Exposure of U.S. children to residential dust lead, 1999-2004: II. The contribution of lead-contaminated dust to children's blood lead levels

Environmental Health Perspectives

Volumn 117, Issue 3, 2009, Pages 468-474

  Dixon, Sherry L ^a   Gaitens, Joanna M ^b   Jacobs, David E ^a   Strauss, Warren ^c   Nagaraja, Jyothi ^c   Pivetz, Tim ^c   Wilson, Jonathan W ^a   Ashley, Peter J ^d  

^a National Center for Healthy Housing   (United States)

^b Healthy Housing Solutions Inc   (United States)

^c BATTELLE MEMORIAL INSTITUTE   (United States)

^d Special Needs Assistance Program   (United States)

Author keywords

Blood lead; Dust lead; Housing; Lead poisoning; National health and nutrition examination survey; NHANES

Indexed keywords

COTININE; LEAD;

AGE DISTRIBUTION; ARTICLE; BIRTHPLACE; CHILD; CHILD CARE; CONSTRUCTION WORK; CONTROLLED STUDY; ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURE; ETHNICITY; GEOMETRY; HEALTH SURVEY; HOME ENVIRONMENT; HOUSE DUST; HOUSING; HUMAN; INFANT; LEAD AEXPOSURE; LEAD BLOOD LEVEL; LEAD POISONING; LOWEST INCOME GROUP; PRIORITY JOURNAL; RACE; RESIDENTIAL AREA;

CENTERS FOR DISEASE CONTROL AND PREVENTION (U.S.); CHILD, PRESCHOOL; DEMOGRAPHY; DUST; ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURE; HOUSING; HUMANS; INFANT; INTERVIEWS AS TOPIC; LEAD; REGRESSION ANALYSIS; SPECTROPHOTOMETRY, ATOMIC; UNITED STATES;

EID: 64049115362     PISSN: 00916765     EISSN: 15529924     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1289/ehp.11918     Document Type: Article

References (42)

1. Bernard SM, McGeehin MA. 2003. Prevalence of blood lead levels ≥ 5 μg/dL among US children 1 to 5 years of age and socioeconomic and demographic factors associated with blood of lead levels 5 to 10 μg/ dL, Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 1988-1994. Pediatrics 112:1308-1313.
2. Bornschein RL, Succop P, Kraft KM, Clark CS, Peace B, Hammond PB. 1987. Exterior surface lead, interior house dust lead and childhood exposure in an urban environment. In: Trace Substances in Environmental Health (Hemphill DD, ed). Proceedings of University of Missouri's 20th Annual Conference, Vol. 20. Columbia, MO:University of Missouri, 322-332.
3. Canfield RL, Henderson CR Jr, Cory-Slechta DA, Cox C, Jusko TA, Lanphear BP. 2003. Intellectual impairment in children with blood lead concentrations below 10 microg per deciliter. N Engl J Med 348:1517-1526.
4. CDC. 1991. Preventing Lead Poisoning in Young Children: A Statement by the Centers for Disease Control. Report No. 99-2230. Atlanta, GA:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.
5. CDC (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention). 2005. Blood lead levels - United States, 1999-2002. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 54:513-516.
6. Code of Maryland. 1988. Procedures for Abating Lead Containing Substances from Buildings. COMAR 26.02.07, Title 26. Baltimore:Maryland Department of Environmental Regulations, 8 August 1988.
7. Cowan L, Esteban E, McElroy-Hart R, Kieszak S, Meyer PA, Rosales C, et al. 2006. Binational study of pediatric blood lead levels along the United States/Mexico border. Int J Hyg Environ Health 209:235-240.
8. Davies D, Thornton I, Watt J, Culbard E, Harvey P, Delves H, et al. 1990. Lead intake and blood lead in two-year-old UK urban children. Sci Total Environ 90:13-29.
9. DHHS (U.S. Department of Health and Human Services). 2000. Healthy People 2010. 2nd ed. With Understanding and Improving Health and Objectives for Improving Health. vols. Washington, DC:U.S. Government Printing Office. Available: http://www.healthypeople.gov/Document/ tableofcontents.htm#volume1 [accessed 29 September 2008].
10. Dietrich JN, Ris MD, Succop PA, Berger OG, Bornschein RL. 2001. Early exposure to lead and juvenile delinquency. Neurotoxicol Teratol 23:511-518.
11. Gaitens JM, Dixon SL, Jacobs DE, Nagaraja J, Strauss W, Wilson JW, et al. 2009. Exposure of U.S. children to residential dust lead, 1999-2004: I. Housing and demographic factors. Environ Health Perspect 117:461-467.
12. Galke W, Clark CS, Wilson J, Jacobs D, Succop P, Dixon S, et al. 2001. Evaluation of the HUD Lead Hazard Control Grantee Program: early overall findings. Environ Res 86(2):149-156.
13. HUD (U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development). 1999. Requirements for Notification, Evaluation and Reduction of Lead-Based Paint Hazards in Federally Owned Residential Property and Housing Receiving Federal Assistance. Final Rule. 24 CFR Part 35 Preamble. Fed Reg 64(178):50181. Available: http://brgov.com/DEPT/ocd/pdf/ 1012_3final.pdf [accessed 29 September 2008].
14. HUD. 2004. Evaluation of the HUD Lead-Based Paint Hazard Control Grant Program: Final Report. Washington, DC:U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development. Available: http://www.centerforhealthyhousing.org/ HUD_National_Evaluation_Final_Report.pdf [accessed 29 September 2008].
15. Iqbal S, Muntner P, Batuman V, Rabito FA. 2008. Estimated burden of blood lead levels ≥ 5 μg/dl in 1999-2002 and declines from 1988 to 1994. Environ Res 107:305-311.
16. Jacobs DE, Clickner RP, Zhou JY, Viet SM, Marker DA, Rogers JW, et al. 2002. The prevalence of lead-based paint hazards in U.S. housing. Environ Health Perspect 110:A599-A606.
17. Lanphear BP. 2007. The conquest of lead poisoning: a pyrrhic victory. Environ Health Perspect 115:A484-A485.
18. Lanphear BP, Hornung R, Ho M, Howard CR, Eberly S, Knauf K. 2002. Environmental lead exposure during early childhood. J Pediatr 140:40-47.
19. Lanphear BP, Hornung R, Khoury J, Yolton K, Baghurst P, Bellinger DC, et al. 2005. Low-level environmental lead exposure and children's intellectual function: an international pooled analysis. Environ Health Perspect 113:894-899.
20. Lanphear BP, Matte TD, Rogers J, Clickner RP, Dietz B, Bornschein RL, et al. 1998. The contribution of lead-contaminated house dust and residential soil to children's blood lead levels. A pooled analysis of 12 epidemiologic studies. Environ Res 79:51-68.
21. Lanphear BP, Weitzman M, Eberly S. 1996a. Racial differences in urban children's environmental exposures to lead. Am J Public Health 86:1460-1463.
22. Lanphear BP, Weitzman M, Winter NL, Eberly S, Yakir B, Tanner M, et al. 1996b. Lead-contaminated house dust and urban children's blood lead levels. Am J Public Health 86(10):1416-1421.
23. Levin R, Brown MJ, Kashtock ME, Jacobs DE, Whelan EA, Rodman J, et al. 2008. U.S. children's lead exposures, 2008: implications for prevention. Environ Health Perspect 116:1285-1293.
24. Mannino DM, Albalak R, Grosse S, Repace J. 2003. Second-hand smoke exposure and blood lead levels in U.S. children. Epidemiology 14:719-727.
25. Mielke HW. 1999. Lead in the inner cities. Am Sci 87:62-73.
26. NCHS (National Center for Health Statistics). 2006a. National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey: NHANES 1999-2000. Available: http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/about/major/nhanes/nhanes99_00.htm [accessed 24 June 2008].
27. NCHS (National Center for Health Statistics). 2006b. National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey: NHANES 2001-2002. Available: http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/about/major/nhanes/nhanes01-02.htm [accessed 24 June 2008].
28. NCHS (National Center for Health Statistics). 2006c. National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey: NHANES 2003-2004. Available: http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/about/major/nhanes/nhanes2003-2004/ nhanes03_04.htm [accessed 24 June 2008].
29. Office of Management and Budget. 1978. Statistical Policy Directive No. 14. Definition of Poverty for Statistical Purposes. Available: http://www.census.gov/hhes/www/povmeas/ombdir14.html [accessed 24 June 2008].
30. Pirkle JL, Brody DJ, Gunter EW, Kramer RA, Paschal DC, Flegal KM, et al. 1994. The decline in blood lead levels in the United States. The National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys (NHANES). JAMA 272:284-291.
31. Rabinowitz M, Leviton A, Bellinger D. 1985. Home refinishing, lead paint, and infant blood lead levels. Am J Public Health 75(4):403-404.
32. Raymond JS, Anderson R, Feingold M, Homa D, Brown MJ. 2007. Risk for elevated blood lead levels in 3- and 4-year-old children. Matern Child Health J; 10.1007/s10995-007-0297-x [Online 26 October 2007].
33. Reissman DB, Matte TD, Gurnitz KL, Kaufmann RB, Leighton J. 2002. Is home renovation or repair a risk factor for exposure to lead among children residing in New York City? J Urban Health 79:502-511.
34. Teekens R, Koerts J. 1972. Some statistical implications of the log transformation of multiplicative models. Econometrica 40(5):793-819.
35. Tong SL, Baghurst PA, McMichael AJ, Sawyer MG, Mudge J. 1996. Lifetime exposure to environmental lead and children's intelligence at 11-13 years: the Port Pirie cohort study. BMJ 312:1569-1575.
36. U.S. EPA. 1995. Report on the HUD National Survey of Lead-based Paint in Housing (Base Report). EPA/747-R95-003. Washington, DC:U.S. Environmental Protection Agency.
37. U.S. EPA. 1998. Risk Analysis to Support Standards for Lead in Paint, Dust, and Soil. Office of Pollution Prevention and Toxics. EPA 747-R-97-006. Washington, DC:U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Available: http://www.epa.gov/lead/pubs/403risk.htm [accessed 24 June 2008].
38. U.S. EPA (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency). 2001. Identification of Dangerous Levels of Lead. Final Rule. 40 CFR 745. Fed Reg 66(4):1206.
39. U.S. EPA (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency). 2008. Lead; Renovation, Repair and Painting. Final Rule. 40 CFR Part 745. Fed Reg 73(78):21692.
40. Wasserman GA, Liu X, Lolacono NJ, Factor-Litvak P, Kline JK, Popovac D, et al. 1997. Lead exposure and intelligence in 7-year-old children: the Yugoslavia Prospective Study. Environ Health Perspect 105:956-962.
41. Wilson J, Dixon S, Galke W, McLaine P. 2007. An investigation of dust lead sampling locations and children's blood lead levels. J Expo Sci Environ Epidemiol 17:2-12.
42. Wilson J, Pivetz T, Ashley P, Jacobs D, Strauss W, Menkedick J, et al. 2006. Evaluation of HUD-funded lead hazard control treatments at 6 years post-intervention. Environ Res 102:237-248.