-73.