Functional significance of phytochemical lures to dacine fruit flies (Diptera: Tephritidae): An ecological and evolutionary synthesis

Bulletin of Entomological Research

Volumn 94, Issue 5, 2004, Pages 385-399

  Raghu, S ^a,b  

^a GRIFFITH UNIVERSITY   (Australia)

^b The CRC for Australian Weed Management   (Australia)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

PHEROMONE; SEX PHEROMONE;

CHEMICAL ECOLOGY; HOST LOCATION; MATING BEHAVIOR; PHYTOCHEMISTRY; PLANT-INSECT INTERACTION; SEXUAL SELECTION;

ANIMAL; CHEMISTRY; DRUG EFFECT; ECOLOGY; EVOLUTION; FEMALE; INSECT CONTROL; MALE; METHODOLOGY; PHYSIOLOGY; REVIEW; SEX DIFFERENCE; SEXUAL BEHAVIOR; TEPHRITIDAE;

ANIMALS; ECOLOGY; EVOLUTION; FEMALE; INSECT CONTROL; MALE; PHEROMONES; SEX ATTRACTANTS; SEX FACTORS; SEXUAL BEHAVIOR, ANIMAL; TEPHRITIDAE;

ANIMALIA; DACINAE; DIPTERA; DROSOPHILA MELANOGASTER; INSECTA; TEPHRITIDAE;

EID: 6344219596     PISSN: 00074853     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1079/BER2004313     Document Type: Review

References (122)

1. Abraham, V. & Verghese, A. (1998) Methyl eugenol attracts female mango fruit fly, Bactrocera dorsalis Hendel. Insect Environment 4, 101.
2. Alyokhin, A.V., Messing, R.H. & Duan, J.J. (2001) Abundance and mating behaviour of Oriental fruit flies (Diptera: Tephritidae) near methyl eugenol-baited traps. Pan-Pacific Entomologist 77, 161-167.
3. Andersson, M. (1994) Sexual selection. Princeton, New Jersey, Princeton University Press.
4. Armbuster, W.S., Howard, J.J., Clausen, T.P., Debevec, E.M., Loquvam, J.C., Matsuki, M., Cerendelo, B. & Andel, F. (1997) Do biochemical exaptations link evolution of plant defense and pollination systems? Historical hypotheses and experimental tests with Dalechampia vines. American Naturalist 149, 461-484.
5. Baker, R. & Bacon, A.J. (1985) The identification of spiroacetals in the volatile secretions of two species of fruit flies (Dacus dorsalis, Dacus cucurbitae). Experientia 44, 1484-1485.
6. Baker, R. & Herbert, R.H. (1987) Isolation and synthesis of 1,7-dioxaspiro[5.5]undecane and 1,7-dioxaspiro[5.5]undecan-3-and 4-ols from the olive fly (Dacus oleae). Journal of the Chemical Society, Perkins Transactions 1, 1123-1127.
7. Baker, R., Herbert, R.H., House, P.E., Jones, O.T., Francke, W. & Ruth, W. (1980) Identification and synthesis of the major sex pheromone of the olive fly (Dacus oleae). Journal of the Chemical Society, Chemical Communications 1, 52-54.
8. Bellas, T.E. & Fletcher, B.S. (1979) Identification of the major components in the secretion from the rectal pheromone glands of the Queensland fruit flies, Dacus tryoni and Dacus neohumeralis. Journal of Chemical Ecology 5, 795-803.
9. Berenbaum, M.R. (1988) Allelochemicals in insect-microbe-plant interactions; agent provocateurs in the coevolutionary arms race. pp. 97-163 in Barbosa, P. & Letourneau, D.K. (Eds) Novel aspects of insect-plant interactions. New York, John Wiley & Sons.
10. Berenbaum, M.R. (1995) Turnabout is fair play: secondary roles for primary compounds. Journal of Chemical Ecology 21, 925-940.
11. Brieze-Stegeman, R., Rice, M.A. & Hooper, G.H.S. (1978) Daily periodicity in attraction of male tephritid fruit flies to synthetic chemical lures. Journal of the Australian Entomological Society 17, 341-346.
12. Clarke, A.R., Balagawi, S., Clifford, B., Drew, R.A.I., Leblanc, L., Mararuai, A., McGuire, D., Putulan, D., Sar, S.A. & Tenakanai, D. (2002) Evidence for orchid visitation by Bactrocera species (Diptera: Tephritidae) in Papau New Guinea. Journal of Tropical Ecology 18, 441-448.
13. Crepet, W.L. & Friis, E.M. (1987) The evolution of insect pollination in angiosperms. pp. 181-201 in Friis, E.M., Chaloner, W.G. & Crane, P.R. (Eds) The origin of angiosperms and the their biological consequences. Cambridge, Cambridge University Press.
14. Cunningham, R.T. (1989a) Population detection. pp. 169-173 in Robinson, A.S. & Hooper, G. (Eds) Fruit flies: their biology, natural enemies and control. Amsterdam, Elsevier.
15. Cunningham, R.T. (1989b) Parapheromones. pp. 221-230 in Robinson, A.S. & Hooper, G. (Eds) Fruit flies: their biology, natural enemies and control. Amsterdam, Elsevier.
16. Dodson, C.H. & Hills, H.G. (1966) Gas chromatography of orchid fragrances. American Orchid Society Bulletin 35, 720-725.
17. Dodson, C.H., Dressler, R.L., Hills, H.G., Adams, R.M. & Williams, N.H. (1969) Biologically active compounds in orchid fragrances. Science 164, 1243-1249.
18. Drew, R.A.I. (1989) The tropical fruit flies (Diptera: Tephritidae: Dacinae) of the Australasian and Oceanian regions. Memoirs of the Queensland Museum 26, 1-521.
19. Drew, R.A.I. & Hancock, D.L. (1994) The Bactrocera dorsalis complex of fruit flies (Diptera: Tephritidae: Dacinae) in Asia. Bulletin of Entomological Research Supplement 2, 1-68.
20. Dudareva, N., Piechulla, B. & Pichersky, E. (1999) Biogenesis of floral scents. Horticultural Reviews 24, 31-54.
21. Edwards, R. & Gatehouse, J.A. (1999) Secondary metabolism. pp. 193-218 in Lean, P.J. & Leegood, R.C. (Eds) Plant biochemistry and molecular biology, Chichester, England, John Wiley & Sons.
22. Fabre, J.H. (1912) Social life in the insect world. London, T. Fisher Unwin.
23. Fitt, G.P. (1981a) Responses by female Dacinae to 'male' lures and their relationship to patterns of mating behavior and pheromone response. Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata 29, 87-97.
24. Fitt, G.P. (1981b) The influence of age, nutrition and time of day on the responsiveness of male Dacus opiliae to the synthetic lure, methyl eugenol. Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata 30, 83-90.
25. Fletcher, B.S. (1968) Storage and release of a sex pehromone by the the Queensland fruit fly, Dacus tryoni (Diptera: Tephritidae). Nature 219, 631-632.
26. Fletcher, M.T. & Kitching, W. (1995) Chemistry of fruit flies. Chemical Reviews 95, 789-828.
27. Fletcher, B.S., Bateman, M.A., Hart, N.K. & Lamberton, J.A. (1975) Identification of fruit fly attractant in an Australian plant, Zieria smithii, as o-methyl eugenol. Journal of Economic Entomology 68, 815-816.
28. Fletcher, M.T., Wells, J.A., Jacobs, M.F., Krohn, S., Kitching, W., Drew, R.A.I., Moore, C.J. & Francke, W. (1992) Chemistry of fruit flies. Spiroacetal-rich secretions in several Bactrocera species from the south-west Pacific region. Journal of the Chemical Society, Perkins Transactions 1, 2827-2831.
29. Fletcher, M.T., Wood, B.J., I.M., B., Stok, J.E., De Voss, J.J. & Kitching, W. (2002) [18O]-Oxygen incorporation reveals novel pathways in spiroacetal biosynthesis by Bactrocera cacuminata and B. cucumis. Journal of the American Chemical Society 124, 7666-7667.
30. Francke, W., Hindorf, G. & Reith, W. (1979) Alkyl-1,6-dioxaspiro[4.4] nonane: a new class of pheromones. Naturwissenschaften 66, 618-619.
31. Friedrich, H. (1976) Phenylpropanoid constituents of essential oils. Lloydia 39, 1-7.
32. Friis, E.M. & Crepet, W.L. (1987) Time of appearance of floral features. pp. 145-179 in Friis, E.M., Chaloner, W.G. & Crane, P.R. (Eds) The origin of angiosperms and the their biological consequences. Cambridge, Cambridge University Press.
33. Friis, E.M., Chaloner, W.G. & Crane, P.R. (Eds) (1987) The origin of angiosperms and the their biological consequences. Cambridge, Cambridge University Press.
34. Gallois, A. (1982) Dosage rapide de la parahydroxyphenyl-1-butanone dans la framboise par chromatographie sur couche mince. Sciences des Aliments 2, 99-106.
35. Gardner, M.C. & Gillman, M.P. (2002) The taste of nectar - a neglected area of pollination ecology. Oikos 98, 551-556.
36. Geissman, T.A. & Crout, D.H.G. (1969) Organic chemistry of secondary plant metabolism. San Francisco, Freeman, Cooper & Co.
37. Graham, G.C., Yeates, D.K. & Drew, R.A.I. (1998) Dacine tephritids: evolutionary studies for identification, ethology and ecology. Sixth Australasian Applied Entomological Research Conference, University of Queensland, Brisbane, pp. 456-462.
38. Hancock, D.L. (1985) A specific male attractant for the melon fly, Dacus vertebratus. Zimbabwe Science News 19, 118-119.
39. Haniotakis, G., Mazomenos, B.E. & Tumlinson, J.H. (1977) A sex attractant of the olive fruit fly, Dacus oleae, and its biological activity under laboratory and field conditions. Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata 21, 81-87.
40. Haniotakis, G., Francke, W., Mori, K., Redlich, H. & Schurig, V. (1986) Sex-specific activity of (R)-(-)-and (S)-(+)-1,7, dioxaspiro[5.5] undecane, the major pheromone of Dacus oleae. Journal of Chemical Ecology 12, 1559-1568.
41. Harbourne, J.B. & Turner, B.L. (1984) Plant chemosystematics. London, Academic Press.
42. Harrewijn, P., Minks, A.K. & Mollema, C. (1995) Evolution of plant volatile production in insect-plant relationships. Chemoecology 5/6, 55-73.
43. Haslam, E. (1995) Secondary metabolism - evolution and function: products or processes? Chemoeoclogy 5/6, 89-95.
44. Haukioja, E., Ossipov, V., Koricheva, J., Honkanen, T., Larsson, S. & Lempa, K. (1998) Biosynthetic origin of carbon-based secondary compounds: cause of variable responses of woody plants to fertilization? Chemoecology 8, 133-139.
45. Herrmann, K.M. (1995a) The Shikimate pathway: early steps in the biosynthesis of aromatic compounds. Plant Cell 7, 907-919.
46. Herrmann, K.M. (1995b) The Shimikate pathway as an entry to aromatic secondary metabolism. Plant Physiology 107, 7-12.
47. Herrmann, K.M. & Weaver, L.M. (1999) The shikimate pathway. Annual Review of Plant Physiology and Plant Molecular Biology 50, 473-503.
48. Hirvi, T. & Hokkanen, E. (1984) The aroma of fruit of the sea buckthorn Hippophae rhamnoides L. Zeitschrift für Lebensmittel-Untersuchung und-Forschung 179, 387-388.
49. Hirvi, T., Hokkanen, E. & Pyysalo, T. (1981) The aroma of cranberries. Zeitschrift für Lebensmittel-Untersuchung und-Forschung 172, 365-367.
50. Hokkanen, E., Pyysalo, T. & Hirvi, T. (1980) The aroma of Finnish wild raspberries. Rubus idaeus L. Zeitschrift für Lebensmittel-Untersuchung und-Forschung 171, 180-182.
51. Howlett, F.M. (1912) The effect of citronella oil in two species of Dacus. Transactions of the Entomological Society, London 60, 412-418.
52. Howlett, F.M. (1915) Chemical reactions of fruit flies. Bulletin of Entomological Research 6, 297-305.
53. Janssen, A., Bruin, J., Jacobs, G., Schraag, R. & Sabelis, M.W. (1997) Predators use volatiles to avoid prey patches with conspecifics. Journal of Animal Ecology 66, 223-232.
54. Judd, W.S., Campbell, C.S., Kellogg, E.A. & Stevens, P.F. (1999) Plant systematics - a phylogenetic approach. Sunderland, Massachusetts, Sinauer Associates, Inc.
55. Karlson, P. & Butenandt, A. (1959) Pheromones (ectohormones) in insects. Annual Review of Entomology 4, 39-58.
56. Kitching, W., Lewis, J.A., Perkins, M.V., Drew, R.A.I., Moore, C.J., Schurig, V., Konig, W.A. & Francke, W. (1989) Chemistry of fruit flies. Composition of the rectal gland secretion of (male) Dacus cucumis (cucumber fly) and Dacus halfordiae. Characterization of (Z,Z)-2,8-dimethyl-1,7-dioxaspiro[5. 5]undecane. Journal of Organic Chemistry 54, 3893-3902.
57. Knudsen, J.T., Tollsten, L. & Gunnar Bergström, L. (1993) Floral scents - a checklist of volatile compounds isolated by head-space techniques. Phytochemistry 33, 253-280.
58. Korneyev, V.A. (2000) Morphological features of the Tribe Dacini (Dacinae): their significance to behaviour and classification. pp. 3-22 in Aluja, M. & Norrbom, A. (Eds) Fruit flies: phylogeny and evolution of behaviour. Boca Raton, Florida, CRC Press.
59. Koyama, J. (1989) Mating pheromones: tropical dacines. pp. 165-168 in Robinson, A.S. & Hooper, G. (Eds) Fruit flies: their biology, natural enemies and control. Amsterdam, Elsevier.
60. Krohn, S., Fletcher, M.T., Kitching, W., Drew, R.A.I., Moore, C.J. & Francke, W. (1991) Chemistry of fruit flies: nature of glandular secretion and volatile emission of Bactrocera cacuminatus (Hering). Journal of Chemical Ecology 17, 485-495.
61. Labandeira, C.C. (1997) Insect mouthparts: ascertaining the paleobiology of insect feeding strategies. Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics 28, 153-193.
62. Landolt, P.J. & Phillips, T.W. (1997) Host plant influences on sex pheromone behaviour of phytophagous insects. Annual Review of Entomology 42, 371-391.
63. Lewis, J.A., Moore, C.J., Fletcher, M.T., Drew, R.A.I. & Kitching, W. (1988) Volatile compounds from the flowers of Spathiphyllum cannaefolium. Phytochemistry 27, 2755-2757.
64. Marco, J.A., Barbera, O., Rodriguez, S., Domingo, C. & Adell, J. (1988) Flavonoids and other phenolics from Artemisia hispanica. Phytochemistry 27, 3155-3159.
65. Matsuki, M. (1996) Regulation of plant phenolic synthesis: from biochemistry to ecology and evolution. Australian Journal of Botany 44, 613-634.
66. Mazomenos, B.E. (1989) Dacus oleae. pp. 169-178 in Robinson, A.S. & Hooper, G. (Eds) Fruit flies: their biology, natural enemies and control. Amsterdam, Elsevier.
67. McKey, D. (1979) The distribution of secondary compounds within plants. pp. 56-133 in Rosenthal, G. & Janzen, D. (Eds) Herbivores: their interactions with plant secondary metabolites. New York, Academic Press.
68. Meats, A. & Hartland, C.L. (1999) Upwind anemotaxis in response to cue-lure by the Queensland fruit fly, Bactrocera tryoni. Physiological Entomology 24, 90-97.
69. Meats, A. & Osborne, A. (2000) Dose-related upwind anemotaxis and movement up odour gradients in still air in the presence of methyl eugenol by the wild tobacco fruit fly, Bactrocera cacuminata. Physiological Entomology 25, 41-47.
70. Metcalf, R.L. (1979) Plants, chemicals and insects. Some aspects of coevolution. Bulletin of the Entomological Society of America 25, 30-35.
71. Metcalf, R.L. (1987) Plant volatiles as insect attractants. CRC Critical Reviews in Plant Sciences 5, 251-301.
72. Metcalf, R.L. (1990) Chemical ecology of dacine fruit flies (Diptera: Tephritidae). Annals of the Entomological Society of America 83, 1017-1030.
73. Metcalf, R.L. & Metcalf, E.R. (1992) Plant kairomones in insect ecology and control. New York, Chapman and Hall.
74. Metcalf, R.L., Metcalf, E.R., Mitchell, W.E. & Lee, L.W.Y. (1979) Evolution of the olfactory receptor in the oriental fruit fly, Dacus dorsalis. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, USA 76, 1561-1565.
75. Metcalf, R.L., Metcalf, E.R. & Mitthell, W.C. (1981) Molecular parameters and olfaction in the oriental fruit fly Dacus dorsalis. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, USA 78, 4007-4010.
76. Metcalf, R.L., Mitchell, W.C. & Metcalf, E.R. (1983) Olfactory receptors in the melon fly Dacus cucurbitae and the oriental fruit fly Dacus dorsalis. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, USA 80, 3143-3147.
77. Mori, K. (1997) Pheromones: synthesis and bioactivity. Journal of the Chemical Society, Chemical Communications 1997, 1153-1158.
78. Muraji, M. & Nakahara, S. (2001) Phylogenetic relationships among fruit flies, Bactrocera (Diptera, Tephritidae), based on the mitochondrial rDNA sequences. Insect Molecular Biology 10, 549-559.
79. Nakagawa, S., Farias, G.J. & Steiner, L.F. (1970) Response of female Mediterranean fruit flies to male lures in the relative absence of males. Journal of Economic Entomology 63, 227-229.
80. Nation, J.L. (1981) Sex-specific glands in tephritid fruit flies of the genera Anastrepha, Ceratitis, Dacus and Rhagoletis (Diptera: Tephritidae). Journal of Insect Morphology and Embryology 10, 121-129.
81. Niklas, K.J. (1982) Chemical diversification and evolution of plants as inferred from paleobiochemical studies. pp. 29-91 in Nitecki, M.H. (Ed.) Biochemical aspects of evolutionary biology. Chicago, University of Chicago Press.
82. Nishida, R. & Fukami, H. (1990) Sequestration of distasteful compounds by some pharmacophagous insects. Journal of Chemical Ecology 16, 151-164.
83. Nishida, R., Tan, K.H., Serit, M., Lajis, N.H., Sukari, A.M., Takahashi, S. & Fukami, H. (1988) Accumulation of phenylpropanoids in the rectal glands of males of the Oriental fruit fly, Dacus dorsalis. Experientia 44, 534-536.
84. Nishida, R., Iwahashi, O. & Tan, K.H. (1993) Accumulation of Dendrobium superbum (Orchidaceae) fragrance in the rectal glands by males of the melon fly, Dacus cucurbitae. Journal of Chemical Ecology 19, 713-722.
85. Nishida, R., Shelly, T.E. & Kaneshiro, K. (1997) Acquisition of female-attracting fragrance by males of the oriental fruit fly from a Hawaiian lei flower, Fagraea beteriana. Journal of Chemical Ecology 23, 2275-2285.
86. Nursten, H.E. (1970) Volatile compounds: the aroma of fruits. pp. 239-268 in Hulme, A.C. (Ed.) The biochemistry of fruits and their products. London, Academic Press.
87. Paterson, H.E.H. (1993) Evolution and the recognition concept of species. Baltimore, Johns Hopkins University Press.
88. Pellmyr, O. & Thien, L.B. (1986) Insect reproduction and floral fragrances: keys to the evolution of the angiosperms. Taxon 35, 76-85.
89. Perkins, M.V., Fletcher, M.T., Kitching, W., Drew, R.A.I. & Moore, C.J. (1990) Chemical studies of the rectal gland secretions of some species of Bactrocera dorsalis complex of fruit flies (Diptera: Tephritidae). Journal of Chemical Ecology 16, 2475-2487.
90. Pichersky, E. & Gershenzon, J. (2002) The formation and function of plant volatiles: perfumes for pollinator attraction and defense. Current Opinion in Plant Biology 5, 237-243.
91. Poramarcom, R. & Boake, C.R. (1991) Behavioural influences on male mating success in the Oriental fruit fly, Dacus dorsalis Hendel. Animal Behaviour 42, 435-460.
92. Raghu, S. (2003) The autecology of Bactrocera cacuminata (Hering) (Diptera: Tephritidae: Dacinae): functional significance of resources. PhD thesis. Griffith University, Brisbane.
93. Raghu, S. & Clarke, A.R. (2003a) Sexual selection in a tropical fruit fly: role of a plant derived chemical in mate choice. Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata 107, 53-58.
94. Raghu, S. & Clarke, A.R. (2003b) Spatial and temporal partitioning of behaviour by adult fruit flies: direct evidence for methyl eugenol as a mate rendezvous cue for Bactrocera cacuminata. Physiological Entomology 28, 175-184.
95. Raghu, S. & Lawson, A.E. (2003) Feeding behaviour of Bactrocera cacuminata (Hering) (Diptera: Tephritidae) on methyl eugenol: a laboratory assay. Australian Journal of Entomology 42, 149-152.
96. Raghu, S., Clarke, A.R. & Bradley, J. (2002a) Microbial mediation of fruit fly - host plant interactions: is the host plant the 'centre of activity'? Oikos 97, 319-328.
97. Raghu, S., Clarke, A.R. & Yuval, B. (2002b) Investigation of physiological consequences of feeding on methyl eugenol by Bactrocera cacuminata (Diptera: Tephritidae). Environmental Entomology 31, 941-946.
98. Rohdendorf, B.B. (1974) The historical development of Diptera. Edmonton, University of Alberta.
99. Schmid, J. & Amrhein, N. (1999) The shikimate pathway. pp. 147-160 in Singh, B.K. (Ed.) Plant amino acids: biochemistry and biotechnology. New York, Marcel Dekker.
100. Severin, H.P. & Severin, H.S. (1913) A historical account on the use of kerosene to trap the Mediterranean fruit fly. Journal of Economic Entomology 6, 347-351.
101. Shelly, T.E. (2000) Flower-feeding effects mating performance in male oriental fruit flies Bactrocera dorsalis. Ecological Entomology 25, 109-114.
102. Shelly, T.E. & Dewire, A.M. (1994) Chemically mediated mating success in male oriental fruit flies. Annals of the Entomological Society of America 87, 375-382.
103. Shelly, T.E. & Villalobos, E.M. (1995) Cue lure and the mating behaviour of male melon flies (Diptera: Tephritidae). Florida Entomologist 78, 473-482.
104. Shelly, T.E., Whittier, T.E. & Villalobos, E.M. (1996b) Trimedlure affects mating success and mate attraction in male Mediterranean fruit flies. Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata 78, 181-185.
105. Shelly, T.E., Resilva, S., Reyes, M. & Bignayan, H. (1996a) Methyl eugenol and mating competitiveness of irradiated male Bactrocera philippinensis. Florida Entomologist 79, 481-488.
106. Smith, P.T., McPheron, B.A. & Kambhapati, S. (2002) Phylogenetic analysis of mitochondrial DNA supports the monophyly of Dacini fruit flies (Diptera: Tephritidae). Annals of the Entomological Society of America 95, 658-664.
107. Smith, P.T., Kambhapati, S. & Armstrong, K.A. (2003) Phylogenetic relationship among Bactrocera species (Diptera: Tephritidae) inferred from mitochondrial DNA sequences. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 26, 8-17.
108. Steiner, L.F., Mitchell, W.C., Harris, E.J., Kozuma, T.T. & Fujimoto, M.S. (1965) Oriental fruit fly eradication by male annihilation. Journal of Economic Entomology 58, 961-964.
109. Stewart, W.N. (1983) Paleobotany and the evolution of plants. Cambridge, Cambridge University Press.
110. Stok, J.E., Lang, C., Schwartz, B.D., Fletcher, M.T., Kitching, W. & De Voss, J.J. (2001) Carbon hydroxylation of alkyltetrahydropyranols: a paradigm for spiroacetal biosynthesis in Bactrocera sp. Organic Letters 3, 397-400.
111. Swain, T. (1977) Secondary compounds as protective agents. Annual Review of Plant Physiology 28, 479-501.
112. Tallamy, D.W., Mullin, C.A. & Frazier, J.L. (1999) An alternate route to insect pharmacophagy: the loose receptor hypothesis. Journal of Chemical Ecology 25, 1987-1997.
113. Tan, K.H. (2000) Sex pheromone components in defense of melon fly, Bactrocera cucurbitae against Asian house gecko, Hemidactylus frenatus. Journal of Chemical Ecology 26, 697-704.
114. Tan, K.H. & Nishida, R. (1998) Ecological significance of male attractant in the defence and mating strategies of the fruit fly, Bactrocera papayae. Entomologia Experimentales et Applicata 89, 155-158.
115. Tan, K.H. & Nishida, R. (2000) Mutual reproductive benefits between a wild orchid, Bulbophyllum patens, and Bactrocera fruit flies via a floral synomone. Journal of Chemical Ecology 26, 533-546.
116. Tan, K.H., Nishida, R. & Toong, Y.C. (2002) Floral synomone of a wild orchid, Bulbophyllum cheiri, lures Bactrocera fruit flies for pollination. Journal of Chemical Ecology 28, 1161-1172.
117. Thien, L.B., Heimermann, W.H. & Holman, R.T. (1975) Floral odours and quantitative taxonomy of Magnolia and Liriodendron. Taxon 24, 557-568.
118. van Buren, J. (1970) Fruit phenolics. pp. 269-304 in Hulme, A.C. (Ed.) The biochemistry of fruits and their products, London, Academic Press.
119. Van der Pijl, L. (1960) Ecological aspects of flower evolution. I. Phyletic evolution. Evolution 14, 403-416.
120. Van der Pijl, L. (1961) Ecological aspects of flower evolution. II. Zoophilous flower classes. Evolution 15, 44-59.
121. Walker, J.R.L. (1975) The biology of plant phenolics. London, Edward Arnold.
122. White, I.M. (2000) Morphological features of the Tribe Dacini (Dacinae): their significance to behaviour and classification. pp. 505-533 in Aluja, M. & Norrbom, A. (Eds) Fruit flies: phylogeny and evolution of behaviour. Boca Raton, Florida, CRC Press.