Estimated burden of blood lead levels ≥5 μg/dl in 1999-2002 and declines from 1988 to 1994

Environmental Research

Volumn 107, Issue 3, 2008, Pages 305-311

  Iqbal, Shahed ^a   Muntner, Paul ^b   Batuman, Vecihi ^c   Rabito, Felicia A ^a  

^a TULANE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^b MOUNT SINAI SCHOOL OF MEDICINE   (United States)

^c TULANE UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF MEDICINE   (United States)

Author keywords

Child health; Environmental health; Lead; Lead poisoning; Prevalence

Indexed keywords

LEAD;

ADOLESCENCE; BLOOD; CHILD HEALTH; DISEASE PREVALENCE; ESTIMATION METHOD; HEALTH IMPACT; LEAD; POISONING; POLLUTION EFFECT; POLLUTION EXPOSURE; PUBLIC HEALTH;

ADOLESCENT; ADULT; ARTICLE; CHILD; DATA ANALYSIS; ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURE; FEMALE; GEOMETRY; HEALTH SURVEY; HUMAN; INFANT; LEAD BLOOD LEVEL; MALE; NATIONAL HEALTH SERVICE; PREVALENCE; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PUBLIC HEALTH SERVICE; UNITED STATES;

ADOLESCENT; ADULT; BODY BURDEN; CHILD; CHILD, PRESCHOOL; ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURE; FEMALE; HUMANS; INFANT; LEAD; MALE; POPULATION SURVEILLANCE; SOCIOECONOMIC FACTORS; UNITED STATES;

NORTH AMERICA; UNITED STATES;

EID: 44749092986     PISSN: 00139351     EISSN: 10960953     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2008.01.015     Document Type: Article

References (29)

1. Bellinger D.C. Response to commentaries. Neurotoxicol. Teratol. 17 (1995) 249-251
2. Bellinger D.C. Lead. Pediatrics 113 (2004) 1016-1022
3. Bellinger D.C., and Needleman H.L. Intellectual impairment and blood lead levels. N. Engl. J. Med. 349 5 (2003) 500-502
4. Bellinger D.C., and Bellinger A.M. Childhood lead poisoning: the torturous path from science to policy. J. Clin. Invest. 116 (2006) 853-857
5. Bellinger D.C., Stile K.M., and Needleman H.L. Low-level lead exposure, intelligence and academic achievement: a long-term follow-up study. Pediatrics 90 (1992) 855-861
6. Bernard S.M. Should the centers for disease control and prevention's childhood lead poisoning intervention level be lowered?. Am. J. Public Health 93 8 (2003) 1253-1260
7. Bernard S.M., and McGeehin M.A. Prevalence of blood lead levels ≥5 μg/dl among US children 1-5 years of age and socioeconomic and demographic factors associated with blood lead levels 5-10 μg/dl, third national health and nutrition examination survey, 1988-1994. Pediatrics 112 6 (2003) 1308-1313
8. Braun J.M., Kahn R.S., Froehlich T., Auinger P., and Lanphear B.P. Exposures to environmental toxicants and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder in US children. Environ. Health Perspect. 114 12 (2006) 1904-1909
9. Brown M.J., and Meehan P.J. Health effects of blood lead levels lower than 10 mg/d in children. Am. J. Public Health 94 1 (2004) 8-9
10. Canfield R.L., Henderson Jr. C.R., Cory-Slechta D.A., Cox C., Jusko T.A., and Lanphear B.P. Intellectual impairment in children with blood lead concentrations below 10 microg per deciliter. N. Engl. J. Med. 348 16 (2003) 1517-1526
11. CDC. Preventing Lead Poisoning in Young Children (1991), US Department of Health and Human Services, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA
12. CDC. Managing elevated blood lead levels among young children: Recommendations from the Advisory Committee on Childhood Lead Poisoning Prevention (2002), US Department of Health and Human Services, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA
13. CDC. Blood lead levels-United States, 1999-2002. MMWR 54 20 (2005) 513-516
14. Chen A., Dietrich K.N., Ware J.H., Radcliffe J., and Rogan W.J. IQ and blood lead from 2-7 years of age: are the effects in older children the residual of high blood lead concentrations in 2-year olds?. Environ. Health Perspect. 113 (2005) 597-601
15. Flegal A.R., and Smith D.R. Lead levels in pre-industrial humans. N. Engl. J. Med. 326 19 (1992) 1293-1294
16. Fulton M., Raab G., Thomson G., Laxen D., Hunter R., and Hepburn W. Influence of blood lead on the ability and attainment of children in Edinburgh. Lancet 1 (1987) 1221-1226
17. Kordas K., Canfield R., Lopez P., Rosado J., Vargas G.G., Cebrian M.E., et al. Deficits in cognitive function and achievement in Mexican first-graders with low blood lead concentrations. Environ. Res. 100 (2006) 371-386
18. Landrigan P.J. Pediatric lead poisoning: is there a threshold?. Public Health Rep. 115 (2000) 530-531
19. Lanphear B.P., Dietrich K., Auinger P., and Cox C. Cognitive deficits associated with blood lead concentrations <10 μg/dl in US children and adolescents. Public Health Rep. 115 (2000) 521-529
20. Lanphear B.P., Hornung R., Khoury J., Yolton K., Baghurst P., Bellinger D.C., et al. Low-level environmental lead exposure and children's intellectual function: an international pooled analysis. Environ. Health Perspect. 113 (2005) 894-899
21. NCHS. Analytic and reporting guidelines: The Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES III), 1988-1994 (1996), Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Hyattsville, MD
22. NCHS. NHANES III Laboratory Data File Documentation: The Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES III), 1988-1994 (1996), Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Hyattsville, MD
23. NCEH, 2001. Division of Laboratory Sciences. Laboratory Procedure Manual: Lab 06 Blood Lead and Cadmium (NHANES 2001-2002). Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Available at: 〈http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/nhanes/nhanes_01_02/l06_b_met_lead_an d_cadmium.pdf〉 [accessed August 6, 2007].
24. NCHS. The National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES): Analytic and reporting guidelines (2005), Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Hyattsville, MD
25. Needleman H.L., and Landrigan P.J. What level of lead in blood is toxic for a child? [Letter]. Am. J. Public Health 94 1 (2004) 8
26. Schwartz J. Low-level lead exposure and children's IQ: a meta-analysis and search for a threshold. Environ. Res. 65 (1994) 42-55
27. Tellez-Rojo M.M., Bellinger D.C., Arroyo-Quiroz C., Lamadrid-Figueroa H., Mercado-Garcia A., Schnaas-Arrrieta L., et al. Longitudinal associations between blood lead concentrations lower than 10 μg/dL and neurobehavioral development in environmentally exposed children in Mexico city. Pediatrics 118 2 (2006) e323-e330
28. US Department of Health and Human Services (DHHS). Healthy People 2010 (Conference ed., in 2 vols) (2000), US Department of Health and Human Services, Washington, DC. http://www.healthypeople.gov Available at: 〈http://www.healthypeople.gov〉 [accessed August 6, 2007]
29. US Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD). President's Task Force on Environmental Health Risks and Safety Risks to Children. Eliminating childhood lead poisoning: A federal strategy targeting lead hazards (2000), US Department of Housing and Urban Development, Washington, DC. http://www.hud.gov/offices/lead/reports/fedstrategy2000.pdf Available at: 〈http://www.hud.gov/offices/lead/reports/fedstrategy2000.pdf〉 [accessed August 6, 2007]