Including operational data in QMRA model: Development and impact of model inputs

Journal of Water and Health

Volumn 7, Issue 1, 2009, Pages 77-95

  Jaidi, Kenza ^a   Barbeau, Benoit ^a   Carrière, Annie ^a   Desjardins, Raymond ^a   Prévost, Michèle ^a  

^a ÉCOLE POLYTECHNIQUE DE MONTRÉAL   (Canada)

Author keywords

Filtration; Monte Carlo; Ozonation; QMRA; Risk assessment; SCADA

Indexed keywords

DRINKING WATER; OZONE;

DRINKING WATER; FILTRATION; MONTE CARLO ANALYSIS; OZONE; PROTOZOAN; RISK ASSESSMENT; SIMULATION;

ARTICLE; CALCULATION; CRYPTOSPORIDIUM; FILTRATION; GIARDIA; INFECTION RISK; MONTE CARLO METHOD; NONHUMAN; OZONATION; QUANTITATIVE ANALYSIS; RISK ASSESSMENT; VALIDATION PROCESS; ANIMAL; METHODOLOGY; MICROBIOLOGY; PREVALENCE; STATISTICAL MODEL; WATER MANAGEMENT; WATER SUPPLY;

CRYPTOSPORIDIUM; GIARDIA;

ANIMALS; CRYPTOSPORIDIUM; GIARDIA; MODELS, STATISTICAL; MONTE CARLO METHOD; OZONE; PREVALENCE; RISK ASSESSMENT; WATER MICROBIOLOGY; WATER PURIFICATION; WATER SUPPLY;

EID: 64049091556     PISSN: 14778920     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.2166/wh.2009.133     Document Type: Article

References (82)

1. Aboytes, R., Di Giovanni, G. D., Abrams, F. A., Rheinecker, C., Mcelroy, W., Shaw, N. & LeChevallier, M. W. 2004 Detection of infectious Cryptosporidium in filtered drinking water. J. AWWA 96(9), 88-98.
2. Ashbolt, N. J., Grabow,W. O. K. & Snozzi,M. 2001 Indicators of microbial water quality. In Water Quality: Guidelines, Standards and Health Risk Assessment and Management forWater-related Infectious Disease (ed. L. Fewtrell& J. Bartram). IWA Publishing and World Health Organization (WHO), London, United Kingdom, chapter 13.
3. Barbeau, B. 1996 Évaluation des Bactéries Sporulantes Aérobies comme Indicateur de l'Efficacité du Traitement d'une Filière d'Eau Potable. École Polytechnique de Montréal-Génies Civil, Géologique et des Mines.
4. Barbeau, B., Morissette, C. & Prévost, M. 1999 Évaluation de la filtration directe à l'usine Atwater de la Ville de Montréal (rapport final). Chaire Industrielle CRSNG en Eau Potable, Montréal, Québec, Canada.
5. Barbeau, B., Payment, P., Coallier, J., Clément, B. & Prévost, M. 2000 Evaluating the risk of infection from the presence of Giardia and Cryptosporidium in drinking water. Quant. Microbiol. 2(1), 37-54.
6. Barbeau, B., Huffman, D., Mysore, C., Desjardins, R. & Prévost, M. 2004 Examination of discrete and counfounding effects of water quality parameters during the inactivation of MS2 phages and Bacillus subtilis spores with free chlorine. J. Environ. Eng. Sci. 3(4), 255-268.
7. Barbeau, B., Huffman, D., Mysore, C., Desjardins, R., Clément, B. & Prévost, M. 2005 Examination of discrete and counfounding effects of water quality parameters during the inactivation of MS2 phages and Bacillus subtilis spores with chlorine dioxide. J. Environ. Eng. Sci. 4(2), 139-151.
8. Barbeau, B., Carrière, A. & Prévost, M. 2006 2006 Rapport Synthèse des Essais Pilotes de Filtration Granulaire à l'Installation de Traitement Charles-J. Des Baillets de la Ville de Montréal. École Polytechnique de Montréal, Chaire Industrielle CRSNG en traitement et distributions des eaux potables, Montréal, Québec, Canada.
9. Bellamy, W. D., Finch, G. R. & Haas, C. N. 1998 Integrated Disinfection Design Framework. American Water Works Association Research Foundation and American Water Works Association, Denver, Colorado, USA.
10. Broséus, R., Barbeau, B. & Bouchard, C. 2006 Validation of Full-scale Ozone Contactor Performance using Biodosimetry. American Water Works Association-Water Quality Technology Conference, Denver, Colorado, USA.
11. Brown, R. A. & Cornwell, D. A. 2005 Utilizing Spore Removal to Monitor Plant Performance for Cryptosporidium Removal. American Water Works Association-Annual Conference, San Francisco, California, USA.
12. Clark, S. C., McGuire, P. E., Morabbi, M., Hargy, T., Chandler, J. & Wiginton, J. 2001 Softening: the Ultimate Microbial Tool?American Water Works Association-Water Quality Technology Conference, Nashville, Tennessee, USA.
13. Coffey, B. M., Huck, P. M., Maurizio, D. D., Emelko, M. B., Douglas, I. P. & Van Den Oever, J. 1999 The Effect of Optimizing Coagulation on the Removal of Cryptosporidium parvum and Bacillus subtilis. American Water Works Association-Water Quality Technology Conference, Tampa, Florida, USA.
14. Cornwell, D. A., MacPhee, M. J., Brown, R. A. & Via, S. H. 2003 Demonstrating Cryptosporidium removal using spore monitoring at lime-softening plants. J. AWWA 95(5), 124-133.
15. Giovanni, G. D., Hashemi, F. H., Shaw, N. J., Abrams, F. A., LeChevallier, M. W. & Abbaszadegan, M. 1999 Detection of infectious Cryptosporidium parvum oocysts in surface and filter backwash water samples by immunomagnetic separation and integrated cell culture-PCR. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 65(8), 3427-3432.
16. Dugan, N. R., Fox, K. R., Owens, J. H. & Miltner, R. J. 2001 Controlling Cryptosporidium oocysts using conventional treatment. J. AWWA 93(12), 64-76.
17. DuPont, H. L., Chappell, C. L., Sterling, C. R., Okhuysen, P. C., Rose, J. B. & Jakubowski, W. 1995 The infectivity of Cryptosporidium parvum in healthy volunteers. N. Engl. J. Med. 332(13), 855-859.
18. Eisenberg, J. N., Seto, E. Y., Colford, J.M. Jr., Olivieri, A.& Spear, R. C. 1998 An analysis of the Milwaukee Cryptosporidiosis outbreak based on a dynamic model of the infection process. Epidemiology 9(3), 255-263.
19. Emelko, M. B. 2001 Removal of Cryptosporidium parvum by Granular Media Filtration (Thesis). University of Waterloo, Department of Civil Enginerring, Ontario, Canada.
20. Emelko, M. B., Huck, P. M. & Douglas, I. P. 2003 Cryptosporidium and microsphere removal during late in-cycle filtration. J. AWWA 95(5), 173-182.
21. Emelko, M. B., Huck, P. M. & Coffey, B. M. 2005 A review of Cryptosporidium removal by granular media filtration. J. AWWA 97(12), 101-115.
22. Finch, G. R. & Li, H. 1999 Inactivation of Cryptosporidium at 1°C using ozone or chlorine dioxide. Ozone Sci. Eng. 21(5), 477-486.
23. Firestone, M., Fenner-Crisp, P., Barry, T., Bennett, D., Chang, S., Callahan, M., Burke, A. M., Michaud, J., Olsen, M., Cirone, P., Barnes, D., Wood, W. P. & Knott, S. M. 1997 Guiding Principles for Monte Carlo Analysis. Risk Assessment Forum, United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA), Washington, DC, USA.
24. Gale, P. 1998 Simulating Cryptosporidium exposures in drinking water during an outbreak. Water Sci. Technol. 38(12), 7-13.
25. Haas, C. N. 1983 Estimation of risk due to low doses of microorganisms: a comparison of alternative methodologies. Am. J. Epidemiol. 118(4), 573-582.
26. Haas, C. N. &Kaymak, B. 2002 Effect of InitialMicrobial Concentration on Disinfectant Efficiency. AmericanWater Works Association Research Foundation, Denver, Colorado, USA.
27. Haas, C. N. & Kaymak, B. 2003 Effect of initial microbial density on inactivation of Giardia muris by ozone. Water Res. 37(12), 2980-2988.
28. Haas, C. N., Crockett, C. S., Rose, J. B., Gerba, C. P. & Fazil, A. M. 1996a Assessing the risk posed by oocysts in drinking water. J. AWWA 88(9), 131-136.
29. Haas, C. N., Joffe, J., Anmangandla, U., Jacangelo, J. G. & Heath, M. 1996b Water quality and disinfection kinetics. J.AWWA 88(3), 95-103.
30. Haas, C. N., Rose, J. B. & Gerba, C. P. 1999 Quantitative Microbial Risk Assessment. John Wiley & Sons, New York, USA.
31. Havelaar, A. H., De Hollander, A. E. M., Teunis, P. F. M., Evers, E. G., Van Kranen, H. J., Versteegh, J. F. M., Van Koten, J. E. M. & Slob, W. 2000 Balancing the risks and benefits of drinking water disinfection: disability adjusted life-years on the scale. Environ. Health Persp. 108(4), 315-321.
32. Hijnen, W. A. M., Medema, G. J. & van der Kooij, D. 2004 Quantitative assessment of the removal of indicator bacteria in full-scale treatment plants. Wat. Sci. Technol: Wat. Supply. 4(2), 47-54.
33. Hijnen, W. A. M., Dullemont, Y. J., Bosklopper, K., Th, G. J., Schijven, J. F. & Medema, G. 2006 Assessment of the Capacity of Slow sand Filtration to Eliminate Cryptosporidium oocysts. American Water Works Association-Water Quality Technology Conference, Denver, Colorado, USA.
34. Huck, P. M., Emelko, M. B., Coffee, B. M., Maurizio, D. D. & O'Melia, C. R. 2001 Filter Operation Effects on Pathogen Passage. American Water Works Association Research Foundation and United States Environmental Protection Agency, Denver, Colorado, USA.
35. Hunter, P. R., Payment, P., Ashbolt, N. & Bartram, J. 2003 Assessing Microbial Safety of Drinking Water: Improving Approaches and Methods. IWA Publishing, London, World Health Organization - Drinking Water Quality Series.
36. LeChevallier, M. W. & Au, K.-K. 2004 Water Treatment and Pathogen Control: Process Efficiency in Achieving Safe Drinking Water. World Health Organization and International Water Association Publishing, London.
37. LeChevallier, M. W., Norton, W. D. & Lee, R. G. 1991 Occurrence of Giardia and Cryptosporidium spp. in surface water supplies. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 57(9), 2610-2616.
38. LeChevallier, M. W., Di Giovanni, G. D., Clancy, J. L., Bukhari, Z., Bukhari, S., Rosen, J. S., Sobrinho, J. & Frey, M. M. 2003 Comparison of method 1623 and cell culture-PCR for detection of Cryptosporidium spp. in source waters. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 69(2), 971-979.
39. Masago, Y., Oguma, K., Katayama, H., Hirata, T. & Ohgaki, S. 2004 Cryptosporidium monitoring system at a water treatment plant, based on waterborne risk assessment. Water Sci. Technol. 50(1), 293-299.
40. Mazoua, S. & Chauveheid, E. 2005 Aerobic spore-forming bacteria for assessing quality of drinking water produced from surface water. Water Res. 39(20), 5186-5198.
41. Mazounie, P., Bernazeau, F. & Alla, P. 2000 Removal of Cryptosporidium by high rate contact filtration: the performance of the prospect water filtration plant during the Sydney water crisis. Water Sci. Technol. 41(7), 93-101.
42. Medema, G. & Ashbolt, N. 2006 Microbiological Risk Assessment: a Scientific Basis forManaging DrinkingWater Safety from Source to Tap. QMRA: its Value for Risk Management (preliminary web version). Microrisk. Available online: http://www.microrisk. com/uploads/microrisk-value-of-qmra-for-risk- management.pdf
43. Medema, G. J., Hoogenboezem, W., van der Veer, A. J., Ketelaars, H. A. M., Hijnen, W. A. M. & Nobel, P. J. 2003 Quantitative risk assessment of Cryptosporidium in surface water treatment. Water Sci. Technol. 47(3), 241-247.
44. Messner, M. J. & Wolpert, R. L. 2002 Information Collection Rule Data Analysis, McGuire, M.J. Cryptosporidium and Giardia Occurrence in ICR Drinking Sources - Statistical Analyses of ICR Data (Chapter 19). American Water Works Association and United States Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, DC, USA.
45. Messner, M. J., Chappell, C. T. & Okhuysen, P. C. 2001 Risk assessment for Cryptosporidium: a hierarchical Bayesian analysis of human dose response data. Water Res. 35(16), 3934-3940.
46. Messner, M., Shaw, S., Regli, S., Rotert, K., Blank, V. & Soller, J. 2006 An approach for developing a national estimate of waterborne disease due to drinking water and a national estimate model application. J. Water Health 4(Suppl. 2), 201-240.
47. Ministère du développement durable, de l'environnement et des parcs (MDDEP) 2002 Guide de Conception des Installations de Protection d'Eau Potable (Volume 1). Gouvernement du Québec, Québec, Canada.
48. Mysore, C., Leparc, J., Barbeau, B., Amy, G., Hernandes, M., Dow, S., Huffman, D. & Marinas, B. 2003 Impact of Water Quality on the Inactivation of Bacterial and Viral Pathogens. American Water Works Association Research Foundation and United States Envrionmental Protection Agency, Denver, Colorado, USA.
49. Neter, J., Wasserman, W. & Kutner, M. H. 1985 Applied Linear Statistical Models, 2nd edition. Richard D. Irwin, Inc., Homewood, Illinois, USA.
50. Nieminski, E. C., Bellamy, W. D. & Moss, L. R. 2000 Using surrogates to improve plant performance. J. AWWA 92(3), 67-78.
51. Nilsson, P. 2006 The Use of Water Treatment SCADA Data to Quantify Hazardous Microbiological Events and Risks Arising. A Case Study from Sweden. Lund University, Department of Design Sciences, Division of Ergonomics and Aerosol Technology. Lund, Sweden.
52. Okhuysen, P. C., Chappell, C. L., Crabb, J. H., Sterling, C. R. & DuPont, H. L. 1999 Virulence of three distinct Cryptosporidium parvum isolates for healthy adults. J. Infect. Dis. 180(4), 1275-1281.
53. e Atelier sur l'Eau Potable, Montréal, Qué bec.
54. Petterson, S., Signor, R., Ashbolt, N. & Roser, D. 2006 Microbiological Risk Assessment: a Scientific Basis for Managing DrinkingWater Safety from Source to Tap. QMRA methodology (preliminary web version).Microrisk. Available online: http://www.microrisk.com/uploads/ microrisk-qmra-methodology.pdf
55. Regli, S., Rose, J. B., Haas, C. N. & Gerba, C. P. 1991 Modeling the risk from Giardia and viruses in drinking water. J. AWWA 83(11), 76-84.
56. Rendtorff, R. C. 1954 The experimental transmission of human intestinal protozoan parasites. II. Giardia lamblia cysts given in capsules. Am. J. Epidemiol. 59(2), 209-220.
57. Rennecker, J. L., Marinas, B. J., Owens, J. H. & Rice, E. W. 1999 Inactivation of Cryptosporidium parvum oocysts with Ozone. Water Res. 33(11), 2481-2488.
58. Rice, E. W., Fox, K. R., Miltner, R. J., Lytle, D. A. & Johnson, C. H. 1996 Evaluating plant performance with endospores. J. AWWA 88(9), 122-130.
59. Rochelle, P. A., Marshall, M. M., Mead, J. R., Johnson, A. M., Korich, D. G., Rosen, J. S. & De Leon, R. 2002 Comparison of in vitro cell culture and a mouse assay for measuring infectivity of Cryptosporidium parvum. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 68(8), 3809-3817.
60. Rose, J. B., Haas, C. N. & Regli, S. 1991 Risk assessment and control of waterborne Giardiasis. Am. J. Public Health. 81, 709-713.
61. Schets, F. M., Engels, G. B., During, M. & de Roda Husman, A. M. 2005 Detection of infectious Cryptosporidium oocysts by cell culture immunofluorescence assay: applicability to environmental samples. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 71(11), 6793-6798.
62. Scott, K. N., Palencia, L. S., Merlo, R. P., Yates, R. S., Liang, S., DeLeon, R. 1997 Evaluation of Cryptosporidium and Surrogate Removal through a Full-scale Treatment Plant. International Symposium on Cryptosporidium. Newport Beach, California, USA. Poster presentation.
63. Signor, R. S. & Ashbolt, N. J. 2006 Pathogen monitoring offers questionable protection against drinking-water risks: a QMRA (quantitative microbial risk analysis) approach to assess management strategies. Water Sci. Technol. 54(3), 261-268.
64. Smeets, W. M. & Medema, G. J. 2006 Combined use of microbiological and non-microbiological data to assess treatment efficacy. Water Sci. Technol. 54(3), 35-40.
65. Smeets, P., Rietveld, L., Hijnen, W., Medema, G. & Stenström, T. A. 2006a Microbiological Risk Assessment: a Scientific Basis for Managing Drinking Water Safety from Source to Tap. Efficacy of Water Treatment Processes (preliminary web version). Microrisk. Available online: http://www.microrisk.com/uploads/microrisk-efficacy-of-water-treatment- processes.pdf
66. Smeets, P. W. M. H., van Dijk, J. C. & Medama, G. J. 2006b Pathogen Elimination by Drinking Water Treatment for Quantitative Risk Assessment. American Water Works Association-Water Quality Technology Conference, Denver, Colorado, USA.
67. Soller, J. A. 2006 Use of microbial risk assessment to inform the national estimate of acute gastrointestinal illness attributable to microbes in drinking water. J. Water Health 4(Suppl 2), 165-186.
68. Swertfeger, J., Metz, D. H., DeMarco, J., Braghetta, A. & Jacangelo, J. G. 1999 Effect of filter media on cyst and oocyst removal. J. AWWA 91(9), 90-100.
69. Teefy, S. M. & Singer, P. C. 1990 Performance and analysis of tracer tests to determine compliance of a disinfection scheme with the SWTR. J. AWWA 82(12), 88-98.
70. Teunis, P. F. M. & Havelaar, A. H. 2002 Risk assessment for protozoan parasites. Int. Biodeter. Biodegr. 50(3-4), 185-193.
71. Teunis, P. F. M., Medema, G. J., Kruidenier, L. & Havelaar, A. H. 1997 Assessment of the risk of infection by Cryptosporidium or Giardia in drinking water from a surface water source. Water Res. 31(6), 1333-1346.
72. Teunis, P. F. M., Nagelkerke, N. J. D. & Haas, C. N. 1999 Dose response models for infectious gastroenteritis. Risk Anal. 19(6), 1251-1260.
73. United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) 1998 Federal Register. Part V. National Primary Drinking Water Regulations: Interim Enhanced Surface Water Treatment (Final Rule). Office of Science and Technology-Office of Water, Washington, DC, USA.
74. United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) 2001a Risk Assessment Guidance for Superfund. Volume III-Part A: Process for Conducting Probabilistic Risk Assessment. Advanced Modeling Approaches for Characterizing Variability and Uncertainty (Appendix D). Office of Emergency and Remedial Response, Washington, DC, USA.
75. United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) 2001b Risk Assessment Guidance for Superfund. Volume III-Part A: Process for Conducting Probabilistic Risk Assessment. Communicating Risk and Uncertainties in Probabilistic Risk Assessments (Chapter 6). Office of Emergency and Remedial Response, Washington, DC, USA.
76. United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) 2001c Method 1623: Cryptosporidium and Giardia in Water by Filtration/IMS/FA. Office of Water (4603), Washington, DC, USA.
77. United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) 2003a Federal Register. Part II. National Primary Drinking Water Regulations: Long Term 2 Enhanced Surface Water Treatment Rule; Proposed Rule. Environmental Protection Agency-Office of Science and Technology-Office of Water, Washington, DC, USA.
78. United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) 2003b Occurrence and Exposure Assessment for the LT2ESWTR Proposal. The Cadmus Group, Watertown, Massachusetts.
79. Yates, R. S., Green, J. F., Liang, S., Merlo, R. P. & De Leon, R. 1997 Optimizing Direct Filtration Processes for Cryptosporidium Removal. American Water Works Association-Water Quality Technology Conference, Denver, Colorado, USA.
80. Zhang, J., Anderson, W. B., Smith, E. F., Barbeau, B., Desjardins, R. & Huck, P. M. 2005 Development, Validation and Implementation of a Multiphase CFD Model for Optimization of Full-scale Ozone Disinfection Processes. American Water Works Association-Water Quality Technology Conference, Québec, City Québec, Canada.
81. 10 Method for Evaluation of Drinking Water Ozone Disinfection performance. 12th National Conference and 3rd Policy Forum on Drinking Water. Saint-John, New Brunswick, Canada.
82. Zmirou-Navier, D., Gofti-Laroche, L. & Hartemann, P. 2006 Waterborne microbial risk assessment: a population-based dose-response function for Giardia spp (E.MI.R.A study). BMC Public Health 6, 122.